Chapter 1

Review of Number concepts

Basics of Numbers System

1. Surds 22. Directed Numbers

2. Irrational Numbers 23. Perfect Numbers
3. Rational Numbers 24. Palindromic Numbers
4. Integers 25. Narcissistic number
5. Whole Numbers 26. Factors
6. Natural Numbers 27. Multiples
7. Real Numbers 28. HCF
8. Prime Numbers 29. LCM
9. Composite 30. Prime Factorisation
10. Number line 31. BODMAS
11. Reciprocal of a number 32. Estimation of numbers
12. Square Numbers 33.Rounding of numbers
13. Cube Numbers 34. Standard form of a number
14. Odd Numbers
35. Square roots
15. Even Numbers
36. Cube roots
16. Negative Numbers
37. Inequalities of a number
17. Positive Numbers
38.Exponents and powers
18. Fractional Numbers
39.Laws of indices .
19. Decimal Numbers
20. Twin Primes
21. Co-primes
What is a Surd?
Surds are the values in square root that cannot be further simplified into whole numbers
or integers.
Surds are the square roots (√) of numbers that cannot be simplified into a whole or
rational number.
Types of Surds
Surds are classified into six different types such as Simple Surds, Pure
Surds, Similar Surds, Mixed Surds, Compound Surds, and Binomial Surds.
Below are 6 different types of surds mentioned in detail below.

● Simple Surds: A simple surd is a surd that has only a term. For

example, √2 or √5.

● Pure Surd: Completely irrational surds are called pure surds. For

example, √3.

● Similar Surd: When two or more surds have the same factor, they

are known as similar surds. For example, √2, 3√2, 5√2 are similar

surds with a common factor √2.

● Mixed Surds: Mixed surds are the production of rational numbers

and irrational numbers and they are not completely irrational

numbers.

● Compound Surds: Compound Surds are the surds that are the

addition or subtraction of two or more surds.

● Binomial Surd: A binomial surd is a surd that is made up of two

other surds.
Rational Numbers & Irrational Numbers

Rational and Irrational numbers both are real numbers but different with respect to their
properties. A rational number is the one which can be represented in the form of P/Q where
P and Q are integers and Q ≠ 0. But an irrational number cannot be written in the form of
simple fractions. ⅔ is an example of a rational number whereas √2 is an irrational number.
What is a Rational number?

Rational numbers are numbers which can be expressed as a fraction and also as positive
numbers, negative numbers and zero. It can be written as p/q, where q is not equal to zero.

The word “rational” is derived from the word ‘ratio’, which actually means a comparison of
two or more values or integer numbers and is known as a fraction. In simple words, it is the
ratio of two integers.

Example: 3/2 is a rational number. It means integer 3 is divided by another integer 2.

What is an Irrational Number?

The numbers which are not rational numbers are called irrational numbers. Now, let us
elaborate, irrational numbers could be written in decimals but not in the form of fractions,
which means they cannot be written as the ratio of two integers.

Irrational numbers have endless non-repeating digits after the decimal point. Below is an
example of an irrational number:

Example: √8 = 2.828…
Venn Diagram
The below image shows the Venn diagram of rational and irrational numbers which come
under real numbers.

Examples of Irrational Numbers

Similarly, as we have already defined that irrational numbers cannot be expressed in fraction or ratio form, let
us understand the concepts with a few examples.

• π is an irrational number that has a value of 3.142…and is a never-ending and non-repeating

number.
• √2 is an irrational number, as it cannot be simplified.
• 0.212112111…is a rational number as it is non-recurring and non-terminating.

There are a lot more examples apart from the above-given examples, which differentiate rational numbers
and irrational numbers.
Properties of Rational and Irrational Numbers

Here are some properties based on arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication performed on
the rational number and irrational number.

1: The sum of two rational numbers is also rational.

Example: 1/2 + 1/3 = (3+2)/6 = 5/6

2: The product of two rational numbers is rational.

