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Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 190

M. Shamim Kaiser
Juanying Xie
Vijay Singh Rathore Editors

Information and
Communication
Technology
for Competitive
Strategies
(ICTCS 2020)
Intelligent Strategies for ICT
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

Volume 190

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNNS.
Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new
challenges in, Networks and Systems.
The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks,
spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor
Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological
Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems,
Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems,
Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both
the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the
world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid
dissemination of research output.
The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art
and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control,
complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary
and applied sciences, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social, and
life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them.
Indexed by SCOPUS, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

M. Shamim Kaiser · Juanying Xie ·
Vijay Singh Rathore
Editors

Information
and Communication
Technology for Competitive
Strategies (ICTCS 2020)
Intelligent Strategies for ICT
Editors
M. Shamim Kaiser Juanying Xie
Jahangirnagar University Shaanxi Normal University
Dhaka, Bangladesh Xi’an, China

Vijay Singh Rathore

IIS Deemed to be University
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-981-16-0881-0 ISBN 978-981-16-0882-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0882-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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Preface

The Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication

Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2020) targets the state of the art as
well as emerging topics pertaining to information and communication technologies
(ICTs) and effective strategies for its implementation for engineering and
intelligent applications.
The conference is anticipated to attract a large number of high-quality
submissions, stimulate the cutting-edge research discussions among many
academic pioneering researchers, scientists, industrial engineers, students from all
around the world and provide a forum to researcher; propose new technologies,
share their experiences and discuss future solutions for design infrastructure for
ICT; provide a common platform for academic pioneering researchers, scientists,
engineers and students to share their views and achievements; enrich technocrats
and academicians by presenting their innovative and constructive ideas; focus on
innovative issues at international level by bringing together the experts from
different countries.
The conference was held during December 11–12, 2020, digitally on Zoom and
was organized by Global Knowledge Research Foundation.
Research submissions in various advanced technology areas were received, and
after a rigorous peer review process with the help of the program committee members
and external reviewer, 211 papers were accepted with an acceptance rate of 21%. All
211 papers of the conference are accommodated in 2 volumes, and also, the papers
in the book comprised authors from 15 countries.
This event’s success was possible only with the help and support of our team
and organizations. With immense pleasure and honor, we would like to express our
sincere thanks to the authors for their remarkable contributions, all the technical
program committee members for their time and expertise in reviewing the papers
within a very tight schedule and the publisher Springer for their professional help.
We are overwhelmed by our distinguished scholars and appreciate them for
accepting our invitation to join us through the virtual platform and deliver keynote
speeches and technical session chairs for analyzing the research work presented by
the researchers. Most importantly, we are also grateful to our local support team for

v
vi Preface

their hard work for the conference. This series has already been made a continuous
series which will be hosted at different locations every year.

Dhaka, Bangladesh M. Shamim Kaiser

Xi’an, China Juanying Xie
Rajasthan, India Vijay Singh Rathore
Contents

An Assessment of Internet Services Usage Among Postgraduate

Students in the Nigerian Defence Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Angela Adanna Amaefule and Francisca Nonyelum Ogwueleka
Smart Attendance Monitoring System Using Local Binary
Pattern Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
C. Meghana, M. Himaja, and M. Rajesh
An Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Deployment for Lifetime
Maximization by Optimizing Through Improved Particle
Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
T. Venkateswarao and B. Sreevidya
Improved Nutrition Management in Maize by Analyzing Leaf
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Prashant Narayankar and Priyadarshini Patil
Modified LEACH-B Protocol for Energy-Aware Wireless Sensor
Network for Efficient Network Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Fahrin Rahman, Maruf Hossain, Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag,
Sejuti Zaman, and Mohammad Rakibul Islam
Web Content Authentication: A Machine Learning Approach
to Identify Fake and Authentic Web Pages on Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Jayakrishnan Ashok and Pankaj Badoni
Classification of Brain Tumor by Convolution Neural Networks . . . . . . . 105
Madhuri Pallod and M. V. Vaidya
Automated Multiple Face Recognition Using Deep Learning
for Security and Surveillance Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Nidhi Chand, Nagaratna, Prema Balagannavar, B. J. Darshini,
and H. T. Madan

vii
viii Contents

An App-Based IoT-NFC Controlled Remote Access Security

Through Cryptographic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Md. Abbas Ali Khan, Mohammad Hanif Ali,
A. K. M. Fazlul Haque, Chandan Debnath, Md. Ismail Jabiullah,
and Md. Riazur Rahman
Pneumonia Detection Using X-ray Images and Deep Learning . . . . . . . . 141
Chinmay Khamkar, Manav Shah, Samip Kalyani, and Kiran Bhowmick
Autonomous Sailing Boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
R. Divya, N. Inchara, Zainab A. Muskaan, Prasad B. Honnavalli,
and B. R. Charanraj
A Proposed Method to Improve Efficiency in IPv6 Network
Using Machine Learning Algorithms: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Reema Roychaudhary and Rekha Shahapurkar
Byte Shrinking Approach for Lossy Image Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Tanuja R. Patil and Vishwanath P. Baligar
Image Encryption Using Matrix Attribute Value Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 185
D. Saravanan and S. Vaithyasubramanain
Weather Prediction Based on Seasonal Parameters Using
Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Manish Mandal, Abdul Qadir Zakir, and Suresh Sankaranarayanan
Analysis of XML Data Integrity Using Multiple Digest Schemes . . . . . . 203
Jatin Arora and K. R. Ramkumar
Enhanced Safety and Security Features for CAN Communication
in Automotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Venkatesh Mane and Nalini C. Iyer
Fashion Classification and Object Detection Using CNN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Shradha Itkare and Arati Manjaramkar
An Efficient Data Mining Algorithm for Crop Yield Prediction . . . . . . . 237
H. V. Chaitra, Ramachandra, Chandani Sah, Saahithi Pradhan,
Soundarya Kuralla, and Vanitha Sree
Cognitive Study of Data Mining Techniques in Educational Data
Mining for Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Pratiksha Kanwar and Monika Rathore
Python GUI for Language Identification in Real-Time Using
FFNN and MFCC Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Manjunath Sajjan, Mallamma V. Reddy, and M. Hanumanthappa
Contents ix

Traffic Management System Based on Density Prediction Using

Maching Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Suresh Sankaranarayanan, Sumeet Omalur, Sarthak Gupta,
Tanya Mishra, and Swasti Sumedha Tiwari
Implementation of Optimized VLSI Architecture
for Montgomery Multiplication Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Arun Thomas, Anu Chalil, and K. N. Sreehari
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Saumya Roy, Archana Singh, and Chetna Choudhary
Performance Improvement of Lossy Image Compression Based
on Polynomial Curve Fitting and Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Shaimaa Othman, Amr Mohamed, Abdelatief Abouali, and Zaki Nossair
Adversarial Deep Learning Attacks—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Ganesh B. Ingle and Milind V. Kulkarni
Enhancing Security of Cloud Platform with Cloud Access
Security Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Shahnawaz Ahmad, Shabana Mehfuz, and Javed Beg
Machine Learning Based Quality Prediction of Greywater:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Samir Sadik Shaikh and Rekha Shahapurkar
Blueprint of Blockchain for Land Registry Management in India . . . . . 349
Ganesh Khadanaga and Kamal Jain
Dynamic Time Slice Task Scheduling in Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Linz Tom and V. R. Bindu
A Comprehensive Survey of Existing Researches
on NOMA-Based Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks
for 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Joel S. Biyoghe and Vipin Balyan
Global Random Walk for the Prediction of MiRNA Disease
Association Using Heterogeneous Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
J. R. Rashmi and Lalitha Rangarajan
IoT Past, Present, and Future a Literary Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Md. Faridul Islam Suny, Md. Monjourur Roshed Fahim,
Mushfiqur Rahman, Nishat Tasnim Newaz,
and Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund
Use of Classification Approaches for Takri Text Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Shikha Magotra, Baijnath Kaushik, and Ajay Kaul
x Contents

Dynamically Adaptive Cell Clustering in 5G Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

K. Sai Tejaswini, Jayashree Balaji, and B. Prem Kumar
Recommendation System Based on Machine Learning and Deep
Learning in Varied Perspectives: A Systematic Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
T. B. Lalitha and P. S. Sreeja
SON Coordination with Priorities for Separation of Parameter
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Pigilam Swetha, Jayashree Balaji, and B. Prem Kumar
Digit Image Recognition Using an Ensemble of One-Versus-All
Deep Network Classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Abdul Mueed Hafiz and Mahmoud Hassaballah
Recent Developments, Challenges, and Future Scope of Voice
Activity Detection Schemes—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Shilpa Sharma, Punam Rattan, and Anurag Sharma
A Deep Learning Approach Toward Determining the Effects
of News Trust Factor Based on Source Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Ayan Mukherjee and Ratnakirti Roy
A Pilot Study in Software-Defined Networking Using Wireshark
for Analyzing Network Parameters to Detect DDoS Attacks . . . . . . . . . . 475
Josy Elsa Varghese and Balachandra Muniyal
An Interactive Tool for Designing End-To-End Secure Workflows . . . . . 489
Ravi Kanth Kotha, N. V. Narendra Kumar, T. Ramakrishnudu,
Shruti Purohit, and Harika Nalam
Investigation of Methodologies of Food Volume Estimation
and Dataset for Image-Based Dietary Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Prachi Kadam, Nayana Petkar, and Shraddha Phansalkar
A Compact Wideband Patch Antenna with Defected Ground
for Satellite Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Aditya Kumar Singh, Sweta Singh, Amrees Pandey, Shweta Singh,
and Rajeev Singh
Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Rachana Patel and Sanskruti Patel
College Project Preservation and Emulation Using
Containerization Over Private Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Yameen Ajani, Krish Mangalorkar, Yohann Nadar,
Mahendra Mehra, and Dhananjay Kalbande
Intellectual Property Rights Management Using Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . 545
Vidhi Rambhia, Vruddhi Mehta, Ruchi Mehta, Riya Shah, and Dhiren Patel
Contents xi

