Module 2-Lesson 2

Here are some models presented to better understand the communication process:

A. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-nhFMn9QLQ
The great philosopher Aristotle already created this linear model before 300 BC, placing more
emphasis on public speaking than on interpersonal communication. The simple model is presented in
a diagram and is still widely used in preparing seminars, lectures and speeches to this day.

This Model of Communication can roughly be divided into five elements. The speaker is the most
important element, making this model a speaker-oriented model. It is the speaker’s task to give a speech
to the public. The role of the audience is passive. This makes the Aristotle Model of Communication a
one-way model, from speaker to receiver.

Speaker Speech Audience Effect

Process: -the speaker should adjust his messages according to the audience and the occasion

Aristotle Model of Communication effectively describes the three modes of persuasion, namely logos,
pathos, and ethos. These modes of persuasion always influence each other during conversations in which
arguments are shared back and forth, but also in one-way communication, such as during speeches.

B. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etcIX0aC-4E&t=1s

The Communication Cycle model is a linear model of communication that provides a schematic
representation of the relation between sender, message, medium/ media and recipient. It was
developed by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver.

Sender Encoder Decoder Reciever

Process:

- The sender would be the person giving the message, while the encoder (i.e.cellphone, etc) would
be the transmitter which converts the message into signal.
- decoder would be the reception place of the signal which converts signals into message.

Components in the Communication Cycle: sender, message and recipient

1. Sender. He has an expressive function. Through language and/or body language, he expresses
something and sends it to the recipient.
2. Message. This is intended for the recipient(s). How the recipient handles it and interprets the
message is called the appellative function. The message itself has to be carried by a medium, also
called a channel.
3. Recipient. In addition to the voice for spoken words, the sender uses gestures, facial expression,
posture and intonation as media. He can also use supporting media, such as a PowerPoint
presentation, flip chart, music or a slide show.
Coding and decoding the message
A message is communicated in different ways; spoken and written words (language), signs such
as smoke, colours and symbols (semantics) and body language (non-verbal communication).
How the message is communicated and how it is understood are two different things. On the one
hand we see (en)coding and on the other decoding. A message has to be transmitted in such a way that it
can be understood by both the sender and the recipient.
The more clearly the sender has encoded the message, the more accurately the recipient can
decode it, minimizing the chance of misunderstandings.
4. Noise
Still, there can be interference in the Communication Cycle that leads to misunderstandings. This
is then referred to as miscommunication. Within communication, that kind of interference is called noise
or static.
This noise can occur internally, within the Communication Cycle model, or externally, outside of
the Communication Cycle model.
a. Intentional noise. A generated intentional noise, like turning up the music or
nervously ticking on a table.
b. Internal noise usually occurs at the sender or at the recipient. A distraction that
prevents successful communication. It is a physical, psychological or emotional
distraction that hinders the success in the interpretation of the message.
c. External noise generally happens outside of the sender and recipient. A bad
phone connection, a flickering light, a hot exam classroom or construction noises
are examples of this.
When the sender, then, responds to the recipient’s message, this is called a response

C. Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQu2D7020Sc

Message
 Decoder
Encoder
Interpreter
Interpreter
Encoder
Decoder
Message
Process:

Encoding and decoding are not automatic processes both go through the filter of the
interpreter.
The message may success or fail, based on the interpreter’s appreciation of the message.
There are times when the sender and the receiver may apply different meanings to the message. And
this is termed as “semantic noise.”

It is a circular model communication

Encoder – encoder or Sender of the message (message originates)
Decoder – receiver of the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret
It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and receiver and
hence use interpretation.
Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when sender and receiver apply different
meaning to the same message.

D. White’s Stages of Oral Communication

Thinking Symbolizing Expressing

C
Monitoring
Transmitting

Feed backing Decoding Receiving

Process:
Communication consists of the following elements:

1. Sender or Speaker
2. Receiver or Listener
3. Message
4. Channel
5. Noise

1. The process of the following communication styles:

* Public speaking - the speaker – message- listener (channel and noise are
part) It is linear.
* Panel discussion - speaker – message - receiver (channel, noise and feedback
are part of the process). It is circular.
 * Interview - speaker – message - receiver. It is circular.
* Radio news casting - speaker –- message - listener ( channel and noise are
part) It is linear

Assignment: You are to describe the role of the elements in the communication process. Write
your answer in the box.

Sender/Speaker Receiver/Listener Message Channel Noise

Ex. The sender is He interprets the ..the information ..the passage of ..the interference
responsible in message that is being the information of the
initiating the passed communication
message process