Example: 1/2 x 1/3 = 1/6

3: The sum of two irrational numbers is not always irrational.

Example: √2+√2 = 2√2 is irrational

2+2√5+(-2√5) = 2 is rational

4: The product of two irrational numbers is not always irrational.

Example: √2 x √3 = √6 (Irrational)

√2 x √2 = √4 = 2 (Rational)

Ref : https://byjus.com/maths/rational-and-irrational-numbers/
Integers
What are Integers?
The word integer originated from the Latin word “Integer” which means whole or intact.
Integers is a special set of numbers comprising zero, positive numbers and negative
numbers.

Examples of Integers: – 1, -12, 6, 15.

Symbol

The integers are represented by the symbol ‘Z’.

Z= {……-8,-7,-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,……}

Types of Integers
Integers come in three types:

• Zero (0)
• Positive Integers (Natural numbers)
• Negative Integers (Additive inverse of Natural Numbers)

Zero
Zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer. It is a neutral number i.e. zero has no sign
(+ or -).

Positive Integers
The positive integers are the natural numbers or also called counting numbers. These
integers are also sometimes denoted by Z+. The positive integers lie on the right side of 0
on a number line.

Z+ → 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,….
Negative Integers
The negative integers are the negative of natural numbers. They are denoted by Z–. The
negative integers lie on the left side of 0 on a number line.

Z– → -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -24, -
25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30,….

Properties of Integers
The major Properties of Integers are:

1. Closure Property
 2. Associative Property
3. Commutative Property
4. Distributive Property
5. Additive Inverse Property
6. Multiplicative Inverse Property
7. Identity Property

Closure Property
According to the closure property of integers, when two integers are added or multiplied
together, it results in an integer only. If a and b are integers, then:

• a + b = integer
• a x b = integer

Examples:

• 2 + 5 = 7 (is an integer)
• 2 x 5 = 10 (is an integer)

Commutative Property
According to the commutative property of integers, if a and b are two integers, then:

• a+b=b+a
• axb=bxa

Examples:

• 3 + 8 = 8 + 3 = 11
• 3 x 8 = 8 x 3 = 24

But for the commutative property is not applicable to subtraction and division of integers.

Associative Property
As per the associative property , if a, b and c are integers, then:

• a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c
• ax(bxc) = (axb)xc

Examples:
 • 2+(3+4) = (2+3)+4 = 9
• 2x(3×4) = (2×3)x4 = 24

Similar to commutativity, associativity is applicable for the addition and multiplication of

integers only.

Distributive property
According to the distributive property of integers, if a, b and c are integers, then:

a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c

Example: Prove that: 3 x (5 + 1) = 3 x 5 + 3 x 1

LHS = 3 x (5 + 1) = 3 x 6 = 18

RHS = 3 x 5 + 3 x 1 = 15 + 3 = 18

Since, LHS = RHS

Hence, proved.

Additive Inverse Property

If a is an integer, then as per the additive inverse property of integers,

a + (-a) = 0

Hence, -a is the additive inverse of integer a.

Multiplicative inverse Property

If a is an integer, then as per the multiplicative inverse property of integers,

a x (1/a) = 1

Hence, 1/a is the multiplicative inverse of integer a.

Identity Property of Integers
The identity elements of integers are:

• a+0 = a
• ax1=a

Example: -100,-12,-1, 0, 2, 1000, 989 etc…

As a set, it can be represented as follows:

Z= {……-8,-7,-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,……}

Applications of Integers
Integers are not just numbers on paper; they have many real-life applications. The effect of
positive and negative numbers in the real world is different. They are mainly used to
symbolize two contradicting situations.

For example, when the temperature is above zero, positive numbers are used to denote
temperature, whereas negative numbers indicate the temperature below zero. They help
one to compare and measure two things like how big or small or more or fewer things are
and hence can quantify things.