A Salient Binary Coding Scheme for Face and Expression

Recognition from Facial Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Adiraju Prasanth Rao, Bollipelly PruthviRaj Goud, and D. Lakshmi Padmaja
Low-Cost Smartphone-Controlled Remote Sensing IoT Robot . . . . . . . . 569
Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund, Nishat Tasnim Newaz,
Md. Rakib Hossain, and M. Shamim Kaiser
Thermal Image Processing and Analysis for Surveillance UAVs . . . . . . . 577
Aasish Tammana, M. P. Amogh, B. Gagan, M. Anuradha,
and H. R. Vanamala
Ensemble Methods for Scientific Data—A Comparative Study . . . . . . . . 587
D. Lakshmi Padmaja, G. Surya Deepak, G. K. Sriharsha,
and G. N. V. Ramana Rao
An Efficacious E-voting Mechanism using Blockchain
to Preserve Data Integrity in Fog Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
K. Uma Maheswari, S. Mary Saira Bhanu, and S. Nickolas
Learning Analytics: A Literature Review and its Challenges . . . . . . . . . . 607
Nisha, Archana Singhal, and Sunil Kumar Muttoo
Usage of ICT in Engineering Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
A. Arun Kumar, M. Shankar Lingam, and Smita Vempati
ICT for Good Governance: Evidence from Development
Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
G. S. Raghavendra, M. Shankar Lingam, and J. Vanishree
Low-Power DSME-Based Communication and On-Board
Processing in UAV for Smart Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Nikumani Choudhury and Anakhi Hazarika
Lane Change Assistance Using LiDAR for Autonomous Vehicles . . . . . . 649
H. M. Gireesha, Prabha C. Nissimgoudar, Venkatesh Mane,
and Nalini C. Iyer
A Systematic Review of Video Analytics Using Machine
Learning and Deep Learning—A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Prashant Narayankar and Vishwanath P. Baligar
Spark-Based Sentiment Analysis of Tweets Using Machine
Learning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
D. K. Chandrashekar, K. C. Srikantaiah, and K. R. Venugopal
Product Category Recommendation System Using Markov
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Krittaya Sivakriskul and Tanasanee Phienthrakul
xii Contents

Low Code Development Platform for Digital Transformation . . . . . . . . . 689

Vaishali S. Phalake and Shashank D. Joshi
The Analogy of Haar Cascade and HOG Approaches for Facial
Emotion Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
M. Aishwarya and N. Neelima
Testing of FPGA Input/Output Pins Using BIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
S. Gurusharan, R. Rahul Adhithya, S. Sri Harish, and J. P. Anita
Image Enhancement Using GAN (A Re-Modeling of SR-GAN
for Noise Reduction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
P. Vamsi Kiran Reddy and V. V. Sajith Variyar
Load Balancing and Its Challenges in Cloud Computing:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Harleen Kaur and Kiranbir Kaur
Predicting the Stock Markets Using Neural Network
with Auxiliary Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Sakshi and Sreyan Ghosh
Data Accountability and Security Enhancement in Remote
Healthcare System Using BaaS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Apoorva Kulkarni, Sonali Patil, and Rohini Pise
Cloud Computing: An Analysis of Authentication Methods
Over Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Ankush Kudale and S. Hemalatha
Transforming India’s Social Sector Using Ontology-Based
Tantra Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Shreekanth M. Prabhu and Natarajan Subramaniam
Design of Low Power and High-Speed 6-Transistors Adiabatic
Full Adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Minakshi Sanadhya and Devendra Kumar Sharma
Snappy Wheelchair: An IoT-Based Flex Controlled Robotic
Wheel Chair for Disabled People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund, Gunjon Roy, Animesh Adhikary,
Md. Ashraful Alam, Nishat Tasnim Newaz, Masud Rana Rashel,
and Mohammad Abu Yousuf
Speed Limit Control and Wildlife Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Venkatesh Mane, Ashwini Kamate, and Nalini C. Iyer
Digital Payments: An Indian Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Gayatri Doctor and Shravan Engineer
Contents xiii

Race Recognition Using CNN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

R. Rushali and Abdul Jhummarwala
Private Cloud Configuration Using Amazon Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Ashwini S. Mane and Bharati S. Ainapure
Application of Python Programming and Its Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Yash Bhatt and Prajakta Pahade
A Survey on Metaheuristics-Based Task Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Arzoo and Anil Kumar
Smart-Bin: IoT-Based Real-Time Garbage Monitoring System
for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Raghavendra S. Shekhawat and Deepak Uniyal
Optimization in Artificial Intelligence-Based Devices
and Algorithms for Efficient Training: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Priyadarshini Patil and S. M. Meena
Improving the Cyber Security by Applying the Maturity Model
Case: Electricity Industry of Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Mohammad Ebrahimnejad Shalmani and Mehran Sepehri
Encryption and Decryption Scheme for IoT Communications
Using Multilevel Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Sanchit Sindhwani, Sabha Sheikh, Saiyed Umer, and Ranjeet Kumar Rout
Susceptibility of Changes in Public Sector Banks with Special
Emphasis on Some Newly Merged Banks: Focus on Cash Flow
Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Anita Nandi and Abhijit Dutta
Fusion of Face Recognition and Number Plate Detection
for Automatic Gate Opening System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
H. M. Gireesha, Prabha C. Nissimgoudar, and Nalini C. Iyer
Study of Text-to-Speech (TTS) Conversion for Indic Languages . . . . . . . 929
Vishal Narvani and Harshal Arolkar
Wireless Sensor Network Based Architecture for Agriculture
Farm Protection in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Dinesh Kumar Kalal and Ankit Bhavsar
Comparative Analysis of Volume Rendering Techniques
on Craniofacial CT Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Jithy Lijo, Tripty Singh, Venkatraman Bhat, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose
Implementation of Different MAC Protocols for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
S. Santhameena, J. Manikandan, and P. Priyanka
xiv Contents

Analysis of Diseases in Plant’s Leaves Using Deep Learning

Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Abhilasha, Vaibhav Vyas, Vijay Singh Rathore, and Neelam Chaplot
On Statistical Tools in Finding Equitable Antimagic Labeling
of Complete Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Antony Puthussery, I. Sahul Hamid, and Xavier Chelladurai
Identifying the Alterations in the Microbiome Using
Classification and Clustering Analysis: A Path Towards
Microbiome Bio-Tech Innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Hitesh Vijan and Prashant R. Kharote
Segmentation of Brain Tumor from MR Images Using SegX-Net
an Hybrid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
M. Ravikumar and B. J. Shivaprasad
Digital India eGovernance Initiative for Tribal Empowerment:
Performance Dashboard of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Naval Jit Kapoor, Ashutosh Prasad Maurya, Raghu Raman,
Kumar Govind, and Prema Nedungadi
A Review on the Contribution of IoT in Various Domains
of Supply Chain Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Ramesh Shahabade
Optimization-Based Boosting Feature Selection Method
for Water Quality Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
M. Durairaj and T. Suresh
Data Analytics Implementations in Indian e-Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
Prashant Kumar Mittal, Anjali Dhingra, and Ashutosh Prasad Maurya
Image Fusion in Multi-view Videos Using SURF Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
B. L. Yashika and Vinod B. Durdi
Multi-device Login Monitoring for Google Meet Using Path
Compressed Double-Trie and User Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Anish Patil, Ankur Singh, and Neha Chauhan
Analysis of Various Boosting Algorithms Used for Detection
of Fraudulent Credit Card Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
Kaneez Zainab, Namrata Dhanda, and Qamar Abbas
ICT Tools for Fishermen Assistance in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Sandhya Kiran and Anusha D. Shetti
Mood Analysis of Bengali Songs Using Deep Neural Networks . . . . . . . . 1103
Devjyoti Nath and Shanta Phani
Contents xv

Human Voice Sentiment Identification Using Support Vector

Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Preeti Chawaj and S. R. Khot
Statistical Analysis of Thermal Image Features to Discriminate
Breast Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Aayesha Hakim and R. N. Awale
MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications: State of the Art . . . . . . . . 1141
Mehak Saini and Surender K. Grewal
Hydrogen by Process of Water Electrolysis for Power Generation
and a Review of Fuel Cell Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Dipen S. Patel and Rajab Challoo
Iris Presentation Attack Detection for Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165
Meenakshi Choudhary, Vivek Tiwari, and U. Venkanna
Enhanced Performance of Novel Patch Antenna Sub-array
Design for Use in L-Band Ground Station Receiver Terminals
Linked to Aerospace Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
T. A. Ajithlal, R. Gandhiraj, G. A. Shanmugha Sundaram,
and K. A. Pradeep Kumar

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185

Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Dr. M. Shamim Kaiser is currently working as Professor at the Institute of

Information Technology of Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342,
Bangladesh. He received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Applied Physics
Electronics and Communication Engineering from the University of Dhaka,
Bangladesh, in 2002 and 2004, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in
Telecommunication Engineering from the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
Pathumthani, Thailand, in 2010. His current research interests include data
analytics, machine learning, wireless network & signal processing, cognitive radio
network, big data and cyber security, and renewable energy. He has authored more
than 100 papers in different peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He is
Associate Editor of the IEEE Access Journal, and Guest Editor of Brain
Informatics Journal and Cognitive Computation Journal. Dr. Kaiser is a life
member of Bangladesh Electronic Society; Bangladesh Physical Society. He is also
a senior member of IEEE, USA, and IEICE, Japan, and an active volunteer of the
IEEE Bangladesh Section. He is Founding Chapter Chair of the IEEE Bangladesh
Section Computer Society Chapter.

