Scribd
Upload
9 views6 pages

Unit1 2

This document provides an introduction to programming in Java, focusing on the structure of classes and methods. It explains the syntax for defining a class and the main method, as well as the rules for naming identifiers and conventions for printing text. Additionally, it covers escape sequences for including special characters in string literals.

Uploaded by

kekocal613
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views6 pages

Unit1 2

This document provides an introduction to programming in Java, focusing on the structure of classes and methods. It explains the syntax for defining a class and the main method, as well as the rules for naming identifiers and conventions for printing text. Additionally, it covers escape sequences for including special characters in string literals.

Uploaded by

kekocal613
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Unit 1, Part 2

Programming in Java

Computer Science S-111


Harvard University
David G. Sullivan, Ph.D.

Programs and Classes


• In Java, all programs consist of one of more classes.

• For now:
• we'll limit ourselves to writing a single class
• you can just think of a class as a container for your program

• Example: our earlier program:

public class HelloWorld {


public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("hello, world");
}
}

• A class must be defined in a file with a name of the form


classname.java
• for the class above, the name would be HelloWorld.java
Format of a Java Class
• General syntax:
public class name {

code goes here…

where name is replaced by the name of the class.

• Notes:
• the class begins with a header:
public class name
• the code inside the class is enclosed in curly braces
({ and })

Methods
• A method is a collection of instructions that perform
some action or computation.

• Every Java program must include a method called main.


• contains the instructions that will be executed first
when the program is run

• Our example program includes a main method with a


single instruction:

public class HelloWorld {


public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("hello, world");
}
}
Methods (cont.)
• General syntax for the main method:
public static void main(String[] args) {
statement;
statement;
…
statement;
}

where each statement is replaced by a single instruction.

• Notes:
• the main method always begins with the same header:
public static void main(String[] args)
• the code inside the method is enclosed in curly braces
• each statement typically ends with a semi-colon
• the statements are executed sequentially

Identifiers
• Used to name the components of a Java program like
classes and methods.

• Rules:
• must begin with a letter (a-z, A-Z), $, or _
• can be followed by any number of letters, numbers, $, or _
• spaces are not allowed
• cannot be the same as a keyword – a word like class
that is part of the language itself (see the Resources page)

• Which of these are not valid identifiers?


n1 num_values 2n
avgSalary course name

• Java is case-sensitive (for both identifiers and keywords).


• example: HelloWorld is not the same as helloWorld
Conventions for Identifiers
• Capitalize class names.
• example: HelloWorld

• Do not capitalize method names.


• example: main

• Capitalize internal words within the name.


• example: HelloWorld

Printing Text
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("hello, world");
}
}

• Our program contains a single statement that prints some text.

• The printed text appears in the terminal or console.


Printing Text (cont.)
• The general format of such statements is:
System.out.println("text");

where text is replaced by the text you want to print.

• A piece of text like "Hello, world" is referred to as


a string literal.
• string: a collection of characters
• literal: specified explicitly in the program ("hard-coded")

• A string literal must be enclosed in double quotes.

• You can print a blank line by omitting the string literal:


System.out.println();

Printing Text (cont.)


• A string literal cannot span multiple lines.
• example: this is not allowed:
System.out.println("I want to print a string
on two lines.");

• Instead, we can use two different statements:


System.out.println("I want to print a string");
System.out.println("on two lines.");
println vs. print
• After printing a value, System.out.println
"moves down" to the next line on the screen.

• If we don’t want to do this, we can use System.out.print


instead:
System.out.print("text");

The next text to be printed will begin just after this text –
on the same line.

• For example:
System.out.print("I ");
System.out.print("program ");
System.out.println("with class!");

is equivalent to
System.out.println("I program with class!");

Escape Sequences
• Problem: what if we want to print a string that includes
double quotes?
• example: System.out.println("Jim said, "hi!"");
• this won’t compile. why?

• Solution: precede the double quote character by a \


System.out.println("Jim said, \"hi!\"");

• \" is an example of an escape sequence.

• The \ tells the compiler to interpret the following character


differently than it ordinarily would.

• Other examples:
• \n a newline character (goes to the next line)
• \t a tab
• \\ a backslash

You might also like