Some real-life situations where integers come into play are player’s scores in golf, football
and hockey tournaments, the rating of movies or songs, in banks credits and debits are
represented as positive and negative amounts respectively. Ref :
https://byjus.com/maths/integers/

Natural numbers are the counting numbers (1, 2, 3...), Whole numbers include
zero and the counting numbers (0, 1, 2...), Real numbers encompass all
numbers on the number line (including fractions, decimals, and irrational
numbers), Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 divisible only by 1
and themselves, and Composite numbers are natural numbers greater than 1
that are not prime.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

• Natural Numbers:

These are the numbers we use for counting, starting with 1 and continuing
infinitely (1, 2, 3, 4, ...).
• Whole Numbers:
This set includes all natural numbers, plus zero (0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
• Real Numbers:
This encompasses all numbers that can be represented on the number line,
including both rational (fractions, decimals) and irrational (like π and √2)
numbers.
• Prime Numbers:
A natural number greater than 1 that is only divisible by 1 and itself (e.g., 2,
3, 5, 7, 11).
• Composite Numbers:
A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime, meaning it has more than
two factors (e.g., 4, 6, 8, 9, 10).

Definition of Reciprocal : The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by

that number. So, for example, the reciprocal of 3 is 1 divided by 3, which
is 1/3. A reciprocal is also a number taken to the power of -1. So, 1/8 is
the same as 8 to the power of -1.

In Maths, reciprocal is simply defined as the inverse of a value or a number. If n is a real

number, then its reciprocal will be 1/n. It means that we have to convert the number to the
upside-down form. For example, the reciprocal of 9 is 1 divided by 9, i.e. 1/9. Now, if we
multiply a number by its reciprocal, it gives a value equal to 1. It is also called multiplicative
inverse.

Application of Reciprocal
The most important application of reciprocal is used in division operation for fractions. If we
want to divide the first fraction by the second fraction, the result can be found by
multiplying the first fraction with the reciprocal of the second fraction.

For example, (2/5) ÷ (7/5)

Here, the first fraction is 2/5

The second fraction is 7/5

Thus, the reciprocal of the second fraction is 5/7

Hence, (2/5) ÷ (7/5) = (2/5) × (5/7)

(2/5) ÷ (7/5) = 2/7.

Rules for Reciprocal

The two important rules for reciprocal are:

• For a number x, the reciprocal will be 1/x or also can be written as x-1. For example, if 7 is the
number, then the reciprocal will be 1/7.
• For a fraction x/y, the reciprocal will be y/x. For example, if 3/5 is the given fraction, then its
reciprocal will be 5/3.
Cube Numbers:

Square Numbers:
Prime Numbers:
Odd and even numbers are determined by divisibility by 2, while positive and
negative numbers are determined by their relationship to zero. Both concepts
apply to integers, including negative numbers, which can be either odd or even.

Here's a breakdown:
Odd and Even Numbers:
• Even Numbers:

Integers that are divisible by 2 without a remainder (e.g., ... -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, ...).
• Odd Numbers:
Integers that are not divisible by 2 without a remainder (e.g., ... -3, -1, 1, 3, 5,
...).
• Zero:
Zero is considered an even number because it is divisible by 2 (0 / 2 = 0).
Positive and Negative Numbers:
• Positive Numbers: Numbers greater than zero (e.g., 1, 2, 3, ...).

• Negative Numbers: Numbers less than zero (e.g., -1, -2, -3, ...).
• Zero: Is neither positive nor negative.
Negative Numbers and Even/Odd:
• Negative numbers can also be even or odd based on their divisibility by 2,
just like positive numbers.
• For example: -2 is even (-2 / 2 = -1), and -3 is odd (-3 / 2 = -1.5).

Fractions are written in the form of p/q, where q≠0, while in decimals,
the whole number part and fractional part are connected through a
decimal point, for example, 0.5. Fractions and decimals represent the
relationship of part by whole. In both fractions and decimals, we
represent the whole by 1.
Difference between prime, twin prime and coprime numbers with examples

Prime numbers are divisible only by 1 and themselves, twin primes are pairs of
prime numbers with a difference of 2, and coprime numbers are pairs of numbers
with no common factors other than 1 (can be prime or composite).
Here's a more detailed explanation:
1. Prime Numbers:
• Definition: A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 that has only
two factors (divisors): 1 and itself.
• Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19...
• Note: 1 is not a prime number because it only has one factor (itself).