Dr. Juanying Xie is currently Professor with Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an,
China. He has been Full Professor at the School of Computer Science of Shaanxi
Normal University in PR China. His research interests include machine learning,
data mining, and biomedical data analysis. He has published around 50 research
papers, and published two monograph books. He has been Associate Editor of
Health Information Science and Systems. He has been a program committee
member of several international conferences, such as the International Conference
on Health Information Science. He has been a senior member of China Computer
Federation (CCF), a member of Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence
(CAAI), a member of Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition Committee of
CCF, and a member of Machine Learning Committee of CAAI, etc. He has been a
peer reviewer for many journals, such as Information Sciences and IEEE

xvii
xviii Editors and Contributors

Transactions on Cybernetics. He was awarded Ph.D. in signal and information

processing from Xidian University. He cooperated with Prof. Xiaohui Liu at Brunel
University in UK from 2010 to 2011 in machine learning and gene selection
research. He received an engineering master’s degree in the application technology
of computers at Xidian University and a bachelor’s degree of science in computer
science at Shanxi Normal University.

Dr. Vijay Singh Rathore is presently working as Professor in the Department of

CS and IT, IIS (Deemed to be) University, Jaipur (India). He received Ph.D. from
the University of Rajasthan and has teaching experience of 20 years. He is Secretary,
ACM Jaipur Chapter, Past Chairman, CSI Jaipur Chapter, got two patents published,
Ph.D. Supervised (Awarded: 16, Under Supervision: 7), 80+ research papers, and
10+ books got published. He is handling international affairs of The IIS University,
Jaipur. His research areas are Internet security, cloud computing, big data, and IoT.

Contributors

Qamar Abbas Ambalika Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow,

India
Abhilasha Banasthali Vidhyapeeth, Vanasthali, Rajastan, India
Abdelatief Abouali Faculty of Computer Science, El-Shorouk Academy, Cairo,
Egypt
Mohammad Abu Yousuf Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar
University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Animesh Adhikary Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Shahnawaz Ahmad Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India
Bharati S. Ainapure Vishwakarma University, Pune, India
M. Aishwarya Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Amrita School of Engineering Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Bengaluru, India
Yameen Ajani Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering, University of
Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
T. A. Ajithlal SIERS Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
Editors and Contributors xix

Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund Department of Computer Science and

Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mohammad Hanif Ali Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Angela Adanna Amaefule Department of Cyber Security, Nigerian Defence
Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
M. P. Amogh PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
J. P. Anita Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita
School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore,
India
M. Anuradha PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Harshal Arolkar GLS University, Ahmedabad, India
Jatin Arora Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara
University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Arzoo Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
Jayakrishnan Ashok University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Md. Ashraful Alam Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
R. N. Awale Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, India
Pankaj Badoni University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Prema Balagannavar REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru,
India
Jayashree Balaji Smart World and Communications, Larsen & Toubro
Constructions, Chennai, India
Vishwanath P. Baligar School of Computer Science and Engineering, KLE
Technological University, Hubballi, India
Vipin Balyan Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
Javed Beg Oracle, Bengaluru, India
Venkatraman Bhat Narayana Health, Bengaluru, India
Yash Bhatt Computer Science and Engineering, Prof Ram Meghe College of
Engineering & Management, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Ankit Bhavsar GLS University, Ahmedabad, India
Kiran Bhowmick Dwarkadas J, Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
xx Editors and Contributors

V. R. Bindu School of Computer Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam,

Kerala, India
Joel S. Biyoghe Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South
Africa
H. V. Chaitra Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India
Anu Chalil Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita
Viswa Vidhyapeetham, Vallikavu, India
Rajab Challoo EECS Department, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville,
TX, USA
Nidhi Chand REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
D. K. Chandrashekar Department of CSE, SJB Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Neelam Chaplot Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, Rajastan, India
B. R. Charanraj PES University, Bangalore, India
Neha Chauhan Department of Information Technology, National Institute of
Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
Preeti Chawaj Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
D.Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, India
Xavier Chelladurai CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
Chetna Choudhary ASET, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Meenakshi Choudhary IIIT Naya Raipur, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Nikumani Choudhury BITS Pilani, Hyderabad, India
B. J. Darshini REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
Chandan Debnath National University, Gagipur, Bangladesh
Namrata Dhanda Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
Anjali Dhingra National Informatics Centre Services Incorporated, New Delhi,
India
R. Divya PES University, Bangalore, India
Gayatri Doctor Faculty of Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India
M. Durairaj School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan
University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
Vinod B. Durdi Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Editors and Contributors xxi

Abhijit Dutta Department of Commerce, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India

Shravan Engineer Faculty of Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India
Md. Faridul Islam Suny Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
B. Gagan PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
R. Gandhiraj SIERS Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
Sreyan Ghosh Computer Science and Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore,
India
H. M. Gireesha KLE Tchnological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka,
India
Kumar Govind United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi, India
Surender K. Grewal D.C.R.U.S.T, Murthal, Haryana, India
Sarthak Gupta Department of Information Technology, SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Chennai, India
S. Gurusharan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Coimbatore, India
Abdul Mueed Hafiz Department of ECE, Institute of Technology, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
Aayesha Hakim Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, India
M. Hanumanthappa Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
A. K. M. Fazlul Haque Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mahmoud Hassaballah Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers
and Information, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
Anakhi Hazarika Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati, Guwahati,
India
S. Hemalatha Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
M. Himaja Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of
Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India
Prasad B. Honnavalli PES University, Bangalore, India
Maruf Hossain University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
xxii Editors and Contributors

N. Inchara PES University, Bangalore, India

Ganesh B. Ingle Vishwakarma University, Pune, India
Mohammad Rakibul Islam Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Shradha Itkare Department of Information Technology, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
Nalini C. Iyer KLE Tchnological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka,
India
Md. Ismail Jabiullah Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Kamal Jain IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India
Abdul Jhummarwala Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications
and Geo-Informatics, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Shashank D. Joshi College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be)
University, Pune, India
Prachi Kadam Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International
Deemed University, Pune, India
Dinesh Kumar Kalal GLS University, Ahmedabad, India
Dhananjay Kalbande Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, University of Mumbai,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Samip Kalyani Dwarkadas J, Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
Ashwini Kamate KLE Technological UniversityHubballi, Hubballi, India
Pratiksha Kanwar Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India
Naval Jit Kapoor Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi,
India
Ajay Kaul SoCSE, SMVDU, Katra, J&K, India
Harleen Kaur Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
Kiranbir Kaur Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
Baijnath Kaushik SoCSE, SMVDU, Katra, J&K, India
Ganesh Khadanaga NIC, New Delhi, India
Chinmay Khamkar Dwarkadas J, Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
Md. Abbas Ali Khan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Editors and Contributors xxiii

Prashant R. Kharote Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and

Engineering, NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
S. R. Khot Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, D.Y.
Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, India
Sandhya Kiran Karnatak University Post Graduation Center, Karwar, Karnataka,
India
Ravi Kanth Kotha IDRBT, Hyderabad, India;
NIT, Warangal, India
Ankush Kudale Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
Apoorva Kulkarni Department of Information Technology, Pimpri Chinchwad
College of Engineering, Pune, India
Milind V. Kulkarni Science & Technology, Vishwakarma University, Pune, India
A. Arun Kumar Department of CSE, Balaji Institute of Technology and Science,
Warangal, India
Anil Kumar Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
Soundarya Kuralla Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Moni Abraham Kuriakose Cochin Cancer Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
D. Lakshmi Padmaja Department of Information Technology, Anurag University,
Venkatapur, India
T. B. Lalitha Department of Computer Application, Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science, Chennai, India
Jithy Lijo Christ Academy Institute for Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, India
M. Shankar Lingam NIRDPR, Hyderabad and University of Mysore, Mysore,
India
H. T. Madan REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
Shikha Magotra SoCSE, SMVDU, Katra, J&K, India
Manish Mandal Department of Information Technology, SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Chennai, India
Ashwini S. Mane Vishwakarma University, Pune, India
Venkatesh Mane KLE Tchnological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka,
India
Krish Mangalorkar Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering, University
of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
xxiv Editors and Contributors

J. Manikandan PES University, Bangalore, India

Arati Manjaramkar Department of Information Technology, Shri Guru Gobind
Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
S. Mary Saira Bhanu National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu, India
Ashutosh Prasad Maurya National Informatics Centre Services Incorporated,
New Delhi, India
S. M. Meena School of Computer Science, KLE Technological University,
Hubbali, Karnataka, India
C. Meghana Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of
Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India
Shabana Mehfuz Oracle, Bengaluru, India
Mahendra Mehra Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering, University of
Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ruchi Mehta VJTI, Mumbai, India
Vruddhi Mehta VJTI, Mumbai, India
Tanya Mishra Department of Information Technology, SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Chennai, India
Prashant Kumar Mittal National Informatics Centre Services Incorporated, New
Delhi, India
Amr Mohamed Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
Md. Monjourur Roshed Fahim Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ayan Mukherjee Areteans Tech, Kolkata, India
Balachandra Muniyal Department of Information and Communication
Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Manipal University, Manipal, India
Zainab A. Muskaan PES University, Bangalore, India
Sunil Kumar Muttoo Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi,
Delhi, India
Yohann Nadar Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering, University of
Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Nagaratna REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
Harika Nalam Gavs Technologies, Chennai, India
Editors and Contributors xxv

