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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

22EC602 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & IOT DESIGN

Department : ECE
Batch/Year/SEM : 2022-2026/ III/VI
Created by : Dr.V.Vidya Lakshmi,ASP/ECE
: Dr.C.Shobana Nageswari,ASP/ECE
: Ms.S.Rajalakshmi,AP/ECE
Date : 20.01.2025

4
 Table of Contents
S.No Contents Page
Number

1 Course Objectives 7

2 Pre Requisites 8

3 Syllabus 9
4 Course Outcomes 11
5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 12
6 Unit IV- Embedded Devices for IOT 13

6.1 Lecture Plan 14

6.2 Activity based learning 15

6.3 Lecture Notes 18

⮚ Introduction to Internet of things 18
⮚ Design principles of connected devices 23
⮚ Sensor's technology and actuators for IoT 25
⮚ IoT Protocols 48
⮚ IEEE 802.15.4 53
⮚ LoRaWAN 57
⮚ Clouds for IoT. 60

6.4 Assignments 69

6.5 Part A Q & A 70

6.6 Part B Qs 74

6.7 Supportive online Certification courses 75

5
5
S.No Contents Page
Number

6.8 Real time Applications in day to day life and 76

to Industry

6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus 77

7 Assessment Schedule 79

8 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 80

9 Mini Project Suggestions 81

6
6
 1.Course Objectives
The student should be made to:

• To understand the basics of Embedded Systems and its design process.

• To learn the architecture and programming of ARM Processor.

• To be exposed to the basic concepts of real time operating system and scheduling.

• To understand the fundamental concepts of IoT and its protocols.

• To implement projects based on case studies using Embedded systems and IoT.

7
 2. Pre Requisites

1.22EC502 - Microcontrollers and Interfacing

2.22CS101- Problem solving using C++

8
 3. Syllabus

22EC602 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & IOT DESIGN

(Theory Course with Laboratory Component)

LTPC 3024

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 15

Complex Systems and Microprocessors –Embedded system design process –Formalisms for
System Design - Design example: Model train controller- Design methodologies- Design flows-
Designing with computing platforms.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of ARM Evaluation system.
2. Interface 8 LEDs using ARM Microcontroller..

UNIT II ARM PROCESSOR AND PERIPHERALS 15

ARM Architecture Versions – ARM 7 Architecture – Instruction Set –Features of the LPC 214X
Family – Peripherals and Programing – The Timer Unit – Pulse Width Modulation Unit – UART -
Block Diagram of ARM Cortex M3 MCU.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
3. Interface Pulse width modulation using ARM Microcontroller.
4. Implementing interrupt in ARM processor

UNIT III REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (RTOS) AND NETWORKS 15

Introduction – Multiple tasks and multiple processes – Multirate systems- Preemptive real time
operating systems- Priority based scheduling- Example Real time operating systems - POSIX -
Windows CE. Networks for embedded Systems – CAN & I2C.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
5. Interfacing EPROM using ARM Microcontroller
6. Interfacing Stepper using ARM Microcontroller

9
UNIT IV EMBEDDED DEVICES FOR IOT 15

Introduction to Internet of things - Design principles of connected devices- Sensors

technology and actuators for IoT- IoT Protocols- IEEE 802.15.4-LoRaWAN- Clouds for IoT.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
7. Interfacing LED and switch with Rasperry-Pi
8. Interfacing a Light sensor (LDR) with Rasperry-Pi

UNIT V IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND CASE STUDY 15

Basic building blocks of an IoT device and endpoints- Raspberry Pi -Board - Linux on
Raspberry Pi - Raspberry Pi Interfaces -Programming Raspberry Pi with Python- Clouds for
IoT - Case study- Home automation - Environment-Agriculture.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
9. IoT based Home automation.
10. Handling of mosquitto or Paho for handing of MQTT operations

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS (THEORY) + 30 PERIODS (LAB) = 75 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Marilyn Wolf, ―Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computing System

Design‖, Third Edition ―Morgan Kaufmann Publisher (An imprint from Elsevier), 2012.
2. Lyla B.Das, ―Embedded Systems : An Integrated Approach‖ Pearson Education, 2013.
3. Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, ―Internet of Things – A hands-on approach‖,
Universities Press, 2015