2. Twin Primes:
• Definition: Twin primes are pairs of prime numbers that differ by 2.

• Examples: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31)...
• Note: Both numbers in the pair must be prime for them to be twin primes.

3. Coprime Numbers (also known as relatively prime numbers):

• Definition:

Coprime numbers are two or more integers that have no common factors
other than 1.
• Examples:
• (2, 3) are coprime because their only common factor is 1.
• (4, 9) are coprime because their only common factor is 1.
• (8, 9) are coprime because their only common factor is 1.
• Note:
Coprime numbers can be prime, composite, or a mix of both. All twin primes
are also coprime, but not all coprime numbers are twin primes.

What are Directed Numbers:

Directed numbers are integers which have a particular size/magnitude and a direction (positive or
negative). You have been working with directed numbers already for a very long time in all sorts of
maths questions and problems. Have a look at the following maths videos which might appear to be
a bit silly and easy at the beginning, but studying these example questions (which only take about
two minutes each anyway) will be very useful and will increase your understanding of numbers and
calculations. Having a solid understanding of directed numbers will help you during your IGCSE and
GCSE maths exams.

Directed numbers are numbers that have both a size (magnitude) and a
direction (positive or negative), often represented on a number line. They are
also known as integers.

Here's a more detailed explanation:

• Definition:
 Directed numbers are numbers that can be positive (greater than zero) or
negative (less than zero).
• Representation:
They are often visualized on a number line, with positive numbers to the right
of zero and negative numbers to the left.
• Examples:
• Temperature: +5 degrees Celsius (above zero) and -2 degrees Celsius
(below zero).
• Elevation: +100 meters (above sea level) and -50 meters (below sea
level).
• Bank Balance: +$100 (deposit) and -$50 (withdrawal).
•Floors: +3 (3rd floor above ground) and -1 (1st floor below ground)
• Integers:
Directed whole numbers are called integers.
• Practical Applications:
Directed numbers are used in various real-world scenarios where quantities
can increase or decrease, such as temperature, elevation, bank balances,
and more.

What are Perfect Numbers:

A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper
divisors (divisors excluding the number itself). For example, 6 is a perfect
number because its proper divisors (1, 2, and 3) sum to 6 (1 + 2 + 3 = 6).

• Definition:
A perfect number is a positive integer where the sum of its proper divisors equals
the number itself.
• Examples:
• 6: The proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3. 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
• 28: The proper divisors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28.
• 496: The proper divisors of 496 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, and 248. 1 +
2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248 = 496.
• 8128: The proper divisors of 8128 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 127, 254, 508,
1016, 2032, 4064. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 127 + 254 + 508 + 1016 +
2032 + 4064 = 8128.
What are Palindromic Numbers:

A palindromic number is a number that remains the same when its digits are
reversed, like 121 or 132231.

• Definition:
A palindrome is a sequence (like a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of
symbols) that reads the same backward as forward.
• Examples:
• Numbers: 11, 22, 121, 343, 12321, 8008
• Dates: 2/2/2022 (formatted as month/day/year)
• Words: madam, racecar, kayak

Examples of Palindromic Numbers with Specific Properties:

• Palindromic Primes: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151,...

• Palindromic Square Numbers: 0, 1, 4, 9, 121, 484, 676, 10201, 12321,

What are Narcissistic Numbers:

A narcissistic number (also known as an Armstrong number or pluperfect digital

invariant) is a number that is equal to the sum of its own digits each raised to the
power of the number of digits.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
• Definition:

In a given number base (usually base 10), a narcissistic number is an n-digit

number where the sum of its digits, each raised to the power of n (the
number of digits), equals the original number.
• Example:
Consider the number 153 (a 3-digit number): 1³ + 5³ + 3³ = 1 + 125 + 27 =
153. Therefore, 153 is a narcissistic number.
• Other Examples:
• 1634: 1⁴ + 6⁴ + 3⁴ + 4⁴ = 1 + 1296 + 81 + 256 = 1634
•8208: 8³ + 2³ + 0³ + 8³ = 512 + 8 + 0 + 512 = 8208
• Also known as:
Armstrong number, pluperfect digital invariant
Factors:

What are the Factors?