Anita Nandi Academy of Professional Courses, Dr B C Roy Engineering College,

Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Prashant Narayankar School of Computer Science and Engineering, KLE
Technological University, Hubballi, India
N. V. Narendra Kumar IDRBT, Hyderabad, India
Vishal Narvani GLS University, Ahmedabad, India
Devjyoti Nath Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Prema Nedungadi AmritaCREATE, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri,
India;
Department of Computer Science, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
N. Neelima Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita
School of Engineering Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India
Nishat Tasnim Newaz Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar
University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
S. Nickolas National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Nisha Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Prabha C. Nissimgoudar KLE Tchnological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi,
Karnataka, India
Zaki Nossair Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
Francisca Nonyelum Ogwueleka Department of Cyber Security, Nigerian
Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
Sumeet Omalur Department of Information Technology, SRM Institute of Science
and Technology, Chennai, India
Shaimaa Othman Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt;
Faculty of Computer Science, El-Shorouk Academy, Cairo, Egypt
D. Lakshmi Padmaja Anurag Group of Institutions, Ghatkesar, India
Prajakta Pahade Computer Science and Engineering, Prof Ram Meghe College
of Engineering & Management, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Madhuri Pallod Department of Information Technology, SGGS Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
Amrees Pandey Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Dhiren Patel VJTI, Mumbai, India
Dipen S. Patel EECS Department, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville,
TX, USA
xxvi Editors and Contributors

Rachana Patel Faculty of Computer Science and Applications, Charotar University

of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
Sanskruti Patel Faculty of Computer Science and Applications, Charotar
University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
Anish Patil Department of Information Technology, National Institute of
Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
Priyadarshini Patil School of Computer Science, KLE Technological University,
Hubbali, Karnataka, India
Sonali Patil Department of Information Technology, Pimpri Chinchwad College of
Engineering, Pune, India
Tanuja R. Patil K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi, India
Nayana Petkar Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International
Deemed University, Pune, India
Vaishali S. Phalake College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be)
University, Pune, India
Shanta Phani Bengal Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Shraddha Phansalkar Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis
International Deemed University, Pune, India
Tanasanee Phienthrakul Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Mahidol University, NakhonPathom, Thailand
Rohini Pise Department of Information Technology, Pimpri Chinchwad College of
Engineering, Pune, India
Shreekanth M. Prabhu CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
K. A. Pradeep Kumar SIERS Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
Saahithi Pradhan Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India
B. Prem Kumar Smart World and Communications, Larsen & Toubro
Constructions, Chennai, India
P. Priyanka PES University, Bangalore, India
Bollipelly PruthviRaj Goud Department of Information Technology, Anurag
University, Venkatapur, India
Shruti Purohit Amazon, Bengaluru, India
Antony Puthussery CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
Editors and Contributors xxvii

G. S. Raghavendra CMS, Jain University, Bengaluru, India

Fahrin Rahman Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Md. Riazur Rahman Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mushfiqur Rahman Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
R. Rahul Adhithya Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Coimbatore, India
M. Rajesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of
Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India
Md. Rakib Hossain Department of CSE, Daffodil International University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Ramachandra Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India
T. Ramakrishnudu NIT, Warangal, India
Raghu Raman AmritaCREATE, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
G. N. V. Ramana Rao Wipro Ltd, Hyderabad, India
Vidhi Rambhia VJTI, Mumbai, India
K. R. Ramkumar Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Masud Rana Rashel Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
Lalitha Rangarajan Department of Studies in Computer Science, University of
Mysore, Mysore, India
Adiraju Prasanth Rao Department of Information Technology, Anurag
University, Venkatapur, India
J. R. Rashmi Department of Studies in Computer Science, University of Mysore,
Mysore, India
Monika Rathore Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India
Vijay Singh Rathore IIS University, Jaipur, Rajastan, India
Punam Rattan Department of Computer Application, CT University, Ludhiana,
India
xxviii Editors and Contributors

M. Ravikumar Department of Computer Science, Kuvempu University, Shimoga,

Karnataka, India
Mallamma V. Reddy Rani Channamma University Belagavi, Godihal, Karnataka,
India
Ranjeet Kumar Rout Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Gunjon Roy Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ratnakirti Roy Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College Academy of Professional
Courses, Durgapur, India
Saumya Roy ASET, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Reema Roychaudhary St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and
Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India;
Oriental University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
R. Rushali National Institute of Technology, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
Md. Sabbir Hasan Sohag Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Chandani Sah Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India
I. Sahul Hamid The Madura College, Madurai, India
K. Sai Tejaswini Smart World and Communications, Larsen & Toubro
Constructions, Chennai, India
Mehak Saini D.C.R.U.S.T, Murthal, Haryana, India
V. V. Sajith Variyar Department of Computational Engineering and Networking,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
Manjunath Sajjan Rani Channamma University Belagavi, Godihal, Karnataka,
India
Sakshi Computer Science and Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology,
Tumkur, India
Minakshi Sanadhya Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India
Suresh Sankaranarayanan Department of Information Technology, SRM
Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
S. Santhameena PES University, Bangalore, India
Editors and Contributors xxix

D. Saravanan Faculty of Operations & IT, ICFAI Business School (IBS), The
ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education (IFHE), (Deemed to be university u/s 3 of
the UGC Act 1956), Hyderabad, India
Mehran Sepehri Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Manav Shah Dwarkadas J, Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
Riya Shah VJTI, Mumbai, India
Ramesh Shahabade Terna Engineering College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
Rekha Shahapurkar Oriental University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India;
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Oriental University, Indore, India
Samir Sadik Shaikh Computer Science and Engineering Department, Oriental
University, Indore, India
Mohammad Ebrahimnejad Shalmani Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran
M. Shamim Kaiser IIT, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
M. Shankar Lingam University of Mysore, Mysore, India;
NIRDPR, Hyderabad, India
G. A. Shanmugha Sundaram SIERS Research Laboratory, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Center for Computational
Engineering and Networking, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
Anurag Sharma Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GNA
University, Phagwara, India
Devendra Kumar Sharma Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology NCR Campus, Ghaziabad,
India
Shilpa Sharma Department of CSE, CT University, Ludhiana, India
Sabha Sheikh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Raghavendra S. Shekhawat Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India
Anusha D. Shetti Government of Arts and Science College, Karwar, Karnataka,
India
B. J. Shivaprasad Department of Computer Science, Kuvempu University,
Shimoga, Karnataka, India
Sanchit Sindhwani Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr B R
Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India
xxx Editors and Contributors

Aditya Kumar Singh Department of Electronics and Communication, University

of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Ankur Singh Department of Information Technology, National Institute of
Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
Archana Singh ASET, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rajeev Singh Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Shweta Singh Department of Electronics and Communication, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad,
Dhanbad, India
Sweta Singh Department of Electronics and Communication, University of
Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
Tripty Singh Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
Archana Singhal IP College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Krittaya Sivakriskul Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Mahidol University, NakhonPathom, Thailand
Vanitha Sree Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
K. N. Sreehari Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Amrita Viswa Vidhyapeetham, Vallikavu, India
P. S. Sreeja Department of Computer Application, Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science, Chennai, India
B. Sreevidya Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of
Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India
S. Sri Harish Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita
School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore,
India
G. K. Sriharsha Cognizant Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, India
K. C. Srikantaiah Department of CSE, SJB Institute of Technology, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Natarajan Subramaniam PES University, Bangalore, India
T. Suresh School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University,
Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
G. Surya Deepak Anurag Group of Institutions, Ghatkesar, India
Pigilam Swetha Smart World and Communication, Larson & Toubro
Constructions, Chennai, India
Aasish Tammana PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Editors and Contributors xxxi

Arun Thomas Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Amrita Viswa Vidhyapeetham, Vallikavu, India
Swasti Sumedha Tiwari Department of Information Technology, SRM Institute of
Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Vivek Tiwari IIIT Naya Raipur, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Linz Tom Department of Computer Science, Assumption College,
Changanacherry, Kerala, India
K. Uma Maheswari National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu,
India
Saiyed Umer Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Aliah University,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Deepak Uniyal Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India
M. V. Vaidya Department of Information Technology, SGGS Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
S. Vaithyasubramanain PG and Research Department of Mathematics, D. G.
Vaishnav College, Chennai, India
P. Vamsi Kiran Reddy Department of Computational Engineering and
Networking, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
H. R. Vanamala PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
J. Vanishree NIRDPR, Hyderabad, India
Josy Elsa Varghese Department of Information and Communication Technology,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
University, Manipal, India
Smita Vempati University of Mysore, Mysore, India
U. Venkanna IIIT Naya Raipur, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
T. Venkateswarao Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita
School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India
K. R. Venugopal Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Hitesh Vijan Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering,
NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
Vaibhav Vyas Banasthali Vidhyapeeth, Vanasthali, Rajastan, India
B. L. Yashika Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Kaneez Zainab Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
xxxii Editors and Contributors

Abdul Qadir Zakir Department of Information Technology, SRM Institute of

Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Sejuti Zaman University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
An Assessment of Internet Services
Usage Among Postgraduate Students
in the Nigerian Defence Academy

Angela Adanna Amaefule and Francisca Nonyelum Ogwueleka

Abstract This paper focuses on research on an assessment of Internet services

usage among postgraduate students in Nigerian Defence Academy. The study was
aimed to determine the state of Internet services usage among postgraduate scholars
in the institution. The definitions, meaning of the Internet and Internet services,
were stated. Also, Nigerian Defence Academy Postgraduate School with its post-
graduate students were discussed. A good research literature review was carried
out on related works, and quantitative research was performed using questionnaire
form to investigate the Internet services usage in the academy by the postgraduate
students. Inferences obtained from the analysis showed that the students use Internet
services in NDA. They are aware of Internet services, and they have confidence in
the accuracy of information on the Internet. The students normally use cybercafé
and department lecture room for Internet services. However, they are of the view
that no lecture note is available on the academy portal. The challenges encountered
are download delay, high cost of Internet usage, lack of login credentials to the
academy network, power outrage, inaccessibility of some website and insufficient
bandwidth capacity. Academy management should organize training for postgrad-
uate (PG) students on the use of Internet. The PG students should be encouraged to
access academy website for information, use their emails for communications and
the academy library databases for research work. Internet bandwidth capacity should
be increased, and login credentials should be provided for every PG student to enable
them access NDA network in order to use the Internet facilities.