10
 4. Course Outcomes

After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

Highest
CO
Course Outcomes Cognitive
No
Level

CO1 Summarize the embedded system design process and methodologies. K2

CO2 Illustrate the ARM processor architecture and programming. K3

CO3 Infer the networks used for embedded systems K2

CO4 Apply scheduling algorithms for process-based scheduling. K2

CO5 Interpret IoT device architecture and protocols for IoT. K3

CO6 Construct a real time application using IoT based on case study. K3

11
 5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Program
Program Outcomes Specific
Course Level Outcomes
Outcomes of CO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3
[K3] [K4] [K4] [K5] [K6] [A3] [A2] [A3] [A3] [A3] [A3] [A2] [K5] [K5] [K3]

CO1 K2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 2

CO2 K2 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 - 3

CO3 K3 2 3 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - -

CO4 K2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 2

CO5 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1 - - 3

CO6 K3 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 2

CO 3 2 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2

12
Unit IV- Embedded Devices for IOT 15

Introduction to Internet of things - Design principles of connected devices-

Sensors technology and actuators for IoT- IoT Protocols- IEEE 802.15.4-

LoRaWAN- Clouds for IoT.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

7. Interfacing LED and switch with Rasperry-Pi

8. Interfacing a Light sensor (LDR) with Rasperry-Pi

13
 6.1 Lecture Plan
Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT
S. No Prop Actual Perta Reas
N . osed Date ining Taxon Mode of on
o of Date CO omy Delivery for
Topic Pe level Devia
rio tion
ds

1 Introduction to 1 CO5 K1 Chalk &

Internet of things - Reme Talk
mber
2 Design principles of 1 CO5 K2 Chalk
connected devices- Under & Talk
stand

3 Sensors technology 2 CO5 K2 PPT

and actuators for IoT Under
stand
4 IoT Protocols- IEEE 2 CO5 K2 Chalk
802.15.4- Under & Talk
stand

5 LoRaWAN- 1 CO5 K2 Chalk

Under & Talk
stand

6 Clouds for IoT 2 CO5 K2 Chalk

Under & Talk
stand

7 Interfacing LED and 3 CO5 K3 Lab

switch with Rasperry- Apply
Pi
8 Interfacing a Light 3 CO5 K3 Lab
sensor (LDR) with Apply
Rasperry-Pi

Total No. of Periods : 15

14 14
 6.2 Activity based learning - I

Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT

Just A Minute
The activity ‘Just a minute or JAM’ is an impromptu speech where the speaker is
supposed to express the idea (s) on the given topic, within the duration of a minute.

1. IOT
2. Actuator
3. Sensor
4. COAP
5. HTTP
6. MQTT
7. OSI Layer
8. LoRaWAN
9. AWS
10.Cloud

15
 6.2 Activity based learning - II
Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT

Activity: OSI Model Layer Cake

Objective: To help participants understand the OSI model by creating a visual
representation of its layers using everyday objects.
❖ Materials Needed:
Colored construction paper or cardstock (7 different colors)
Markers or printed labels
Glue or tape
❖ Steps:
❖ Introduction to OSI Model:
Begin by providing an overview of the OSI model's seven layers and their functions.
Emphasize that the model acts as a conceptual framework to explain the different
stages of network communication.
❖ Layer Assignments:
Assign one layer of the OSI model to each participant or group. Make sure each
layer is represented. If there are more participants than layers, assign multiple
participants to the same layer.
❖ Creating Layer Representations:
Distribute the colored construction paper or cardstock and markers. Instruct
participants to create a visual representation of their assigned OSI layer on the
paper. They can draw relevant icons, symbols, or diagrams that illustrate the
functions of their assigned layer.
❖ Labeling and Assembling:
Once the participants have created their layer representations, they should label them
with the name of the layer (e.g., Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, etc.). Then, guide
them in arranging their layers on a wall or a table in the correct order from Layer 1
(Physical) at the bottom to Layer 7 (Application) at the top.
❖ Layer Interactions:
Encourage participants to discuss and explain how each layer interacts with the
adjacent layers. Emphasize that each layer has its own specific tasks and
responsibilities.
❖ Network Communication Demonstration:
communication Using the constructed layer cake as a visual aid, explain the process of
network by using an analogy such as sending a message through a seven- story
building, where each floor represents a different layer.

16
1
7
Activity: OSI Model Layer Cake

❖ Role-Play Scenario:
Engage participants in a role-play scenario where they act out the communication
process between two devices using the OSI model layers. One participant can play
the role of the sender (starting from the Application layer) and the other as the
receiver (ending at the Physical layer). This interactive activity will help participants
understand how data is encapsulated and de-encapsulated as it moves through the
layers.
❖ Discussion and Analysis:
Facilitate a group discussion to review the activity and reinforce the concepts
learned. Encourage participants to share their insights, challenges, and observations
during the role-play.
❖ Real-world Examples:
Provide examples of network devices, protocols, and technologies associated with
each OSI layer to connect the theoretical knowledge to practical applications.
❖ Q&A Session:
Allow participants to ask questions and clarify any doubts they may have about the
OSI model and its layers.