Factors are the numbers that can divide a number exactly. Hence, after division, there is no
remainder left. Factors are the numbers you multiply together to get another number. Thus,
a factor is the divisor of another number.

Factors can be defined as the exact divisors of a given number. Also, factors are the
numbers that are multiplied together (suitable combinations) to produce the original
number.

Examples of Factors
The process of finding the factors for a given number is better understood by making
suitable arrangements. For example, to find the factors of 2, we have to arrange two objects
differently. These arrangements are useful for writing the factors of a number. The below
figure shows the factors of 2.

Factors of Prime and Composite Numbers

A prime number has only two factors, i.e., 1 and the number itself. But the composite
numbers have more than two factors.

Factors of Prime Numbers Factors of Composite Numbers

2 → 1, 2 4 → 1, 2, 4

5 → 1, 5 10 → 1, 2, 5, 10

17 → 1, 17 25 → 1, 5, 25
 23 → 1, 23 32 → 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32

Properties of Factors
Some of the important properties of factors of a number are listed below:

• 1 is a factor of every number

• Every natural number is a factor of itself
• Apart from 0 and 1, all the whole numbers have at least two factors
• Every factor is less than or equal to the given number
• The number of factors of a given number is finite
• Factors can be evaluated using both multiplication and division method
Factor Pairs

A factor pair is a set of 2 factors, which, when multiplied together, result in a

particular product. A number can have many factor pairs. Factor pairs can be
either positive or negative but they cannot be fractions or decimal numbers.

This means that the product of the pair factors of 45 is always 45. The factors of 45 in pairs
can be written as shown in the table given below:
In math, a factor is a number that divides another number exactly (with no
remainder), while a multiple is the result of multiplying a number by any whole
number.
Here's a more detailed explanation:

• Factors:
• A factor of a number is a number that divides it evenly, leaving no
remainder.
• For example, the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 because each of
these numbers divides 12 without leaving a remainder.
• Every number has a finite number of factors.
• Multiples:
• A multiple of a number is the result of multiplying that number by any
whole number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).
• For example, the multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and so on,
because these are the results of multiplying 5 by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so
on.
 • There are an infinite number of multiples for any given number.

HCF stands for Highest Common Factor, also known as the Greatest
Common Divisor (GCD), which is the largest number that divides two or
more numbers without leaving a remainder. LCM stands for Least Common
Multiple, which is the smallest number that is a multiple of two or more
given numbers.

Here's a more detailed explanation:

HCF (Highest Common Factor/Greatest Common Divisor):
• Definition:

The HCF is the largest number that divides two or more numbers exactly,
meaning it leaves no remainder.
• Example:
The HCF of 12 and 18 is 6 because 6 is the largest number that divides both
12 and 18 without leaving a remainder.
• How to find it:
You can find the HCF using methods like prime factorization or the division
method.
LCM (Least Common Multiple):

• Definition:
The LCM is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of two or more
given numbers.
• Example:
The LCM of 4 and 6 is 12 because 12 is the smallest number that is a
multiple of both 4 and 6.
• How to find it:
You can find the LCM using methods like listing multiples or prime
factorization.

HCF and LCM Formula

The formula which involves both HCF and LCM is:

Product of Two numbers = (HCF of the two numbers) x (LCM of the two numbers)

Say, A and B are the two numbers, then as per the formula;
A x B = H.C.F.(A, B) x L.C.M.(A, B)
We can also write the above formula in terms of HCF and LCM, such as:
H.C.F. of Two numbers = Product of Two numbers/L.C.M of two numbers
&
L.C.M of two numbers = Product of Two numbers/H.C.F. of Two numbers

NOTE- The above relation between H.C.F and L.C.M is not valid for the product of numbers
greater than 2. It is only valid for the product of two numbers.

