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Lecture Notes on Computer Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, characteristics, components, types, and basic operations of computers. It also covers number systems, operating systems, networking basics, internet applications, and emerging trends in computing. Key components discussed include hardware, software, and various types of networks.

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morlaikolleh3
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5 views

Lecture Notes on Computer Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, characteristics, components, types, and basic operations of computers. It also covers number systems, operating systems, networking basics, internet applications, and emerging trends in computing. Key components discussed include hardware, software, and various types of networks.

Uploaded by

morlaikolleh3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes on Computer Fundamentals

1. Introduction to Computers

A computer is an electronic device that processes data to produce meaningful


information. It performs operations based on instructions given by the user.

2. Characteristics of Computers

 Speed – Can process millions of instructions per second.

 Automation – Works automatically once programmed.

 Accuracy – Produces precise and error-free results.

 Versatility – Can perform a variety of tasks.

 Storage – Can store vast amounts of data.

 Connectivity – Can communicate over networks.

3. Components of a Computer

A computer system consists of hardware and software.

A. Hardware (Physical components)

1. Input Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone

2. Processing Unit – Central Processing Unit (CPU)

o Control Unit (CU) – Directs operations

o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Performs calculations

3. Memory Units – RAM (Temporary storage), ROM (Permanent storage)

4. Output Devices – Monitor, Printer, Speakers

5. Storage Devices – Hard Drive, SSD, USB Flash Drive

B. Software (Set of instructions)

1. System Software – Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, macOS)

2. Application Software – MS Office, Web Browsers, Games


3. Programming Software – Compilers, Editors (Python, Java)

4. Types of Computers

 Supercomputers – Extremely powerful for complex computations.

 Mainframe Computers – Used by large organizations for bulk data


processing.

 Minicomputers – Mid-sized computers for specific tasks.

 Microcomputers (Personal Computers) – Laptops, Desktops,


Smartphones.

5. Basic Computer Operations

1. Input – Data entered via input devices.

2. Processing – Data manipulated by the CPU.

3. Storage – Data saved for future use.

4. Output – Processed data displayed on output devices.

5. Communication – Data exchanged over networks.

6. Number Systems in Computing

 Binary (Base 2) – Used in digital computing (0,1).

 Decimal (Base 10) – Used in daily life (0-9).

 Octal (Base 8) – Sometimes used in computing (0-7).

 Hexadecimal (Base 16) – Used in programming (0-9, A-F).

7. Introduction to Operating Systems

An Operating System (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and


software resources. Examples include:

 Single-user OS (Windows, macOS)

 Multi-user OS (Linux, UNIX)

 Real-time OS (Used in robotics, air traffic control)


8. Basics of Computer Networking

A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices for sharing


resources.

 Types: LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)

 Networking Devices: Router, Switch, Modem

9. Internet and Its Applications

 Web Browsing (Google Chrome, Firefox)

 Email Services (Gmail, Outlook)

 Cloud Computing (Google Drive, Dropbox)

 Cybersecurity (Firewalls, Antivirus, Encryption)

10. Emerging Trends in Computing

 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Blockchain Technology

 Internet of Things (IoT)

 Quantum Computing

 5G Technology

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