Keywords Assessment · Internet services · Internet services usage · Nigerian

Defence Academy · Postgraduate students · Internet service problems · Internet
devices · Availability

A. A. Amaefule (B) · F. N. Ogwueleka

Department of Cyber Security, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 1
M. S. Kaiser et al. (eds.), Information and Communication Technology
for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2020), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 190,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0882-7_1
2 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

1 Introduction

Internet is a worldwide plan of unified computer networks that uses transmission

control protocol or Internet protocol (TCP/IP) to associate millions of devices across
the globe. Internet transmits large volume of data and applications like interlinked
Web reports and software, a framework to support email and distributed computers
to enhance phone calls and shared documents [1]. Internet is referred to as a global
connection of computers of different sizes, capacity and functionality. It is an enor-
mous connection of networked computers over the world resulting to network of
networks [2]. Due to the constant development on the Internet, the users of the
technology and its usage have grown simultaneously. The utilization of Internet has
expanded to the world from 1995 to 2000. Recently, about fifty-five (55) percent of
Northern Americans are online. Based on the large demand for the needs of Internet
services, Internet access has to turn out to be daily operations [3]. Nowadays, majority
of individuals are at advantage through the use of Internet. The technology has helped
to boost people’s work in most area of discipline. Information technology (IT) has
contributed immensely to development of long-lasting projects with great features
and improved quality connectivity both in business, work and education. The Internet
has helped to improve sound reasoning with up-to-date information of patient’s health
status. A lot of details on various health issues are available on health-related websites
[4].
The source of Internet can be drawn from the creation of Advanced Research
Project Agency Network (ARPANET) known as the interconnection of computers
by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969. Today, it is used to connect thousands of
computer systems all over the world in non-structured way. The Internet is a result
of linking together some media, computers and telecommunication devices [5]. It is
known as one of the contributors to the advancement and development of the world
economy. Formerly, it helped the government to solve vital policy issues; irrespective
of its great importance of the fourth industrial revolution, more than four (4) billion
people are not connected to the Web. Nigeria recorded 54% Internet usage in the
early months of the year 2018 with 30% usage less of the broadband penetration
stated by the federal government in 2018. Public Internet access providers (PIAPs)
provided free access to Internet at sensitive locations as a means which is used to
assist the government in encouraging the masses to indulge in worldwide electronic
economy [6].
Internet facilities give someone the privilege to obtain large volume of records
within a short period. There are four categories of Internet services, namely commu-
nication, information retrieval, Web and World Wide Web services [7]. Many services
in real world are provided on the Internet like banking online, job search, ticketing
for airline schedules, visa, international passport, hotel booking, etc. [8].
Some of the importance and uses of the Internet are seen in worldwide publica-
tions, circulation of information, instantaneous dialogue, propagation channel and
streaming multimedia playback such as streaming of videos, graphics, photographs,
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 3

images and texts. Academia use it for research, lecturing or teaching to dissemi-
nate information and collective communication among people irrespective of their
distance [9]. Internet helps to improve education through the utilization of database-
stored data which is recoverable through electronic interfaces [1]. A lot of people use
it to work from home, monitor and transact business, send and receive mail electron-
ically, chat with friends and relatives, receive lectures online, download textbooks,
get the direction of places, using webcam to view imaginary places. Internet educa-
tion allows flexible time for learning; poor class of people can work and study at the
same time. It helps students to feel the sense of group dynamics and motivation in
their learning [10].
Postgraduate (PG) students in the Nigeria Defence Academy Postgraduate School
(NDAPGS) do not participate in most of the academic events organized by the
academy or the PG School, e.g. orientation of newly admitted students, workshops,
departmental and faculty seminars for students, etc. It could be as a result of the
fact that the students do not access the individual email created for every admitted
PG student or that they do not regularly access the academy website which is a
platform where news of upcoming events are posted for awareness to the academy
community. Again, some students prefer the manual method of semester course regis-
tration. They fill and submit the completed manual copies to the department and the
NDAPGS rather than using the automated course registration system which is the
online course registration portal designed for the NDAPGS to enable the students to
register all the courses offered in either first or second semester, respectively. Also,
the academy library databases are located both at the old and permanent site of the
Nigeria Defence Academy (NDA) to enable PG students to have access to research
materials from the databases which the academy management subscribed on yearly
basis. Instead of the PG students to make use of the academy databases in the library,
most of them prefer to use their smart phones to access free databases. It was due to
the challenges encountered by the students that motivated the study of an assessment
of Internet services usage among PG students in NDA.
The NDAPGS was established to develop in the graduate student the spirit of
inquiry through training in research with an atmosphere of intellectual independence
and individual creativity combined with a strong sense of teamwork. The NDAPGS
runs both full-time and part-time programmes. The Internet services in the NDA
were provided and supported by the Directorate of Information and Communica-
tions Technology (DICT). The directorate manages some applications, software and
portals with the academy domain name which are all resident on the academy website.
The Internet services available are emails for PG students, NDA website, online
portal registration, World Wide Web to carryout out research works, assignments,
seminar presentations, thesis, online application portal for postgraduate admissions,
academy library databases, E-library, etc. [11]. The PG students have their student
email address with NDA domain name @nda.edu.ng. The PG School management
communicate with the new and existing PG students through their individual email.
The students use their email to communicate correspondences with the NDAPGS
management, the lecturers, among the students and outside bodies for acquisition and
access to research materials. The academy website is provided for the PG students
4 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

where they can access the website, read news, upcoming events, watch videos of
recent or past academy events and to obtain adequate information about the NDAPGS
and the academy at large. Every PG student has a matriculation number. Students
can access the online portal through the academy website using the email addresses
created for them with the academy domain name to login. The online portal registra-
tion platform allows every student the access to register their courses for both first
semester and second semester irrespective of their locations. The academy library
is subscribed to some databases online in which each PG student can access books,
conference papers, articles, journal, magazines and other relevant materials from
the online databases using the login credentials provided by the library informa-
tion technology (IT) staff. Others uses of the Internet are for research work, online
learning, tutorials, online purchase of application forms, publication of articles and
advertisements.
This study is to access the level of usage of Internet services among PG students
in NDA. The information from the research will help the management of NDA and
the NDAPGS to improve the existing Internet services by increasing the bandwidth
capacity, providing login credentials for easy Internet access, organizing orientation
programme on Internet services and usage for the newly admitted PG students for
effective usage. Subsequent sections will be literature review, research methodology,
findings and analysis, summary, conclusions and recommendations.

1.1 Aim

Aim is to determine the assessment of Internet services usage among postgraduate

students in Nigerian Defence Academy.

1.2 Objectives

The following are the objectives of the study;

• To investigate the strength of Internet service usage by PG students.
• To investigate the rate of awareness of Internet service usage by PG students.
• To investigate where PG students access Internet services in NDA.
• To investigate the Internet services available in NDA.
• To investigate the Internet services used by PG students in NDA.
• To investigate the locations used to access Internet services by PG students in
NDA.
• To investigate the students’ experience in the use of Internet services.
• To investigate devices used to access Internet services in NDA.
• To investigate the problems of Internet service usage by PG students
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 5