Prime factorization is a process of factoring a number in terms of prime numbers i.e. the
factors will be prime numbers. Here, all the concepts of prime factors and prime
factorization methods have been explained which will help the students understand how to
find the prime factors of a number easily.

The simplest algorithm to find the prime factors of a number is to keep on dividing the
original number by prime factors until we get the remainder equal to 1. For example, prime
factorizing the number 30 we get, 30/2 = 15, 15/3 = 5, 5/5 = 1. Since we received the
remainder, it cannot be further factorized. Therefore, 30 = 2 x 3 x 5, where 2,3 and 5 are
prime factors.

The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 and so on. These prime numbers
when multiplied with any natural numbers produce composite numbers.

What is Prime Factorization?

Prime factorization is defined as a way of finding the prime factors of a number, such that
the original number is evenly divisible by these factors. As we know, a composite
number has more than two factors, therefore, this method is applicable only for composite
numbers and not for prime numbers.

For example, the prime factors of 126 will be 2, 3 and 7 as 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 = 126 and 2, 3, 7
are prime numbers.

Prime factorization Examples

• Prime factorization of 12 is 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
• Prime factorization of 18 is 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 32
• Prime factorization of 24 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 23 × 3
• Prime factorization of 20 is 2 × 2 × 5 = 22 × 5
• Prime factorization of 36 is 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 2² × 3²

Prime Factorization of HCF and LCM

The prime numbers when multiplied by any natural numbers or whole numbers (but not 0),
gives composite numbers. So basically prime factorization is performed on the composite
numbers to factorize them and find the prime factors. This method is also used in the case
of finding the HCF (Highest Common Factor) and LCM (Least Common Multiple) of any
given set of numbers.

If any two numbers are given, then the highest common factor is the largest factor present
in both the numbers whereas the least common multiple is the smallest common multiple
of both the numbers.

Prime Factors of a Number

Prime factors of a number are the set of prime numbers which when multiplied by together
give the actual number. Also, we can say, the prime factors divide the number completely. It
is similar to factoring a number and considering only the prime numbers among the factors.
For example, the prime factors of 6 will be 2 and 3, the prime factors of 26 will be 13 and 2,
etc.

Prime Factorization Methods

The most commonly used prime factorization methods are:

• Division Method
• Factor Tree Method

Division Method
The steps to calculate the prime factors of a number is similar to the process of finding the
factors of a large number. Follow the below steps to find the prime factors of a number
using the division method:

• Step 1: Divide the given number by the smallest prime number. In this case, the smallest prime
number should divide the number exactly.
• Step 2: Again, divide the quotient by the smallest prime number.
• Step 3: Repeat the process, until the quotient becomes 1.
• Step 4: Finally, multiply all the prime factors

Example of Division Method for Prime Factorization:

Below is a detailed step-by-step process of prime factorization by taking 460 as an

example.

• Step 1: Divide 460 by the least prime number i.e. 2.

So, 460 ÷ 2 = 230

• Step 2: Again Divide 230 with the least prime number (which is again 2).

Now, 160 ÷ 2 = 115

• Step 3: Divide again with the least prime number which will be 5.

So, 115 ÷ 5 = 23

• Step 4: As 23 is a prime number, divide it with itself to get 1.

Now, the prime factors of 460 will be 22 x 5 x 23

Factor Tree Method
To find the prime factorization of the given number using factor tree method, follow the
below steps:

• Step 1: Consider the given number as the root of the tree

• Step 2: Write down the pair of factors as the branches of a tree
• Step 3: Again factorize the composite factors, and write down the factors pairs as the branches
• Step 4: Repeat the step, until to find the prime factors of all the composite factors

In factor tree, the factors of a number are found and then those numbers are further
factorized until we reach the closure. Suppose we have to find the factors of 60 and 282
using a factor tree. Then see the diagram given below to understand the concept

What is BODMAS RULE?

