Motion, Force and Laws of Motion _ Revision Notes

1. Introduction
 In our daily life, we see lots of things moving around for example car passing
through from one place to other, person riding on a bicycle and many more like
this.
 In scientific terms an object is said to be in motion ,if it changes its position with
the passage of time and if it does not change it position with the passage of time
then it is said to be at rest
 Both the motion and rest are relative terms for example mobile kept on the table
is resting at its position but it is moving in the sense as earth is rotating on its
axis. So for a person seeing mobile from earth it is at rest and for person on
moon earth seems to change its position with time and so mobile is moving.
 Simplest case of motion is rectilinear motion which is the motion of the object in
a straight line
 In our description of object, we will treat the object as a point object.
 Object under consideration can be treated as point object if the size of the object
is much smaller than the distance traveled by it in reasonable time duration for
example length of a motor car traveling a distance of 500km can be neglected
w.r.t. distance traveled by it.

2. Motion along a straight line

 The simplest type of motion is the motion along a straight line.
 Two different quantities Distance and Displacement are used to describe the
overall motion of an object and to locate its final position with reference to its
initial position at a given time.
 Distance in physics, is the length of the path (the line or curve) described by an
object moving through space. Distance is independent of direction. Thus, such
physical quantities that do not require direction for their complete description are
called scalars.
 When a body moves from one position to another the shortest distance between
the initial and final position of the body along with its direction is known
as displacement. Displacement has both direction and magnitude for its
complete description and hence such physical quantities are called a vectors.
 The distance travelled by a moving body cannot be zero but the final
displacement of a moving body can be zero.
 If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time then it is said to be
having uniform motion.
 If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals or equal distances in
unequal intervals then body is said be having non-uniform motion.

Distance and Displacement

Distance and displacement are two quantities that may seem to mean the
same thing yet have distinctly different definitions and meanings.
 Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object
has covered" during its motion.
 Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an
object is"; it is the object's overall change in position.
To test your understanding of this distinction, consider the motion depicted
in the diagram below. A physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters
South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.

Even though the physics teacher has walked a total distance of 12 meters,
her displacement is 0 meters. During the course of her motion, she has
"covered 12 meters of ground" (distance = 12 m). Yet when she is finished
walking, she is not "out of place" - i.e., there is no displacement for her
motion (displacement = 0 m).
Displacement, being a vector quantity, must give attention to direction. The
4 meters east cancels the 4 meters west; and the 2 meters south cancels the
2 meters north. Vector quantities such as displacement are direction aware.
Scalar quantities such as distance are ignorant of direction. In determining
the overall distance traveled by the physics teachers, the various directions
of motion can be ignored.

3. Speed
 Speed is defined as the total distance travelled by the object in the time interval
during which the motion takes place. SI unit of speed is meter per second. So,

where s is the distance travelled by the body and t is the time taken by the body
to travel distance s.
 Speed of a body gives us the idea how slow or fast that body is moving.
  The ratio of total distance to total time taken by the body gives its average speed.
The speed of a body at a given instant is its instantaneous speed.

 A body is said to have constant or uniform speed if it travels equal distance in

equal intervals of time.

4. Velocity
 The rate of change of displacement of a body with the passage of time is known
as velocity of the body. Velocity of an object is measured in meter per second in
SI units. So,

 Velocity is nothing but the speed of an object moving in a definite direction.

 So velocity of a body is a vector quantity involving both distance and
displacement whereas speed of a body is a scalar quantity and it only has
magnitude and does not have specific direction.
 Thus a body is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it covers equal
distances in equal intervals of time in a specified direction.
 A body is said to be moving with non uniform velocity if it covers unequal
distances in equal intervals of time and vice-versa in a specified direction or if it
changes the direction of motion.
 The velocity of a body can be changed in two ways first by changing the speed of
the body and second by changing the direction of motion of the body by keeping
the speed constant. Also both speed and direction of the body can be varied in
order to change the velocity of the body.

5. Acceleration
 Acceleration is a measure of the change in the velocity of an object per unit time
and mathematically it is given as

 If the velocity of an object changes from an initial value u to the final value v in
time t, the acceleration a is given by,
a=(v−u) / t , Where u is the initial velocity of the object and v is the final
velocity of the object, and t is the time taken for this change in velocity.

and this kind of motion is called accelerated motion.
  A body has uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight line and its velocity
increases by equal amount in equal intervals of time for example freely falling
bodies, motion of ball rolling down the inclined plane etc.
 A body has non uniform acceleration if its velocity increases or decreases by
unequal amount in equal intervals of time.
 If acceleration is in the direction of the velocity then it is positive acceleration and
if it is in the direction opposite to the direction of velocity then it is negative and
the negative acceleration is termed retardation or deceleration.
 SI unit of acceleration is ms-2.

6. Graphical representation of motion

 A graph is a pictorial representation of the relation between two sets of data of which
one set is of dependent variables and the other set is of independent variables.
 To describe the motion of an object, we can use line graphs. In this case, line graphs
show dependence of one physical quantity, such as distance or velocity, on another
quantity, such as time.

