CL 253 Tutorial Set 3

(Answers are in parenthesis)

1. A rigid vessel of 0.06 m3 volume contains an ideal gas, CV = (5/2)R, at 500 K and 1 bar.
(a) If 15 kJ of heat is transferred to the gas, determine its entropy change. (b) If the
vessel is fitted with a stirrer that is rotated by a shaft so that work in the amount of 15 kJ
is done on the gas, what is the entropy change of the gas if the process is adiabatic?
What is ΔStotal ? (20.78J/k, 10.8J/K)
2. An ideal gas, Cp = (7/2)R, is heated in a steady-flow heat exchanger from 70°C to
190°C by another stream of the same ideal gas which enters at 320°C. The flow rates of
the two streams are the same, and heat losses from the exchanger are negligible.
Calculate the molar entropy changes of the two gas streams for both parallel and
countercurrent flow in the exchanger. What is ΔStotal in each case? (2.15J/molK, same
in both cases)
3. One mole of an ideal gas, CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R, is compressed adiabatically in a
piston cylinder device from 2 bar and 25°C to 7 bar. The process is irreversible and
requires 35% more work than a reversible, adiabatic compression from the same initial
state to the same final pressure. What is the entropy change of the gas? (2.914J/molK)
4. A mass m of liquid water at temperature T1 is mixed adiabatically and isobarically with
an equal mass of liquid water at temperature T2. Assuming constant CP, show that:
⎡ (T + T ) / 2 ⎤
ΔS total = SG = 2mCP ln ⎢ 1 2 ⎥ and prove that this is positive. What would be the
⎣⎢ T T
1 2 ⎦⎥
result if the masses of the water were different, say, m1 and m2?
5. A reversible cycle executed by 1 mol of an ideal gas for which CP = (5/2)R and CV =
(3/2)R consists of the following: Starting at T1 = 700 K and P1 = 1.5 bar, the gas is
cooled at constant pressure to T2 = 350 K. From 350 K and 1.5 bar, the gas is
compressed isothermally to pressure P2. The gas returns to its initial state along a path
for which PT = constant. What is the thermal efficiency of the cycle? (0.07)
6. One mole of an ideal gas is compressed isothermally but irreversibly at 130°C from 2.5
bar to 6.5 bar in a piston cylinder device. The work required is 30% greater than the
work of reversible, isothermal compression. The heat transferred from the gas during
compression flows to a heat reservoir at 25°C. Calculate the entropy changes of the gas,
the heat reservoir, and ΔStotal. (– 7.94J/molK, 13.96J/molK, 6.02J/molK )
7. Ten kmol per hour of air is throttled from upstream conditions of 25°C and 10 bar to a
downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Assume air to be an ideal gas with CP = (7/2)R. (a)
What is the downstream temperature? (b) What is the entropy change of the air in
J/molK? (c) What is the rate of entropy generation in W/K? (d) If the surroundings are
at 20°C, what is the lost work? (298K, 17.63J/molK, 48.9W/K, 5.2kJ/mol)
8. A steady-flow adiabatic turbine (expander) accepts gas at conditions T1 = 500 K, P1 = 6
bar, and discharges at conditions T2 = 371 K, P2 = 1.2 bar. Assuming ideal gases,
determine (per mole of gas) Wactual, Wideal, Wlost, and entropy generation rate.Tsurrounding, =
300 K, CP/R = 7/2. (3753.8J, –5163J, 1409J, 4.7J/K)
9. An ideal gas at 2500 kPa is throttled adiabatically to 150 kPa at the rate of 20 mol/s.
Determine rates of entropy generation and lost work if Tsurrounding = 300 K (0.468kW/K,
140.3kW)
10. An inventor claims to have devised a cyclic engine which exchanges heat with
reservoirs at 25°C and 250°C, and which produces 0.45 kJ of work for each kJ of heat
extracted from the hot reservoir. Is the claim believable? (Impossible process)
11. Steam expands isentropically in a converging-diverging nozzle from inlet conditions of
1400 kPa, 598K, and negligible velocity to a discharge pressure of 140 kPa. At the
1
 throat the cross-sectional area is 6 cm2. Determine the mass flow rate of the steam and
the state of the steam at the exit of the nozzle. (1.08kg/s, 0.966)
12. Steam expands adiabatically in a nozzle from inlet conditions of 9 bar, 488K, and a
velocity of 70m/s to a discharge pressure of 2.4bar where its velocity is 609.6 m/s. What
is the state of the steam at the nozzle exit? (0.987)
13. Carbon dioxide at upstream conditions T1 = 350 K and P1 = 80 bar is throttled to a
downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Estimate the downstream temperature and ΔS of the
gas. (280K, 31.5J/molK)
14. A steam turbine operates adiabatically at a power level of 3500 kW. Steam enters the
turbine at 2400 kPa and 500°C and exhausts from the turbine as saturated vapor at 20
kPa. What is the steam rate through the turbine, and what is the turbine efficiency?
(4.1kg/s, 0.819)
15. Isobutane expands adiabatically in a turbine from 5000 kPa and 250°C to 500 kPa at the
rate of 0.7 kmol/s. If the turbine efficiency is 0.80, what is the power output of the
turbine and what is the temperature of the isobutane leaving the turbine? (4663kW,
458K)
16. Saturated steam at 125 kPa is compressed adiabatically in a centrifugal compressor to
700 kPa at the rate of 2.5 kg/s. The compressor efficiency is 78%. What is the power
requirement of the compressor and what are the enthalpy and entropy of the steam in its
final state? (3156.6kJ/kg, 7.45kJ/kgK, 1173kW).
17. Derive an expression for enthalpy change of a gas during an isothermal process
assuming that:
(i) P (V − b) = RT ; [Ans: b(P2 – P1)]
⎛ a ⎞
(ii) ⎜P+ ⎟ (V − b) = RT [ Ans : (3a)( 1 - 1 ) + RTb( 1 - 1 ) ]
⎝ TV 2 ⎠ V1 V2 V2 - b V1 - b
AP T
Z = 1 + r ; A = const. [ Ans : ∫ CP dT + ARTC ( Pr 2 − Pr1 ) ]
2 ig
(iii)
Tr T1