As per the BODMAS rule, we have to calculate the expressions given in the brackets first. The full form
of BODMAS is Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. Hence, the second
preference in BODMAS is given here to the orders or exponents (xn). Later we perform the arithmetic
operations (÷, ×, +, -). We will solve examples based on this rule in the below sections.
Estimation of numbers involves approximating a quantity to the required
accuracy by rounding off numbers, providing a quick and rough answer for easier
calculations.
• Purpose:
Estimation helps simplify calculations and provides a quick, approximate answer
when an exact value isn't necessary.
• Rounding:
A common method of estimation is rounding numbers to a desired place value
(e.g., nearest whole number, tens, hundreds).
• Rounding Rules:
• If the digit to the right of the rounding digit is 5 or greater, round up.
• If the digit to the right of the rounding digit is less than 5, round down.
• Examples:
• Rounding 23 to the nearest ten: 20
• Rounding 27 to the nearest ten: 30
• Rounding 5.3 to the nearest whole number: 5
• Rounding 5.6 to the nearest whole number: 6
• Uses:
• Budgeting
• Quick mental calculations
• Estimating sums, differences, products, or quotients

Rounding a number means simplifying it to a nearby value, either up or

down, based on a specific place value (e.g., nearest ten, nearest
hundred). The general rule is to round up if the digit to the right of the
target place value is 5 or greater, and round down if it's less than 5.

Understanding Rounding:
• Purpose:

Rounding makes numbers easier to work with in calculations or when a high

degree of precision isn't necessary.
• Place Value:
Rounding always involves a specific place value (ones, tens, hundreds, etc.).
• Examples:
• Rounding to the nearest ten: 38 rounded to the nearest ten is 40
(because 8 is greater than or equal to 5), while 33 rounded to the
nearest ten is 30 (because 3 is less than 5).
 • Rounding to the nearest hundred: 541 rounded to the nearest
hundred is 500 (because 4 is less than 5), while 551 rounded to the
nearest hundred is 600 (because 5 is greater than or equal to 5).
•
Rounding to the nearest whole number: 3.4 rounded to the nearest
whole number is 3, while 3.6 rounded to the nearest whole number is
4.
The Rounding Rule:
• Look to the Right:

When rounding, focus on the digit to the right of the place value you're
rounding to.
• 5 or Greater, Round Up:
If that digit is 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, increase the digit in the target place value by
one and replace all digits to the right with zeros.
• Less Than 5, Round Down:
If that digit is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, keep the digit in the target place value the same
and replace all digits to the right with zeros.
Examples of Rounding:
• Rounding to the nearest ten:

• 17 rounded to the nearest ten is 20.

•
23 rounded to the nearest ten is 20.
• Rounding to the nearest hundred:
• 456 rounded to the nearest hundred is 500.
• 321 rounded to the nearest hundred is 300.
• Rounding to the nearest thousand:
• 2789 rounded to the nearest thousand is 3000.
•
1234 rounded to the nearest thousand is 1000.
• Rounding to the nearest tenth:
• 3.45 rounded to the nearest tenth is 3.5.
•
3.42 rounded to the nearest tenth is 3.4.
• Rounding to the nearest hundredth:
• 3.456 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 3.46.

• 3.453 rounded to the nearest hundredth is 3.45.

Standard form of a Number, also known as scientific notation, expresses

numbers as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10

• Definition:
 Standard form is a way to represent very large or very small numbers in a concise
and manageable way.
• Format:
It's written as a x 10^n, where:
• a is a number between 1 and 10 (inclusive of 1, exclusive of 10).
• n is an integer (positive, negative, or zero).
• Examples:
• Large number: 5,000,000 in standard form is 5 x 10^6.
• Small number: 0.00001 in standard form is 1 x 10^-5.
• How to convert to standard form:
o Move the decimal point: Move the decimal point until there's only one non-
zero digit to the left of it.
o Count the places: Count how many places you moved the decimal point.
o Determine the exponent:
• If you moved the decimal to the left, the exponent is positive.
• If you moved the decimal to the right, the exponent is negative.
• Why use standard form?
It makes it easier to compare and work with very large or very small numbers.

