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Line Surface Integral

The document discusses the concepts of line, surface, and volume integrals in electromagnetic theory, focusing on vector and scalar functions. It explains the evaluation of these integrals using the limit of a sum, and introduces the gradient of a scalar function, which indicates the direction and rate of change of the function in space. Additionally, it provides expressions for the gradient in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.

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28 views8 pages

Line Surface Integral

The document discusses the concepts of line, surface, and volume integrals in electromagnetic theory, focusing on vector and scalar functions. It explains the evaluation of these integrals using the limit of a sum, and introduces the gradient of a scalar function, which indicates the direction and rate of change of the function in space. Additionally, it provides expressions for the gradient in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.

Uploaded by

Tamil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Line, surface and volume integrals


In electromagnetic theory, we come across integrals, which contain vector
functions. Some representative integrals are listed below:

respectively represent vector and scalar function of space


coordinates. C,S and V represent path, surface and volume of integration. All these
integrals are evaluated using extension of the usual one-dimensional integral as
the limit of a sum, i.e., if a function f(x) is defined over arrange a to b of values
of x, then the integral is given by

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Surface Integral :

If the surface integral is carried out over a closed surface, then we write

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Volume Integrals:

The Del Operator :

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Gradient of a Scalar function:


Let us consider a scalar field V(u,v,w) , a function of space coordinates.
Gradient of the scalar field V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and
direction of the maximum space rate of increase of this scalar field V.

Fig 1.17 : Gradient of a scalar function


As shown in figure 1.17, let us consider two surfaces S1and S2 where the
function V has constant magnitude and the magnitude differs by a small amount
dV. Now as one moves from S1 to S2, the magnitude of spatial rate of change
of V i.e. dV/dl depends on the direction of elementary path length dl, the
maximum occurs when one traverses from S1to S2along a path normal to the
surfaces as in this case the distance is minimum.

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

By our definition of gradient we can write:

which represents the distance along the normal is the shortest distance between the
two surfaces.

For a general curvilinear coordinate system

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Hence for the Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinate system, the
expressions for gradient can be written as: In Cartesian coordinates:

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

EC3452 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

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