2 Literature Review

A lot of information was provided on the Internet for any subject area that man
specializes [10]. Many universities and institutions of higher learning postgraduate
(PG) students could obtain research publications to carry out their research work
using the institutional website. The Internet plays a vital role in the higher institution
for teaching, learning and carrying out research studies [8, 10]. Almost all students’
education requires the Internet. The Internet has made it possible to study online.
Today, there are lots of virtual universities, whereby students attend classes by sitting
on the computer accessing a particular university’s website, the video segment based
on the topics and they could study at home [10]. The chat programmes such as
Yahoo Messenger or Microsoft Messenger enable students to have a conversation
with research colleagues or collaborators or write messages to them. Some websites
like Gmail and Facebook allow someone to chat within the browser as well [8, 10,
12]. Voice over Internet protocol allows someone to have telephone service through
an Internet connection and could help researchers to perform video conferencing, e.g.
Skype and Facebook video calling. These services are free which replaces landline,
and it saves time.
The survey [9] is aimed to evaluate the provision of Internet facilities for PG
students in federal universities of Southwest, Nigeria, and usage. The researcher
to attain the objective used questionnaires, which was distributed to two hundred
seventy-one (271) respondents such that ninety-one of them are from the University
of Lagos, ninety are from the University of Ibadan, and ninety are from Obafemi
Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The three universities are the only universities in South-
west Nigeria that were undergoing education courses at the PG level, and each of
the schools had network and Internet connected to the school. Results were gener-
ated with frequency and percentage tables which illustrated that Internet facilities
were provided more at the laboratories than the hostels. In terms of accessibility
of Internet facilities, the highest was university Internet library, followed by faculty
Internet library, next was library Internet library, followed by PG office, and the least
was hostel Internet library. In terms of usability of Internet services, the highest was
search engines, followed by email, next was World Wide Web, followed by instant
messaging, then file transfer protocol, followed by Internet video, the next was Skype,
followed by Internet audio, then telnet, next was gopher, followed by scientific and
satellite imaging, the least was newsgroup. However, lack of search skills, difficulties
in navigation and the need to filter results from search were problems faced by the
PG students [9].
In the study [1], the researcher stated that Internet carries a wide space of data
resources and management. The study was aimed to determine the use of Internet
among PG students of K. M. Shah Dental College and Hospital. A cross-sectional
questionnaire was used to investigate awareness and use of the Internet by the PG
students. In the study, it was discovered that there were 44.35% of females and
55.65% of males. Also, it was discovered that 99.1% utilized the Internet, 84.3%
made use of the university Wi-Fi, 80.9% made use of bookmark, 81.7% used Google
6 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

drive, while 27% of them used the Web bloggers. Of all total participants, 40% had
a challenge using the Internet. Students used the World Wide Web, email, www-
based medical and databases on dental publications. Also, it was discovered that PG
students do not have enough knowledge in the use of the Internet. Besides, 6.1% of
the students did not rely on the accuracy of the information, and 0.9% do not rely
on the accuracy of dentistry information on the Internet. Irrespective of the fact that
most of the students used the Internet, there were lots of barriers during literature
search such as availability of Internet, cost of utilization, time, low speed and virus
infections. Lastly, the researcher opined that 98.2% of students are of the view that
lecture notes should be placed on the university website [1].
The survey [8] investigates the prospects and challenges of Internet usage by
PG students in the Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo
University Ago-Iwoye. Questionnaires of about one thousand two hundred (1200)
copies were distributed, but only one thousand (1000) was collected and analysed.
It was observed that majority of the students are between the age of 15–25 years.
Female are more than male. In terms of Internet awareness in the school, a lot of
students about seventy-four percent (74%) are aware of the facility. In terms of
Internet access by the respondents, a lot of them about thirty-seven percent (37%)
have access to the Internet for entertainment, twenty-nine percent (29%) for their
research work and nineteen percent (19%) for a chat and sending of mail messages.
Most of the students about thirty-seven percent (37%) have five years and above
experience in the use of the Internet. However, it was observed that some students do
not use the Internet despite the awareness. Also, it was discovered that some of them
encountered some issues such as slowness of the Internet server speed and pages
on the Web were too long; and thirty percent (30%) of the respondents had issues
getting the appropriate information at the right time and security and privacy issues
which contributed negatively to the use of the Internet resources [8].
The study [10] is a research centred on Internet usage by PG students of Gulbarga
University. The work aimed to consider the students rate and pattern in the use
of Internet in the university. A sample size of 100 was adopted. The study was
to discover the state of mind of the students and the level that they attain in the
Internet usage in information technology (IT). To establish a common relationship
between student’s academic performance and the usage of internet [10]. In terms of
access to Internet, out of one hundred respondents, forty-eight (48) percent access
the Internet using university computer laboratories, twenty-eight (28) percent access
Internet using smartphones, fifteen (15) percent access Internet using cybercafe,
and lastly, nine (9) percent access Internet using own computer or laptop [10]. It
was observed from the result obtained that due to the time spent in browsing the
Internet, out of one hundred (100) respondents, forty-eight respondents spent 2–3 h
browsing on the Internet, nineteen (19) respondents spent more than 5 h browsing
the Internet, eighteen (18) respondents spent less than 2 h browsing the Internet, and
lastly, fifteen (15) respondents spent 4–5 h browsing the Internet. For the content
viewed on the Internet, the highest amount recorded was sixty-two (62) who viewed
social networking, next was followed by fifty-six (56) who viewed academic notes,
next was followed by forty-nine (49) who viewed chat rooms and makes video call,
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 7

next was followed by forty-six (46) who viewed online journals, next was followed
by forty-three (43) who viewed email, next was followed by forty-one (41) who
viewed online forum, and the least recorded was twenty-two (22) who viewed online
games [10].
In terms of reason for use of Internet, out of one hundred respondents, the highest
amount recorded was eighty-eight (88) respondents whose reason for use of Internet
was to prepare class assignments, next was followed by seventy-two (72) whose
reason was for entertainment, fifty-three (53) was to update knowledge, fifty-one
(51) was to prepare for examinations, thirty-seven (37) was to read news, thirty-
one (31) was for other reasons, followed by twenty-seven (27) respondents whose
reason was to download software, twenty-three (23) was for communication, and the
least recorded was eight (8) respondents whose reason was to purchase items. For
academic performance on the use of Internet, out of one hundred respondents, sixty-
eight respondents believed that their academic performance on the use of Internet
was improved, twenty-three (23) respondents were neutral that is their opinion was
academic performance on the use of Internet which was neither improved nor not
improved, and lastly, nine (9) respondents opined that academic performance on the
use of Internet was not improved [10].
In the survey [13], the researcher opined that the use of technologies in IT has
helped to improve research work carried out by PG students in the library systems
services of Francis Sulemanu Idachaba Library, University of Agriculture, Makurdi,
using a descriptive method of survey for the study. A questionnaire was designed
with a sample size of 270 PG students from a general school population of 2000 PG
students. The result showed that those who were trained internally by an external
resource person were 37.78%. Those trained on Internet skills rated 44.44%. The
students who uses Internet daily were 22%. Those with digital libraries skills with
improvements on their studies were 87.41%. Again, 51.11% uses Internet facilities
outside the university for research. Irrespective of the advantages experienced, there
are some challenges such as delay in download and lack of enough computers.
In conclusion, it was discovered that Internet helped to put away manual library
services, and the students pleased with Internet facilities were 94%. As a result
of problems that arise from the Internet facilities, 92.96% are of the opinion that
there should be enough and proper instructions to the PG students in the use of
the library. Again, recommendations were given that librarians should endeavour
to make students patronizes the e-resources through the use of IT. There should be
un-interruption of power supply. Furthermore, an improvement in speed for the use
of e-resource for the PG students should be provided. Workable computers should
be made available, creating a sensitization programmes on the availability of some
resources. It was given that easy Internet access is directly proportional to student’s
skills [13].
The study [14] stated that Internet is a technology that has helped both staff and the
PG students to carry out research work effectively. The researcher aimed to discover
the purpose and types of Internet resources used by the academic staff and PG students
of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The concept and reason for the use of Internet
and type of Internet resources used by the academic staff and the PG students were
8 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

stated. A survey method was devised to carry out the study on both academic staff and
the PG students in the twelve faculties. Out of 6155 PG students and 1577 academic
staff, a sample size of 1232 (20%) of PG students and 316 (20%) of academic staff
were selected. In the paper, e-journal and email are the most employed resources by
both academic staff and PG students. The respondents in their opinion stated that
learning, research, communication and social networking are the main reason for
using the Internet. The study revealed the difference in the type of Internet resource
and reason of using the Internet in the university. It was deduced that Internet was
relevant for research and learning. Despite the benefits derived from the Internet,
there are problems with inadequate and low connectivity, no teleconferencing equip-
ment and small bandwidth. Due to these challenges, the following recommendations
were suggested that Internet should be provided at the departments, faculties and
common rooms to enable staff and students have easy access to the Internet. The
bandwidth capacity should be increased with a policy that will help to sustain the
technology from being mishandled by users. Also, the university should ensure that
the students make effective use of the Internet by providing easy access to the facil-
ities, ensuring adequate teleconferencing equipment is available for the students to
easily collaborate, communicate and disseminate information among themselves and
other professional through the network system. The Internet resources available were
newsgroup, emails, directories, e-journals, databank, databases, e-books, etc. It was
discovered from the analysis that emails, e-journals and databases were the highest
used resources, while the least were usenet/newsgroup. The reasons for the use of
the Internet by most students were for research, learning, communication and social
networking. The challenges encountered are slow speed and little information [14].
The survey [15] opined that the Internet has effected a positive change in socio-
economic life of the people. The researcher stated that the Internet has also affected
positive change in the business environment, socio-political areas, the behaviour of
people and their cultural values. In the study, the author aimed to carry out a survey
that would recognize and comprehend in one of the Romanian faculty the profiles
of students who use the Internet. The research study detected the students’ Internet
usage and time spent on the Internet. In the study, the students’ access to Internet
was discovered, and most of the preferred services and how the teaching process can
be used effectively were stated. Again, the students’ skill and zeal for Internet use
were given. It was discovered that there was need for an update in the curriculum
for academics. A survey was carried out, and the respondents were bachelor and
master students of the Faculty of Accounting and Management Information Systems
in the University of Economic Studies in Bucharest. Questionnaires were distributed
to 119 students, out of which 84 were bachelor students and 35 master students.
All the students had experienced in the use of the Internet. Analysis of the data was
performed using eight hypotheses. In the study, the author encouraged the devel-
opment of Internet-based learning tools and confirmed the students’ expectations
regarding the successful development and implementation of technological develop-
ments in the field. The research findings could help improve the academic curriculum
in computing and security fields [15].
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 9