Distance Time Graphs

 The change in the position of an object with time can be represented on the distance-
time graph.
 In this graph, time is taken along the x-axis and distance is taken along the y-axis.
 Distance time graphs of a moving body can be used to calculate the speed of the body
as they specifically represent velocity.
 The distance time graph for a body moving at uniform speed is always a straight line as
distance travelled by the body is directly proportional to time as shown below in the
figure 1.
 The distance time graph for a body moving with non uniform speed is a curve and is
shown below in the figure .
  To calculate speed of the body from distance time graph say at point A first draw
a perpendicular AB on time axis and a perpendicular AC on distance axis so
that AB represents the distance travelled by the body in time interval OB and
since we know that

( Slope or gradient gives the speed)

Velocity time graphs
 The variation in velocity with time for an object moving in a straight line can be
represented by a velocity-time graph.
 In this graph, time is represented along the x-axis and the velocity is represented along
the y-axis.
 The product of velocity and time give displacement of an object moving with uniform
velocity. The area enclosed by velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the
magnitude of the displacement.
 If a body moves with a constant velocity then velocity time graph for this body would be
straight line parallel to time axis as shown below in the figure 5

 The velocity time graph of uniformly changing velocity is shown in figure 6 and is
a straight line. We can find out the value of acceleration using the velocity time
graph.
 For calculating acceleration at time corresponding to point R , find the slope or
the gradient : (draw a perpendicular RP from point R as shown in figure 6
 )

Here change in velocity is represented by PR and time taken is equal to OR. So,

which is equal to the slope of velocity time graph. So we conclude that slope of
velocity time graph of moving body gives its acceleration.

 The distance travelled by moving body in a given time will be equal to area of
triangle OPR as shown in figure 6

so,

 When the velocity of a body changes in an irregular manner then velocity time
graph of the body is a curved line.
Equations of Motion :
These set of equations are applied when a body has accelerated motion, and
not uniform motion. ( velocity changes with time).
1. v= u + at

2. s= ut + ½ at2

3. v2- u2 = 2as

u= initial velocity ; v = final velocity ; s= displacement; t= time

a= acceleration.

Force and Laws of Motion.

 While studying kinematics, we have already studied about the position, distance and
displacement, and acceleration of a moving particle. Now let us understand a bit about
forces.
 So what is force? When we push or pull anybody we are said to exert force on
the body
 Push or pull applied on a body does not exactly define the force in general. We
can define force as an influence causing a body at rest or moving with constant
velocity to undergo acceleration
 There are many ways in which one body can exert force on another body. Few
examples are given below
(a) Stretched springs exerts force on the bodies attached to its ends
(b) Compressed air in a container exerts force on the walls of the container
(c) Force can be used to deform a flexible object
 Force of gravitational attraction exerted by earth is a kind of force that acts on
every physical body on the earth and is called the weight of the body

Balanced and Unbalanced forces

 There are two types of forces namely balanced forces and unbalanced forces
a) Balanced Forces
 If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is zero then the forces are called balanced
forces.
 To understand this concept consider an object rests on a surface such as a block on the
table as shown below in the figure 1. Weight of the block is balanced by the reaction
 force from the table. The table pushes up against the block.

 So the weight of a block lying on a table is balanced by the reaction force from the table
top
 If the forces on an object are balanced (or if there are no forces acting on it) than the
object that is not moving stays still and the object that is moving continues to move at
the same speed and in the same direction.
 Although balanced forces cannot produce motion in a stationary body or stop a moving
body but they can however change the shape of the body.
(b) Unbalanced Forces
 If the resultant forces acting on a body is not zero the forces are called unbalanced
forces.
 To understand this consider the figure 2 which shows a block on a horizontal table and
two strings X and Y are tied to the two opposite faces of the block.


 Let us now pull the block using this string in two different directions such that two
opposite forces of different magnitudes acts on the block.
 Since two forces acting on the block are of different magnitude the block would
begin to move in the direction of the greater force.
 Thus, the two forces acting on the block are not balanced and the unbalanced
force acts in the direction the block moves.
  So unbalanced forces can move a stationary body and they can stop a moving
body.
 The size of the overall force acting on an object is called the resultant force. If the
forces are balanced, this is zero. In the example above, the resultant force is the
difference between the two forces F1 and F2, which is 120 - 60 = 60 N.
 If all the forces acting on a body result in an unbalanced force, then
the unbalanced force can accelerate the body. It means that a net
force or resulting force acting on a body can either change the
magnitude of its velocity or change the direction of its velocity.
 The force that opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of two
objects in contact and acts along the surfaces in contact is called the
force of friction or simply friction.

Laws of motion
 Newton gave three laws of motion that describe the motion of bodies. These laws
are known as Newton's Laws of motion.
 They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its
motion due to those forces.
 The three laws of motion were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work
Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687. Newton used these laws to
explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems.
 We shall now learn about Newton's First law of motion
Newton's First Law of motion
 The first law of motion is stated as:
An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change that state by an external unbalanced force.

