10/02/2022

Contents

Brief overview of riveted joints

Riveted Joints Applications of Riveted joints
Lecture 1 Materials of rivets
Types of Rivet Heads
Prof. Nirosh Jayaweera Types of Riveted Joints
10th February, 2022
Failures of a Riveted Joints
Efficiency of a Riveted Joint
Riveted Joint for Structural applications

Learning Outcomes What is riveted joint?

After this lesson students should be able to: The riveted joints are permanent joint, which
widely used for joining light metals. They are used
1. Describe riveted joints, material used and in joining Plates.
typical applications.
2. Types of riveted joints, technical terms used Rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head
and its classification. integrated to it. The cylindrical portion is called
shank or body. Lower portion of shank is known as
3. Analyze failure modes and efficiency of a tail
riveted joints.
4. Use riveted joints for structural applications.

Riveted Joints Applications of Rivets

The fastenings may be classified into the following two
groups : structural work
1. Permanent joints - can not be disassembled without bridges
destroying the connecting components
aircraft
(soldered, brazed, welded and riveted joints) ship building
2. Temporary or detachable joints - can be tanks
disassembled without destroying the connecting
components boiler shells

( screwed, keys, cotters, pins joints)

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Material of Rivets Manufacture of Rivets

The material of the rivets must be tough and

ductile.
They are usually made of steel (low carbon
steel or nickel steel), brass, aluminium or
copper.
when strength and a fluid tight joint is the
main consideration, then the steel rivets are
used.

Example: Rivet heads for general purposes (below 12 Example: Rivet heads for general purposes (from 12 mm
mm diameter) to 48 mm diameter)

Types of Rivet Heads Types of Riveted Joints

The snap heads are usually employed for The first classification is according to the way in which
structural work and machine riveting. the plates are connected. There are two types of riveted
joints;
1. Lap joint : one plate overlaps the other and the two
The counter sunk heads are mainly used for ship plates are then riveted together.
building where flush surfaces are necessary.
2. Butt joint: main plates are kept in alignment butting
The conical heads (also known as conoidal each other and a cover plate is placed either on one side
heads) are mainly used in case of hand hammering. or on both sides of the main plates. The cover plate is then
riveted together with the main plates.
The pan heads have maximum strength, but Butt joints are of the following two types :
these are difficult to shape. 1. Single strap butt joint,
2. Double strap butt joint.

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Types of Riveted Joints Introduction

The second classification is according to the

number of rows of the rivets in the joint.

The types of riveted joints:

1. Single riveted joint: there is a single row of

rivets in the joint.

2. Double riveted joint: there are two rows of

rivets in the joint.

Single and double riveted lap joints Terms Used in Riveted Joints
1. Pitch (p): It is the distance from the centre of one rivet to
the centre of the next rivet measured parallel to the seam.

2. Back pitch (Pb): It is the perpendicular distance between

the centre lines of the successive rows.

3. Diagonal pitch (Pd): It is the distance between the

centers of the rivets in adjacent rows of zig-zag riveted joint.

4. Margin or marginal pitch (m): It is the distance between

the centre of rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate.

Terms Used in Riveted Joints Terms Used in Riveted Joints

Repeated Group

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Failures of a Riveted Joints Failures of a Riveted Joints

A riveted joint may fail in the following ways : 2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets
1. Tearing of the plate at an edge The resistance offered by the plate against tearing is
A joint may fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge. known as tearing resistance.
This can be avoided by keeping the margin:
Tearing resistance or pull required to tear off the plate per
m = 1.5d pitch length,
Where d is the diameter of the rivet hole. Pt = At x σt = (p – d) x t x σt

Let; p = Pitch of the rivets, d = Diameter of the rivet hole,

t = Thickness of the plate, and
σt = Permissible tensile stress for the plate material.
At = Tearing area per pitch length [At= (p – d ) x t]

Failures of a Riveted Joints Failures of a Riveted Joints

When the tearing resistance (Pt) is greater than the applied 3. Shearing of the rivets
load (P) per pitch length, then this type of failure will not
occur. The plates which are connected by the rivets
exert tensile stress on the rivets, and if the
rivets are unable to resist the stress, they are
sheared off.

The resistance offered by a rivet to be

sheared off is known as shearing resistance or
shearing strength or shearing value of the rivet.

