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Database syntax (by chatGPT)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of database syntax, covering data querying, manipulation, and definition. It includes essential SQL commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, along with explanations of constraints, transactions, views, indexes, and aggregate functions. Each section contains example syntax for clarity and practical application.

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Covenant Ifeoluwa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Database syntax (by chatGPT)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of database syntax, covering data querying, manipulation, and definition. It includes essential SQL commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, along with explanations of constraints, transactions, views, indexes, and aggregate functions. Each section contains example syntax for clarity and practical application.

Uploaded by

Covenant Ifeoluwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database syntax (by chatGPT)

Tuesday, August 13, 2024 10:08 PM

Data Querying
• SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

• WHERE: Filter records based on a condition.

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

• ORDER BY: Sort the result set by one or more columns.

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 [ASC|DESC];

• GROUP BY: Group rows that have the same values in specified columns.

SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;

• HAVING: Filter groups based on a condition (used with GROUP BY).

SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1 HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

• JOIN: Combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
○ INNER JOIN: Only return matching rows.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2


FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.common_column = table2.common_column;

○ LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN): Return all rows from the left table, and the matched rows
from the right table.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2


FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.common_column = table2.common_column;

○ RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN): Return all rows from the right table, and the matched
rows from the left table.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2


FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.common_column = table2.common_column;

○ FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN): Return all rows when there is a match in either left or
right table.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2


FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.common_column = table2.common_column;

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FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.common_column = table2.common_column;

2. Data Manipulation
• INSERT INTO: Insert new data into a table.

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

• UPDATE: Modify existing data in a table.

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;

• DELETE FROM: Remove data from a table.

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

3. Data Definition
• CREATE TABLE: Create a new table.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
...
);

• ALTER TABLE: Modify an existing table.


○ Add a column:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

○ Drop a column:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

○ Modify a column's datatype:

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name new_datatype;

• DROP TABLE: Delete a table.

DROP TABLE table_name;

• TRUNCATE TABLE: Remove all data from a table (but keep the structure).

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

4. Constraints
• PRIMARY KEY: Uniquely identifies each record in a table.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
...
);

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• FOREIGN KEY: Ensures referential integrity by linking two tables.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
FOREIGN KEY (column1) REFERENCES other_table(column)
);

• UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype UNIQUE,
...
);

• NOT NULL: Ensures a column cannot have a NULL value.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype NOT NULL,
...
);

• CHECK: Ensures that values in a column satisfy a specific condition.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype CHECK (column1 > 0),
...
);

• DEFAULT: Sets a default value for a column.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype DEFAULT value,
...
);

5. Transactions
• START TRANSACTION: Begins a transaction.

START TRANSACTION;

• COMMIT: Save changes made in the transaction.

COMMIT;

• ROLLBACK: Revert changes made in the transaction.

ROLLBACK;

6. Views
• CREATE VIEW: Create a virtual table based on the result of a SELECT query.

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CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

• DROP VIEW: Delete a view.

DROP VIEW view_name;

7. Indexes
• CREATE INDEX: Create an index on a table for faster retrieval.

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1, column2);

• DROP INDEX: Remove an index.

DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name;

8. Aggregate Functions
• COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

• SUM(): Returns the sum of a numeric column.

SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

• AVG(): Returns the average of a numeric column.

SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

• MAX(): Returns the maximum value in a column.

SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

• MIN(): Returns the minimum value in a column.

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

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