SQL Functions

1.What is SQL Functions?

2. Types of SQL Functions
1. Aggregate Functions
2. Scalar Functions
3. Date and Time Functions
4. Mathematical Functions
5. String Functions
6. Conversion Functions
7. Window Functions
8. System Functions
9. Control Flow Functions
10. JSON Functions

3. SQL Function Types Explanation with Examples

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 SQL Functions
SQL functions are built-in operations in SQL (Structured
Query Language) that perform a specific task or
calculation on data.

They can be categorized into several types, based on their

usage and the kind of results they produce.

Types of SQL Functions:

1. Aggregate Functions

2. Scalar Functions

3. Date and Time Functions

4. Mathematical Functions

5. String Functions

6. Conversion Functions

7. Window Functions

8. System Functions

9. Control Flow Functions

10. JSON Functions

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 1. Aggregate Functions
These functions perform operations on a set of values and
return a single value, often used with the GROUP BY clause.

COUNT()
SUM()
AVG()
MAX()
MIN()

1.COUNT( ): Counting Rows Output:

2. Sum( ): Summing Values Output:

3. AVG( ): Calculating Average

Output:

4. MAX( ): Finding Maximum Value Output:

5. MIN( ): Finding Minimum Value

Output:

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 2. Scalar Functions
These functions return a single value based on the input
values. They can be used to manipulate individual values like
strings, numbers, or dates.

String Functions: UPPER(), LOWER(), CONCAT(), LENGTH()

Numeric Functions: ABS(), ROUND(), CEIL(), FLOOR()
Date and Time Functions: NOW(), CURDATE(), YEAR(),
DATEDIFF()

1. UPPER(): Convert to Uppercase Output:

2. LOWER(): Convert to Lowercase Output:

3. LENGTH(): Calculate String Length Output:

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 4. ROUND(): Round a Numeric Value Output:

5. DATE(): Extract Date Output:

6. CONCAT(): Concatenate Strings Output:

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 3. Date and Time Functions
Functions that are used to manipulate or retrieve date and
time values.

NOW()
CURDATE()
YEAR()
DATE()
DATEDIFF()

1. NOW(): Current Date and Time Output:

Output:
2. CURDATE(): Current Date

3. YEAR(): Extract Year

Output:

4. DATE(): Extract Date from DateTime Output:

5. DATEDIFF(): Difference Between Two Dates Output:

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 4. Mathematical Functions
Functions that perform mathematical calculations on numeric
values.

ROUND()
CEIL()
FLOOR()
ABS()
POWER()
SQRT()
1. ROUND(): Round to Nearest Integer or Decimal Place Output:

2. CEIL(): Round Up to the Nearest Integer Output:

3. FLOOR(): Round Down to the Nearest Integer Output:

4. ABS(): Absolute Value Output:

5. POWER(): Raise a Value to a Power Output:

6. SQRT(): Square Root Output:

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 5. String Functions
Functions used for manipulating string values.

CONCAT()
UPPER()
LOWER()
SUBSTRING()
REPLACE()
LENGTH()
TRIM()

1. CONCAT(): Concatenate Strings Output:

2. UPPER(): Convert to Uppercase Output:

3. LOWER(): Convert to Lowercase Output:

4. SUBSTRING(): Extract Part of a String Output:

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 5. REPLACE(): Replace a Substring
Output:

6. LENGTH(): Get the Length of a String

Output:

7. TRIM(): Remove Leading and Trailing Spaces Output:

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 6. Conversion Functions
Functions that convert a value from one data type to another.

CAST()
CONVERT()

1. CAST(): Convert One Data Type to Another Output:

2. CONVERT(): Convert Data Type (SQL Server

Output:
Equivalent of CAST())

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 7. Window Functions
Functions that perform calculations across a set of rows
related to the current row, without collapsing the result set.

ROW_NUMBER()
RANK()
DENSE_RANK()
LEAD()
LAG()

1. ROW_NUMBER(): Assigns a unique row number to each row within a partition.

Output:

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 2. RANK(): Provides a rank for each row within a partition, with gaps in the
ranking when there are ties.

Output:

3. DENSE_RANK(): Similar to RANK(), but without gaps in the ranking.

Output:

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 4. LEAD(): Accesses data from the next row in the result set.

Output:

5. LAG(): Accesses data from the previous row in the result set.

Output:

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 8. System Functions
These functions return information about the database or the
environment.

USER()
DATABASE()
VERSION()
Scope _IDENTITY( )

1. USER(): Returns the name of the current user. Output:

2. DB_NAME(): Returns the name of the current database. Output:

3. VERSION: Returns the current version of SQL Server. Output:

4. SCOPE_IDENTITY(): Returns the last identity value

generated within the current scope. Output:

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 9. Control Flow Functions
These functions are used to evaluate conditions and control
the flow of SQL queries.

IF()
CASE
COALESCE()
NULLIF()

1. IF: Returns one value if a condition is true and another value if it's false
(primarily in MySQL).

Output:

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 2. CASE: Evaluates conditions and returns a value based on the first condition
that is true.

Output:

3. COALESCE: Returns the first non-NULL value in a list of expressions.

Output:

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 4. NULLIF: Returns NULL if the two expressions are equal; otherwise, it returns
the first expression.

Output:

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 10. JSON Functions (available in certain databases like
MySQL and PostgreSQL)
Functions used for handling JSON data.

JSON_OBJECT()
JSON_ARRAY()
JSON_EXTRACT()
JSON_VALUE()

1. JSON_OBJECT() (MySQL/PostgreSQL): Generates a JSON object from key-value

pairs.

Output:

2. JSON_ARRAY() (MySQL/PostgreSQL): Creates a JSON array from a list of

values.

Output:

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 3. JSON_EXTRACT() (MySQL/PostgreSQL): Extracts data from a JSON
document.

Output:

4. JSON_VALUE(): Extracts a scalar value from a JSON string.

Output:

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