Failures of a Riveted Joints Failures of a Riveted Joints

Examples - Shearing resistance or pull required to shear off the rivet
per pitch length

Single shear

Double shear

When the shearing resistance (Ps) is greater than applied

load (P) per pitch length, then this type of failure will not occur

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Failures of a Riveted Joints Failures of a Riveted Joints

4. Crushing of the plate or rivets The resistance offered by a rivet to be crushed is known
as crushing resistance or crushing strength or bearing
value of the rivet.
Sometimes, the rivets do not actually shear off
under the tensile stress, but are crushed. Crushing resistance or pull required to crush the rivet per
pitch length,
Pc = n x d x t x σc
Due to this, the rivet hole becomes of an oval
shape and hence the joint becomes loose Let; d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
(bearing failure). t = Thickness of the plate,
σc = Permissible crushing stress for the rivet or plate
material,
n = Number of rivets per pitch length under crushing.

Failures of a Riveted Joints Failures of a Riveted Joints

Note: 1) Ac = d x t crushing area per rivet (projected
area per rivet), The strength of a joint may be defined as the
2) Total crushing area = n x d x t maximum force, which it can transmit, without
When the crushing resistance (Pc) is greater than the causing it to fail.
applied load (P) per pitch length, then this type of failure
will not occur.
We have seen that Pt, Ps and Pc are the pulls
required to tear off the plate, shearing off the rivet
and crushing off the rivet.
It can be noted that the joint will not be failed
when the load is kept lower than the least of
these three pulls.
Crushing of a rivet

Efficiency of a Riveted Joints Efficiency of a Riveted Joint

The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the

Efficiency of the riveted joint:
ratio of the strength of riveted joint to the
strength of the un-riveted or solid plate.

The strength of the riveted joint:

= Least of Pt, Ps and Pc

While the strength of the un-riveted or solid plate

per pitch length is,

P = p × t × σt

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Efficiency of a Riveted Joint Question

A double riveted lap joint is made between 15mm

thick plates. The rivet diameter and pitch are 25
mm and 75 mm respectively. If the ultimate
stresses are 400 MPa in tension, 320 MPa in
shear and 640 MPa in crushing, find the minimum
force per pitch which will rupture the joint.

If the above joint is subjected to a load such that

the factor of safety is 4, find out the actual
stresses developed in the plate and the rivets.

Answer Answer
Given:
t = 15 mm; d = 25 mm; p = 75 mm; σtu = 400 MPa = 400 N/mm2 ; From above minimum force per pitch which will rupture
Ʈ su =320 MPa = 320 N/mm2; σcu = 640 MPa = 640 N/mm2 the joint is = 300000 N = 300 kN

Minimum force per pitch which will rupture the joint

Actual stress produced in the plates and rivets
Ultimate tearing resistance of the plate per pitch
Since the factor of safety is 4, the safe load per pitch
length of the joint = 300000/4 = 75000 N
Ultimate shearing resistance of the rivets per pitch

Let σta, Ʈa, σca be the actual tearing, shearing, and

crushing stresses produced with a safe load of 75000 N
Ultimate crushing resistance of the rivets per pitch in tearing , shearing and crushing.

Answer Question
Actual tearing resistance of the plate (Pta) Find the efficiency of the following riveted joints:
1. Single riveted lap joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm
diameter rivets having a pitch of 50 mm.
2. Double riveted lap joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm
Actual shearing resistance of the rivets (Psa) diameter rivets having a pitch of 65 mm.

Assume:

Actual crushing resistance of the rivets (Pca) Permissible tensile stress in plate = 120 MPa
Permissible shearing stress in rivets = 90 MPa
Permissible crushing stress in rivets = 180 MPa

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Answer Answer
Given:
t = 6 mm; d = 20 mm; σt = 120 MPa = 120 N/mm2 ; Ʈ =90 MPa = (ii) Shearing resistance of the rivet
90 N/mm2; σc = 180 MPa = 180 N/mm2 Since the joint is a single riveted lap joint, the
Efficiency of Q1 shearing resistance of one rivet:
Pitch, p =50 mm
Lets find the tearing resistance of the plate , shearing
and crushing resistances of the rivets. (iii) Crushing resistance of the rivet
Crushing resistance of one rivet:
(i) Tearing resistance of the plate

Strength of the joint =

Answer Answer
Strength of the unriveted or solid plate (ii) Shearing resistance of the rivets
Since the joint is a double riveted lap joint, therefore
Efficiency of the joint: strength of two rivets in single shear is taken. the shearing
resistance of one rivets:

Efficiency of Q2 (iii) Crushing resistance of the rivet

Pitch, p = 65 mm Crushing resistance of one rivets (strength of two rivets is taken):

(i) Tearing resistance of the plate

Strength of the joint =

Answer
Strength of the unriveted or solid plate

Efficiency of the joint:

Any Questions?