 All objects resist a change in their state of motion. The tendency of undisturbed
objects whether they are at rest or moving with uniform velocity is called inertia.
Hence, the first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.
 Greater the inertia of the body greater will be the force required to bring the
change in the state of rest or uniform motion of the body.
 Mass is the measure of the inertia of the body so heavier objects have more
inertia then lighter objects. For example a ball of 2Kg has more inertia then a
football and it takes more effort to kick a 2Kg ball then it takes to kick a foot ball.
 Another example is even a small child can push a toy car. However, An adult
also can't push a loaded vehicle forward.
 Newton's first law of motion gives us a definition of force. It says that
Force is something that changes or tends to change the state of rest or
uniform motion of a body
Momentum
 Before discussing about second law of motion we shall first learn
about momentum of a moving object.
 From our daily life experiences like during the game of table tennis if the ball hits
a player it does not hurt him. On the other hand, when a fast moving cricket ball
hits a spectator, it may hurt him.
  This suggests that impact produced by moving objects depends on both their
mass and velocity.
 So, there appears to exist some quantity of importance that combines the
object's mass and its velocity called momentum and was introduced by Newton.
 Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion". All objects have mass; so if an
object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion.
 The momentum, p of an object is defined as the product of its mass, m and
velocity, v. That is,
momentum p=mv (1)
 Momentum has both direction and magnitude so it is a vector quantity. Its
direction is the same as that of velocity, vv.
 The SI unit of momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kg m s-1).
 Since the application of an unbalanced force brings a change in the velocity of
the object, it is therefore clear that a force also produces a change of momentum.
 We define the momentum at the start of the time interval is the initial
momentum and at the end of the time interval is the final momentum.
 When the object moves then it gains momentum as the velocity increases.
Hence greater the velocity greater is the momentum.
Second Law of motion
 Newton's second law of motion gives the relationship between the force and
acceleration.
 The second law of motion states that
the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced
force in the direction of force
 The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied force. So,
Newton's second law of motion can be expressed as

 Suppose an object of mass, mm is moving along a straight line with an initial

velocity, uu. It is uniformly accelerated to velocity, v in time, t by the application of a
constant force, F throughout the time, t.
 The initial and final momentum of the object will be, p1 = mu and p2 = mv respectively.
 Now change in momentum would be

 The unit of force is chosen in such a way that the value of the
constant, k becomes one.
  For this, one unit of force is defined as the amount that produces an acceleration
of 1 ms-2 in an object of 1 kg mass. That is,
1 unit of force = k × (1 kg) × (1 m s-2). Thus, the value of k becomes 1.
 From Eq. 2
F = ma (3)
 The unit of force is kgms-2 or Newton, which has the symbol N.
 The second law of motion gives us a method to measure the force acting on an
object as a product of its mass and acceleration.
Third Law of motion
 Newton's third law of motion states that
Whenever a body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first body
 So according to third law of motion to every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. This tells us that all forces in nature acts in pairs.
 These two forces are always equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
 These forces act on different objects and never on the same object.
 Few applications of third law of motion are
o If you throw a heavy ball or block away from your body, the force
exerted will push back on you, possibly pushing you backward
onto the ground.
o A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table which is equal
to the weight of the book (action force). The table supports the
book, by exerting an equal force on the book (reaction). As the
system is at rest, net force on it is zero. Therefore, forces of
action and reaction must be equal and opposite.
o When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun
recoils backwards (reaction).

Law of conservation of momentum

 Law of conservation of linear momentum is a extremely important consequence
of Newton's third law of motion in combination with the second law of motion.
 According to law of conservation of momentum
When two or more bodies acts upon each other their total momentum
remains constant provided no external forces are acting
 So, Momentum is never created or destroyed.
 When this law is applied for a collision between two bodies, the total momentum
of the colliding bodies before collision is equal to the total momentum after
collision.
 We can apply this law for a collision between two vehicles. This law is applicable
for all types of collisions.
 Consider two particles say A and B of mass m1 and m2 collide with each other
and forces acting on these particles are only the ones they exert on each other.
 Let u1 and v1 be the initial and final velocities of particle A and
similarly, u2 and v2for particle B. Let the two particles be in contact for a time t.
So, Change in momentum of A=m1 (v1-u1) Change in momentum of B=m2 (v2-u2 )
 During the collision, let A impart an average force equal to FBA on B and let B exert an
average FAB on A. We know that from third law of motion FBA=-FAB . The following
equation is known as the law of conservation of linear momentum:

 Thus we conclude that when two particles are subjected only to their mutual
interactions ,the sum of the momentums of the bodies remains constant in time
or we can say the total momentum of the two particles does not change because
of the any mutual interactions between them.
 For any kind of force between two particles then sum of the momentum ,both
before and after the action of force should be equal i.e total momentum remains
constant.
 Law of conservation of linear momentum is one of the most fundamental and
important principle of mechanics.

Source:

http://physicscatalyst.com

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1