The square root of a number is the value of power 1/2 of that

number. In other words, it is the number whose product by itself
gives the original number. It is represented using the symbol '√ '.
The square root symbol is called a radical, whereas the number
under the square root symbol is called the radicand.
What is Cube Root of a Number? The cube root is the reverse of the
cube of a number and is denoted by ∛. For example, ∛216, that is,
the cube root of 216 = 6 because when 6 is multiplied thrice with
itself, it gives 216.
An inequality is a mathematical statement that shows the relationship
between two expressions that are not equal, using symbols like < (less
than), > (greater than), ≤ (less than or equal to), or ≥ (greater than or equal
to).
• What are Inequalities?
• Inequalities are used to compare two values or expressions that are not
equal.
• They use symbols like <, >, ≤, and ≥ to show the relationship between the
values.
• For example:
• x < 5 means "x is less than 5".

• y > 2 means "y is greater than 2".

• z ≤ 10 means "z is less than or equal to 10".
• means "a is greater than or equal to -3".
a ≥ -3
• Inequality Symbols:
• < (less than): Indicates that the value on the left side is smaller than the
value on the right side.
• > (greater than): Indicates that the value on the left side is larger than the
value on the right side.
• ≤ (less than or equal to): Indicates that the value on the left side is either
smaller than or equal to the value on the right side.
• ≥ (greater than or equal to): Indicates that the value on the left side is
either larger than or equal to the value on the right side.
• Solving Inequalities:
• Solving an inequality means finding the range of values that satisfy the
inequality.
• You can use algebraic operations (like adding, subtracting, multiplying, or
dividing) to isolate the variable, just like when solving equations.
• Important Note: When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by
a negative number, you must flip the inequality symbol.
• Examples:
• x + 2 > 5: Solving for x, we get x > 3 (x is greater than 3).
• 2y - 4 ≤ 6: Solving for y, we get 2y ≤ 10, then y ≤ 5 (y is less than or equal to
5).
• -3z > 9: Solving for z, we get z < -3 (z is less than -3, note the flipped
symbol).

Exponents and powers are ways used to represent very large

numbers or very small numbers in a simplified manner. For
example, if we have to show 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 in a simple way, then we
can write it as 34, where 4 is the exponent and 3 is the base. The
whole expression 34 is said to be power.

Exponents, also known as powers, indicate how many times a base

number is multiplied by itself. For example, in 2³, 2 is the base
and 3 is the exponent (or power), meaning 2 is multiplied by itself three
times (2 x 2 x 2 = 8).
• Base:
The number being multiplied.
• Exponent (Power):
The small, superscript number that tells you how many times to multiply the base
by itself.
• Example:
• In 4² (4 squared), 4 is the base and 2 is the exponent,
meaning 4 x 4 = 16.
• In 5³ (5 cubed), 5 is the base and 3 is the exponent, meaning 5
x 5 x 5 = 125.
• Key Concepts:
• Zero Exponent: Any number raised to the power of zero equals 1 (e.g.,
5⁰ = 1).
• Negative Exponent: A number raised to a negative exponent is equal to its
reciprocal raised to the positive exponent (e.g., 2^-2 =
1/2² = 1/4).
• Product of Powers: When multiplying exponents with the same base, add
the exponents (e.g., 2² * 2³ = 2²⁺³
= 2⁵).
• Quotient of Powers: When dividing exponents with the same base,
subtract the exponents (e.g., 2⁵ / 2² = 2^5-
2 = 2³).
• Power of a Power: When raising an exponent to another power, multiply
the exponents (e.g., (2²)³ = 2^2*3 =
2⁶).