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Lecture-11 Solution of Higher Order Homogeneous LDE With Constant Coefficients-I

This document covers the solutions of higher order homogeneous linear differential equations (LDE) with constant coefficients, specifically focusing on 3rd and 4th order equations. It provides detailed solutions to various problems, illustrating the process of finding general solutions based on the roots of the characteristic equations. Additionally, it includes polling questions related to the roots of specific differential equations.

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12 views14 pages

Lecture-11 Solution of Higher Order Homogeneous LDE With Constant Coefficients-I

This document covers the solutions of higher order homogeneous linear differential equations (LDE) with constant coefficients, specifically focusing on 3rd and 4th order equations. It provides detailed solutions to various problems, illustrating the process of finding general solutions based on the roots of the characteristic equations. Additionally, it includes polling questions related to the roots of specific differential equations.

Uploaded by

sami12313492.m2361
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTH166

Lecture-11

Solution of Higher Order Homogeneous


LDE with Constant Coefficients-I
Topic:

Solution of Higher order Homogeneous LDE with Constant coefficients

Learning Outcomes:

1. Solution of 3rd order (Cubic) homogeneous LDE with constant coefficients.

2. Solution of 4th order (Biquadratic) homogeneous LDE with constant coefficients.


Find the general solution of the following differential equations:
Problem 1. 𝑦 ′′′ − 9𝑦 ′ = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 ′′′ − 9𝑦 ′ = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷3 − 9𝐷 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
A.E. : 𝐷3 − 9𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷(𝐷2 − 9) = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 𝐷 − 3 𝐷 + 3 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 = 0,3, −3 (Real and distinct roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 0, 𝑚2 = 3, 𝑚3 = −3
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥 Answer.
Problem 2. 3𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
3𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 3𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

A.E. : 3𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 3𝐷 − 2 − 1(3𝐷 − 2) = 0


⇒ 3𝐷 − 2 𝐷2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1, −1, 2Τ3 (Real and distinct roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 1, 𝑚2 = −1, 𝑚3 = 2Τ3
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
2Τ 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −1𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 3

2Τ 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3 Answer.
Problem 3. 𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 + 𝐷 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

A.E. : 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 + 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 = 0
⇒𝐷 𝐷−1 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 0,1,1 (Two equal and one distinct real roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 0, 𝑚2 = 1, 𝑚3 = 1
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + (𝑐2 +𝑐3 𝑥)𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + (𝑐2 +𝑐3 𝑥)𝑒 1𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + (𝑐2 +𝑐3 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 Answer.
Polling Question

The roots of the equation: 𝑦 ′′′ − 16𝑦 ′ = 0 are:

(A)4,4

(B) 4,-4

(C) 0,4,-4

(D)0,16
Problem 4. 27𝑦 ′′′ − 27𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
27𝑦 ′′′ − 27𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 27𝐷3 − 27𝐷2 + 9𝐷 − 1 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

A.E. : 27𝐷3 − 27𝐷2 + 9𝐷 − 1 = 0 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 3

⇒ 3𝐷 − 1 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1Τ3 , 1Τ3, 1Τ3 (All real and equal roots)


Let 𝑚1 = 1Τ3 , 𝑚2 = 1Τ3, 𝑚3 = 1Τ3
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 )𝑒 𝑚1𝑥
2 1Τ 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 )𝑒 3 Answer.
Problem 5. 𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 8𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − 8𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 8 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
A.E. : 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 𝐷 − 2 + 4 𝐷 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝐷 − 2 𝐷2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 2, ±2𝑖 (one real and two complex roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 2, 𝑚2 = 0 + 2𝑖, 𝑚3 = 0 − 2𝑖 [Complex roots: 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽 ]
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝑐2 cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝛽𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + (𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥) Answer.
Problem 6. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 − 13𝑦 ′′ + 36𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 𝐼𝑉 − 13𝑦 ′′ + 36𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷4 − 13𝐷2 + 36 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

A.E. : 𝐷4 − 13𝐷2 + 36 = 0
⇒ 𝐷2 − 4 𝐷2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 2, −2,3, −3 (real and distinct roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 2, 𝑚2 = −2, 𝑚3 = 3, 𝑚4 = −3
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 +𝑐4 𝑒 𝑚4 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑐4 𝑒 −3𝑥 Answer.
Problem 7. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 8𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 8𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷4 + 8𝐷2 − 9 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

A.E. : 𝐷4 + 8𝐷2 − 9 = 0
⇒ 𝐷2 − 1 𝐷2 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1, −1,3𝑖, −3𝑖 (Mix of real and complex roots )
Let 𝑚1 = 1, 𝑚2 = −1, 𝑚3 = 0 + 3𝑖, 𝑚4 = 0 − 3𝑖
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −1𝑥 + 𝑒 0𝑥 (𝑐3 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐4 sin 3𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + (𝑐3 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐4 sin 3𝑥) Answer.
Problem 8. 4𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 101𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
4𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 101𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 4𝐷4 + 101𝐷2 + 25 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
A.E. : 4𝐷4 + 101𝐷2 + 25 = 0
1 1
⇒ 4𝐷2 + 1 𝐷2 + 25 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑖, − 𝑖, 5𝑖, −5𝑖 (Two sets of complex roots)
2 2
1 1
Let 𝑚1 = 0 + 𝑖, 𝑚2 = 0 − 𝑖, 𝑚3 = 0 + 5𝑖, 𝑚4 = 0 − 5𝑖 [ 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽 , (𝛾 ± 𝑖𝛿)]
2 2
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝛿𝑥
1 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑐1 cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 5𝑥
2 2
1 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐1 cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 5𝑥 Answer.
2 2
Polling Question

The roots of the equation: 𝑦 𝑖𝑣 − 25𝑦 ′′ + 144𝑦 = 0 are:

(A)3,3,4,4

(B) 3,-3,4,-4

(C) 0,3,4,6

(D)5,5,12,12
Problem 9. 𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 50𝑦 ′′ + 625𝑦 = 0
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 𝐼𝑉 + 50𝑦 ′′ + 625𝑦 = 0 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷4 + 50𝐷2 + 625 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
A.E. : 𝐷4 + 50𝐷2 + 625 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 25 2 =0
⇒ 𝐷2 + 25 𝐷2 + 25 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 = 5𝑖, −5𝑖, 5𝑖, −5𝑖 (Repeated complex roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 0 + 5𝑖, 𝑚2 = 0 − 5𝑖, 𝑚3 = 0 + 5𝑖, 𝑚4 = 0 − 5𝑖 [ 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽 , 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽 ]
∴ General Solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 [(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥) cos 𝛽𝑥 + (𝑐3 +𝑐4 𝑥) sin 𝛽𝑥)]
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 0𝑥 [(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥) cos 5𝑥 + (𝑐3 +𝑐4 𝑥) sin 5𝑥)]
⇒ 𝑦 = [(𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥) cos 5𝑥 + (𝑐3 +𝑐4 𝑥) sin 5𝑥)]Answer.

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