Overview of Accelerator Facilities at

Taiwan Light Source

國家同步輻射研究中心
周炳榮 Ping J. Chou
[email protected]

PHYS553000— 04
Last update: 2010-1-25
 十年樹木，百年樹人

Important Notes to Students: The sole purpose of this lecture notes is

meant for classroom use only. Some photographs and graphic illustrations
are adapted from various reference literatures, which are NOT to be
distributed beyond the classroom use.

Acknowledgement: The author would like to thank Dr. Ke-Kang Lin for
providing valuable historic photographs of SRRC during the construction
phase.
 Basic Configuration of a Synchrotron Radiation Facility

injector

Electron source: electron gun

Electron linear accelerator (linac) injector
Booster synchrotron
Transport line
Storage ring (synchrotron)
Insertion devices
Beamlines & end stations
 國家同步輻射研究中心增能環（新竹科學園區）

klystron

Dipole magnet

Quadrupole magnet
Electron gun & linac
 Injector

to Storage Ring

Linac

Electron Gun

3 GHz / 30 MW
Klystron

Booster Ring

Circumference of booster synchrotron= 72 m

The configuration of a thermionic gun:
[Ref.] adapted from A.G. Glimour, Jr.,
Principles of Traveling Wave Tubes (1994).

Cathode heater (up to 40 W)

The e-gun is a SLAC type

electron gun developed by
R. Kuntz originally. It’s a
girded gun. 140 keV

Gap voltage: 140 kV

A guard ring, used to protect the

DC voltage multiplier from corona.

150 kV DC high voltage power supply

which is used to power the thermionic
electron gun.
Method of generating free electrons from a cathode:

Glow emission Vacuum tubes, cathode ray

tubes in TVs, x-ray tubes
Heated Cathode Electron stream

The current density of emitted electrons is given by the Richardson’s Law

(O.W. Richardson, Nobel laureate in 1928):
 e( w   qt ) 
J  CT exp 
2

 k BT 
, where T: the surface temperature in °K, : work function, kB: Boltzmann constant,
C: material constant.

For metal, C~ 60 A/(cm2-K2),

work function for typical materials: w～4.5 eV (tungsten)
1.2 eV (oxide cathode BaO-SrO)
2.0 eV (dispenser cathode)

Quantum tunneling gives a Schottky correction:  qt [eV ]  0.012 Ek [kV / cm]

[Ref.]: Rev. Mod. Phys., vol.18, 353 (1946), L.M. Field; “High Current Electron Guns”
The configuration of the control grid Examples of control grid,
in the gun assembly,

This type of grid is used in NSRRC e-gun.

[Ref.] adapted from A.G. Glimour, Jr., ibid.

The control grid in the electron gun gives the possibility to vary pulse length in the
multibunch mode.
The surface of high voltage power supply needs to be cleaned regularly to avoid the
accumulation of dust particles. Dust particles can cause heavy corona.
The cathode lifetime is one year or more under good vacuum (10-8 torr).
The cathode is made of tungsten with an area of 1 cm2 (NSRRC e-gun)
 Maximum peak current 2.5 A

New design of electron gun: photocathode rf gun (using rf field and pulsed laser)
 Gun-to-Linac Transfer Line
quadrupole magnets

gap monitor
X/Y steering
magnet
chopper prebuncher Linac

electron gun
current transformer

e-gun
The electron beam out of the gun is in the form of a
beam stream, ~ pulse length 2 ms.
2 ms We need to chop it into a series of beamlets.

 Homework 1) What is the velocity of electrons at the exit of NSRRC electron gun?
Please give your answer in terms of the fraction of c (speed of light).
The conceptual illustration of a chopper:

slit
beam from e-gun

Permanent
Pulsed field
field deflector
deflector absorber

The chopper system used in the NSRRC injector,

electromagnet
beam bunches
beam stream

DC bias current 3 GHz rf power (1.6 kW)

from klystron
V, f
Prebuncher: It is used to obtain concentration of nonrelativistic particles.

i) Before acceleration
DEkin

drift space ii) Right after acceleration

rf cavity
DEkin
V (t )  V0 sin(rf t   )
f

iii) At the end of drift space

DEkin

f
 X/Y steering
magnet chopper prebuncher
linac

DC bias
current VB, fB

2~3 ms pulse length

VA, fA

klystron
3 GHz/ 30 MW

Linac:
 3 GHz, 30 MW
2~3 ms pulse length

Solenoid coils
rf power input
rf power dump
klystron

e- beam

Linac
solid support

flexible suspension support to

accommodate the heat expansion
 klystron

waveguide

entrance of linac

Exit of linac

Entrance of linac

rf power absorber

solenoid coils

electron linac
Klystron: Velocity modulation of electron beams

Electron beam collector

Output cavity (catcher)

[Ref.] adapted from D.W. Dupen, SLAC-62 (1966)

Cathode First cavity (buncher)

 Linac-to-Booster Transfer Line
current transform er
BM 1
current transform er
BM 2 quadrupole m agnets 60 o bending m agnet
energy slit
Linac

X / Y steering m agnets

current transform er
BM 3
screen m onitor 1
steering magnet
injection septum 250 ns
20 o injection septum
injection B-1 inj
dip e cti screen m onitor 2
from linac ole on
screen ma kic
gn ker
monitor 2 et

booster trajectory
screen
monitor 3

screen
monitor 4
 Injection
septum

kicker

current sheet conductor (copper)

beam pipe


B

stored beam
Septum
no B-field injected beam
 current sheet

conductor
 Because the current sheet is very thin, the current density is excessively high
 operated at the pulsed mode, the average power dissipation is moderate

Injection kicker
I(t)
B(t)

ferrite
t
pulsed mode

conductor ceramic pipe

Why do we want to use a ceramic pipe instead of a conducting pipe?  eddy current
Energy Ramping in Booster Synchrotron: 50 MeV  1.5 GeV

The timing for the booster operation including the injection and the extraction.
the current of
bending magnet

1.51.3
GeV beam extracted
GeV

magnet
DC current
beam injected
50 MeV
100 ms

extraction septum
time
injection septum
(half-sine pulse) (half-sine pulse)
300 ms 300 ms

50 ms

injection kicker extraction kicker

microwave
extraction septum
oscillator
300 ms
modulator
three bumpers
e-gun pulse
2 ms
Extraction to Storage Ring
3 bumpers/ half-sine pulse

2 ms

extraction septum/ half-sine pulse

300 ms

extraction kicker
300~400 ns

x(s)
septum
to storage ring

kicker bumper 1 bumper 2 bumper 3

Booster to Storage Ring (BTS) Transfer Line
Accelerator Control system

console/computer
(real-time OS) Application layer

Database layer

high speed network Network layer

Device layer
(Intelligent Local Controller, ILC)

VME crate (ILC) Front end

hardware
 STORAGE RING

● Accelerator Lattice: A judicious arrangement of various types of magnets.

It determines the performance of a light source.

● Insertion Device: An alternate array of short dipole magnets.

It enhances the performance of photon beams emitted by
relativistic electrons.

S N S N S
e-
N S N S N
 Stroage ring- straight section
insertion device

Storage ring- arc section