The study [16] was on use of resources and services in the library by PG students
of Babcock University. One hundred (100) numbers of questionnaire were used, and
76% were returned. It was discovered that most students used the library often for
research work but do not make effective use of the resources provided. However,
the students preferred to use lots of materials from the Internet, but the problem
was inadequate time. In terms of use of resources in the library, they were aver-
agely contented. Some recommendations were made such as there should be enough
services offered to the students at least on full-day services basis. The school should
provide more Internet outlets for the PG students at the library. Also, it was suggested
that Internet facilities be made available all over the campus for easy access by the
students. There should be a sensitization programme for the students by the librarian
on the available services rendered. Again, a help desk was to be provided in order
to receive complaints from the students and as such help the school management in
providing remedy to the issues faced [16].
The survey [17] is on the time spent on the Internet for both academic and non-
academic reasons. A survey was performed on 1675 students in a random selec-
tion using questionnaire instrument on five various areas, namely social sciences,
sciences, engineering, agriculture and computer sciences. It was discovered that the
students use the Internet 4.48 h per day. The results showed that the students from
computer science made use of 5.61 h per day using the Internet which was more
than other students in other areas of study. Social sciences, agriculture and computer
sciences students were seen to use the Internet for academics’ research compared to
other students. Also, it was discovered that out of the huge time spent on the Internet
by the students, less time was spent for academic research work. In terms of students
from social sciences, the correlation between the time used for online activities and
time for academic research was reasonably positive although with a low figure. On
the contrary, for the science students, the correlation of the time spent online and for
academic work was negative with a little value, while for agriculture, engineering
and computer sciences, there was no correlation on the time spent online and the
time for academic’s work. It was discovered that more applications developed these
days are mostly meant for socializing with friends and making lots of funs rather
than for academics or educational use and as such the students in higher education
should make effective use of the whole time spent on the Internet for their academic
works. Students who dedicate longer time using the Internet do not engage more in
their academic work compared to the students who do not use the Internet always.
It was seen that whether the students use the Internet for academic or social reason,
it is a matter of individual choice. It was recommended that good amount of time
spent on the Internet should be for academic purposes rather that social activities.
Again, the Internet should serve as a medium of interactions among the students and
the lecturers. According to research findings, using the Internet for academic work
brings about optimal academic results [17].
The study [18] focused on the use of Internet by master and PhD students of the
University of Khartoum for scientific research for the year 2014. Out of 3189 students,
a random sampling of 441 students was used for four assemblies. A questionnaire
instrument was used for data collection, and SPSS software was used to obtain the
10 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

percentage, mean, standard deviation, T-test using one group and ANOVA. From
the findings, most students used the Internet for their research. The four assemblies’
average is that basic engineering is 65.3, medical and health studies is 65, humanities
and educational studies is 62.73, and agricultural and veterinary studies is 61.75. The
Internet helped to improve the rate of student’s research knowledge. Irrespective of
the type of degree there is no difference in the rate of Internet usage by the students.
It was discovered that to obtain efficiency, the school has to consider appropriateness
on the research expectations of the students and the strength of the Internet to meet
the demand for research work. If there is appropriateness, then the students will have
the notion that Internet is of great use and they are contented, and this will encourage
the optimal use of Internet for the scientific research work. Again, there was a need
for the student to strive more in the use of Internet to advance their knowledge in
obtaining information in all kinds of digitalized manner. However, the challenges
faced was difficulty in getting materials written in English from the right websites
for scientific work. Also, there was email and some technical issues [18].
The survey [19] was on the use and acquaintance of electronic properties by the
SC/ST researchers and PG students of the colleges in Salem District in collabora-
tion with Periyar University. An empirical survey was carried out using structured
questionnaire of 700 numbers. There were primary and secondary data and deep
communication on a sample of group. The primary data was collected using random
sampling. Some tests like ANOVA, regression analysis, percentage, frequency and
chi-square test discovered that many researchers and PG students were regularly
using the e-resources for their works and exams. A good number of students obtain
the materials by downloading in PDF files. The rate of use of the e-resources is low
compared to the amount used in setting up the facilities for use. As a result, there is
need for awareness of the resources and training to be organized to the students. It
was discovered that there were enough e-resources available, but the equipment and
devices to aid the effective use must be obtained and with up-to-date functionality.
The challenges encountered were poor network, unnecessary adverts, interruption
of power supply, time consuming and issue of licensing [19].
The study [20] was to observe how electronic resources are used by the PG
students in the University of Cape Coast. The objectives were to discover the aware-
ness of the digitalized materials, the frequency of use of these materials, the rate of
computer knowledge and the problem faced by the students. Questionnaire instru-
ment was used on a sample size of 275, and SPSS software was devised to compute
the frequencies and percentages. It was discovered that majority of the students
are aware of the digitalized materials. The students are mostly seen using Google
Scholars and databases from the Web to carry out their research work rather than
library database. The major challenge identified was poor connection of the Internet,
others are inadequate advertising, no proper training, lack of login credentials, insuf-
ficient computers, interruption of power supply and little knowledge on information
acquisition; all these caused the students to rely fully on the library staff for infor-
mation. As a result, it has adversely influenced the rate of access and usage of the
library for digitalized materials. It was suggested that to assuage these problems, the
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 11

library authority should provide adequate facilities that will aid effective use of the
e-resources [20].
The survey [21] was to determine the essence and kinds of resources provided
through the Internet for academic staff and PG students in Ahmadu Bello Univer-
sity, Zaria. In the study, a sampling method was used with a sample size of 1232
and 316 for PG and academic staff by employing questionnaire instrument for
data collection. The data was analysed to obtain frequency and percentage tables, and
t-test was performed, respectively. It was discovered that electronic mail and journals
were used regularly by the staff and the students. The reason for use of the Internet
was for studies, research, messages, interactions and socialization. Again, there was a
momentous distinct in the kinds of Internet facilities and reason for using the Internet.
Despite the fact that both the staff and students were interested in the Internet facili-
ties, they were saddled with some problems such as inactive and inadequate Internet
with little bandwidth capacity and no teleconferencing equipment which tends to
affect the output of their research work. However, it was recommended that Internet
facilities with enough bandwidth capacity should be made available at every loca-
tion in the school for easy access as well as provision of teleconferencing devices to
improve research with their colleagues in and outside the school [21].
The study [22] is on the use and understanding of Internet by three different
disciplines of students in the university, namely business studies, science and arts.
A random sampling method was deployed using questionnaire instrument for 150
students, 50 from each discipline. Again, SPSS software was used to analyse the data
in frequency and percentage distributions. It was discovered that the rate of use of the
Internet was 100, 92 and 90% for business studies, science and arts. The Internet was
seen as a means of retrieving information for studies and research by the students.
It was recommended due to under-use of the Internet facility. The science and arts
students should put more effort in their use of the Internet. Also, all the students
should improve their rate of access of the Internet. Again, in order to enhance the
students’ outputs of studies, the Internet should be upgraded to a standard form to
accommodate the high demand, magnitude and speed of request for materials for
research work [22].
The survey [23] was done using questionnaire for 6000 students drawn from five
universities and two polytechnics using random sampling method. Out of the total
numbers distributed, only 5000 questionnaires were recovered. Descriptive analysis
was performed on the data. It was discovered that most of the students are knowl-
edgeable in the use of computer and as such use the Internet. They normally go to
the cybercafé to access the Internet for their study materials. Most of the students
gave an average response that Internet solely is for academic work. It was stated
that the students always use electronic books and journals for their studies and helps
them to prepare for their academic assessments and evaluations. However, they had
some problems such as interruption of power supply, sluggish Internet connections,
insufficient systems to access the Internet, too much demands and traffics from the
students. In order to resolve these issues, some recommendations were made; there
should be an approved cybercafe which should be allowed to run services within the
school premises. Students should be made to perform an assignment via the Internet
12 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

as such it will boost their rate of Internet use. Students should be trained on the use of
the Internet to help improve their Internet skills on research work. Students should be
provided with support from the information and communication technology (ICT)
staff. A good number of systems should be acquired for students for research works
[23].
In the study [24], the researcher investigates the use of search engines of Internet
by staff and students for academic studies. Out of 290 questionnaires, 230 were
recovered. It was discovered that both staff and students are aware of search engines
and materials available on the Internet for academic purposes. However, they had
problem with lack of skills and little bandwidth capacity of the bulky research work to
be carried out. Some recommendations were suggested to proffer adequate solutions.
The librarian while carrying out their duties should not be intimidated that Internet
has come to replace their jobs, rather they should encourage the school management
to conduct intensive trainings to help enhance the student’s proficiencies in the use
of search skills for effective academic works. Also, the Internet bandwidth was to be
upgraded to a reasonable capacity to serve the university in terms of academics. Out of
a population of 2000 students and 300 staff, a random sampling of 250 students and 40
staff was performed. Out of which, 230 responses were collected and analysed using
statistical software to obtain the diagram, frequencies and percentage distribution,
respectively. It was discovered that both parties gradually embraced the use of the
search engines for their academics. It was recommended that training on the use of
Internet and Internet course modules should be introduced generally for everyone
in the school to the help improve their skills and proficiencies in academic research
[24].
The survey [25] is to investigate the form by which Internet is been used by
the students of the university. A descriptive kind of survey was employed using
questionnaire in a random sampling manner for 200 students from four faculties.
It was discovered that almost all students use the Internet frequently. 51.6% could
access the Internet from their apartments or school accommodations. 21.1% make use
of the library for research. It was seen that 91.1% of students use their mobile phones
to access Internet. 49% of students trained on Internet could work effectively. 45.8%
are not knowledgeable in it, so they try all kinds of efforts to be able to make positive
results in their efforts. 78.4% use it for class work, 76.3% use it for entertainment, and
73.2% use it to communicate with one another. The highest services and materials
used by the students are social media, search engines, electronic newspaper and
electronic books. 53.2% could search and obtain their data; 28.9% could use some
logics. The students are of the opinion that Internet has really helped them to improve
their studies. 36% are of the opinion that they are satisfied somehow with the Internet.
The problems that they had was low bandwidth capacity, and it was hard to get the
materials that they needed due to the fact that they are not knowledgeable in the
use of the facilities. Some recommendations were made such as providing adequate
equipment and devices to facilitate prompt information findings and improve the
students’ skills. It was opined that the students used the Internet for their studies,
interactions among themselves and for fun at their leisure time [25].
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 13

3 Research Methodology

In performing the research methodology, the aim of the research was considered
which is assessing Internet services usage among postgraduate school in NDA. In
order to achieve the aim, the following objectives must be satisfied such as: to inves-
tigate the strength of Internet service usage by PG students; to investigate the rate of
awareness of Internet service usage by PG students; to investigate where PG students
access Internet services in NDA; to investigate the Internet services available in NDA;
to investigate the Internet services used by PG students in NDA; to investigate the
locations used to access Internet services by PG students in NDA; to investigate the
students’ experience in the use of Internet services; and to investigate devices used to
access Internet services in NDA. In NDA, PG students made use of different devices
to access Internet service and to investigate the problems of Internet service usage by
PG students. Also, the students were saddled with some challenges while accessing
Internet services for academic studies.
In order to attain the objectives, quantitative method was employed using ques-
tionnaire tool as means of data collection. The questionnaire used in the study is an
enhancement of the questionnaire used in paper [9]. The population of the area of
study was NDAPGS, and the sample size was 120 students. The respondents were
restricted to only PG students who are still on session in NDAPGS. In distributing
the questionnaire link, a means of WhatsApp platform was utilized such that the
questionnaire link was sent to PG programme coordinators of all departments to
help forward the link to the WhatsApp group forum of their PG students, respec-
tively. There were two hundred and eight responses, but due to improper filling of the
form and incomplete answers provided to the questions by the students, eighty-eight
(88) responses were discarded, while one hundred and twenty (120) fully completed
forms were downloaded into Microsoft Excel using comma-separated values file
format.
The research design for the study was quantitative method; a survey was carried
using a closed-ended questionnaire. The reason for the questionnaire was to investi-
gate all the positive and negative factors associated with the use of Internet services
by the postgraduate students of the academy. The researcher designed a question-
naire using Google form, and a link was generated online which was distributed to
the various WhatsApp groups of different PG programmes for PG students. After the
questionnaire forms have been completed by the PG students, the data was down-
loaded into Microsoft Excel worksheet file and then exported into IBM SPSS Statis-
tics version 23 software where the data was analysed using descriptive statistics
and the results were represented in frequency and percentage tables. Graphs were
plotted using bar charts diagram to illustrate the results obtained. The question-
naire comprises of closed-ended questions used to collect data from the respondents.
In all, there were three sections. Four questions from Sect. 1 which was the demo-
graphic information, twenty-six questions from Sect. 2 and five questions from Sect. 3
making a total of thirty-five questions administered on each of the questionnaire forms
designed using online Google form platform. The questionnaire was conducted on
14 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

sample size of hundred and twenty respondents, all are PG students of NDAPGS
which included full-time and part-time students who are running either postgraduate
diplomas, academic masters, professional masters and doctor of philosophy.

4 Findings and Analysis

Data obtained from the questionnaire form was analysed using IBM SPSS Statis-
tics version 23 software. Results were generated using descriptive statistics analysis
with frequency and percentage tables. Again, the results obtained were illustrated
using bar charts. A total of two hundred and eight (208) responses were obtained
from questionnaires distributed. However, due to the fact that some respondents
skipped supplying answers to some key questions on the questionnaire. This rendered
some of the questionnaires invalid and as such, the invalid questionnaires received
were eighty-eight (88) while the valid questionnaires received were one hundred and
twenty (120) which was used for the analysis. Some students answered all the ques-
tions in Sects. 1 and 2 but failed to answer all the questions or some of the questions in
Sect. 3. Based on the anomalies experienced, eighty-eight (88) incomplete responses
were discarded and one hundred and twenty (120) responses were used to run the
data analysis of the survey carried out on the assessment of Internet services usage
among postgraduate students of the academy. The data was analysed using IBM
SPSS Statistics version 23 software; descriptive statistics analysis was performed on
the thirty-five (35) questions that were administered to the postgraduate students.
The data analysis and results obtained from the thirty-five (35) questions were illus-
trated using frequency tables giving the results obtained according to the frequency
of occurrence with the corresponding results in percentages and diagrams depicting
the various results obtained which were illustrated using bar charts for every result
obtained from the thirty-five questions administered.

4.1 Demographic Information Result

Table 1 is the age distribution. It was observed that out of one hundred and twenty
(120) respondents, the age range from 25 to 30 was sixty (61) which is 50.8%, 31–35
age range was twenty-four (24) which is 20.0%, 36–40 age range was sixteen (16)
which is 13.3%, 41–45 age range was seven (7) which is 5.8%, 46–50 was ten (10)
which is 8.3%, while the students that did not specify their ages was two (2) which
is 1.7% as shown in Fig. 1. For sex distribution, thirty-one (31) was female which is
25.8%, and eighty-nine (89) was male students which is 74.2% as shown in Fig. 2.
From the programme mode distribution, seventy-five (75) were full-time students
which is 62.5%, while forty-five (45) were part-time students which is 37.5% as
shown in Fig. 3. From programme type distribution, academic masters were fifty-
one (51) which is 42.5%, PGD students was eleven (11) which is 9.2%, PhD students
An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 15

Table 1 Demographic
Demographic Description Frequency Percentage
information
information
Age 25–30 61 50.8
31–35 24 20.0
36–40 16 13.3
41–45 7 5.8
46–50 10 8.3
Sex Female 31 25.8
Male 89 74.2
Programme Full-time 75 62.5
Part-time 45 37.5
Level Academic 51 42.5
masters
PGD 11 9.2
PhD 19 15.8
Professional 39 32.5
masters

Fig. 1 Age distribution

was nineteen (19) which is 15.8%, and professional masters’ students was thirty-nine
(39) which is 32.5% as shown in Fig. 4. All the results obtained were represented
using frequency with percentage distribution tables and bar charts.
16 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

Fig. 2 Sex distribution

Fig. 3 Programme mode

distribution

Fig. 4 Level distribution

An Assessment of Internet Services Usage … 17

4.2 Usability and Awareness of Internet Services by PG

Students

Summary of results from Sect. 2 of the questionnaire questions is related to Internet

services in NDA PG School. Table 2 is on usability, awareness of Internet services and
confidentiality of Internet services by PG students in NDA. Twenty-five (25) students
do not use Internet services, while ninety-five (95) students use Internet services as
shown in Fig. 5. Fifty-nine (59) students are not aware of Internet services in NDA
PG School, while sixty (60) students are aware of Internet services as shown in Fig. 6.
Twenty-nine (29) students do not have confidence in the accuracy of information on
the Internet, while ninety-one (91) students have confidence in accuracy of infor-
mation as shown in Fig. 8. Ninety-eight (98) students are of the view that lecture
notes are available, while twenty-two (22) students opined that lecture note are not
available as shown in Fig. 9. From the data analysis in Table 2, postgraduate students
stated that they use Internet services, they are aware of Internet services in NDA
PG School, and they have confidence in the accuracy of information on the Internet.

Table 2 Usability and awareness of Internet services by PG student

S. No. Items Yes No
1 Do you use Internet services in NDA PG School? 95 25
(79.2%) (20.8%)
2 Are you aware of Internet services in NDA PG School? 60 59
(50.0%) (49.2%)
3 Do you have confidence for the accuracy of information on the 91 29
Internet? (75.8%) (24.2%)
4 Are there lecture note available on the academy postgraduate 22 98
portal? (18.3%) (81.7%)

Fig. 5 Use of Internet

service in NDA
18 A. A. Amaefule and F. N. Ogwueleka

Fig. 6 Awareness of
Internet services

Fig. 7 Experience in the use

of Internet

However, they are of the opinion that there is no lecture note on the academy portal
(Fig. 9).

4.3 Experience in the Use of Internet Services

Table 3 is on “How long is your experience in the use of Internet?” Thirty (30) students
do not have any experience, twenty-eight (28) students have one to five (1–5) years
experience, twenty-eight (28) students have six to ten (6–10) years experience, eleven
(11) students have eleven to fifteen (11–15) years experience, while twenty-three (23)
students have 16 and above years of experience as shown in Fig. 7. Therefore, the
number of students who do not have experience and those who have between one to
ten years experience is more than those who have between eleven to fifteen (11–15)
years and sixteen and above years of experience.
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