❖ Conclusion:
Summarize the key takeaways from the activity and reinforce the importance of
understanding the OSI model for effective network troubleshooting, design, and
communication. By creating a tangible representation of the OSI layers, participants
will gain a deeper appreciation for the role each layer plays in network operations.
1
8
6.3.LECTURE NOTES
Unit IV- Embedded Devices for IOT
4.1 Introduction to IoT
• Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to the internet.
• Existing devises , such as networked computers or 4G enabled mobile phones
already have some form of unique identities and are also connected to the
internet, the focus on IoT in the configuration, control and networking via the
internet of devices or things , that are traditionally not associated with the
Internet. These include devices such as thermostats, utility meters, a blue tooth-
connected headset, irrigation pumps and sensor or control circuits for an electric
car’s engine
• Experts forecast that by the year 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/
things connected to the internet.
• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connected things(Devices, appliance,
machines) to the Internet.
• Applications on IoT networks extract and create information from lower level data
by filtering, processing , categorizing, condensing and contextualizing the data.
• The information obtained is then organized and structured to infer knowledge
about the system and or its user, its environment and its operations and progress
towards its objectives, allowing a smarter performance.

4.1.1 Definition and characteristics of IoT:

Internet of Things means a network of physical things (objects) sending, receiving,
or communicating information using the Internet or other communication
technologies and network just as the computers, tablets and mobiles do, and thus
enabling the monitoring, coordinating or controlling process across the Internet or
another data network.

Characteristics:
Dynamic and self-Adapting:
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the
changing contexts and take actions based on their operating condition. Ex:
Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night.
Self – Configuring:
IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number of devices
to work together to provide certain functionality .
Interoperable communication protocols:
IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and
can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.
Unique Identity:
Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier. IPaddress, URI). IoT
systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow
communication with users and the environment contexts.
Integrated into information network:
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.

4.1.2 Physical Design of IoT

The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, Actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange
data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or collect data
from other devices and process the data locally or send the data to Centralized servers or
cloud based applications back ends for processing the data or from some task locally and
other task within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints (ie :
Memory, processing calibrators, communication latencies and speed and deadlines).
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections to other devices, both wired
and wireless. These include I)IoT interfaces for sensors II) interfaces for internet
connectivity III) memory and storage interfaces IV) audio video interfaces. An IoT Device
can collect various types of data from the on-board or attached sensors, such as
temperature e , humidity, light intensity
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections to other devices, both wired
and wireless. These include I)IoT interfaces for sensors II) interfaces for internet
connectivity III) memory and storage interfaces IV) audio video interfaces. An IoT Device
can collect various types of data from the attached sensors, such as temperature e ,
humidity, light intensity

Fig-4.1-General Block diagram of IOT Device

1
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4.1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURAL VIEW:
An IoT system has multiple levels .These levels are also known as tiers. A model enables
conceptualisation of a framework. A reference model can be used to depict building
blocks, successive interaction and integration. An example is CISCO’s presentation of
reference model comprising seven levels (Figure 4.2).

Figure : 4.2 IoT Reference model

4.1.4 Components of IoT System

Major components of IoT devices are:
1. Physical object with embedded software into a hardware.
2. Hardware consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control unit, actuators
and communication module.
3. Communication module: Software consisting of device APIs and device interface
for communication over the network and communication circuit/port(s), and
middleware for creating communication stacks using 6LowPAN, CoAP, LWM2M,
IPv4, IPv6 and other protocols.
4. Software for actions on messages, information and commands which the devices
receive and then output to the actuators, which enable actions such as glowing LEDs,
robotic hand movement etc.
Sensors and Control Units
Sensors are electronic devices that sense the physical environments. An industrial
automation system or robotic system has multiple smart sensors embedded in it. Sensor-
actuator pairs are used in control systems. A smart sensor includes computing and
communication circuits. Consider Internet of streetlights. Each light has sensors for
measuring surrounding light-intensity and surrounding traffic-proximity for sensing and
transmitting the data after aggregation over a period. Sensors are used for measuring
temperature, pressure, humidity, light intensity, traffic proximity, acceleration in an
accelerometer, signals in a GPS, proximity sensor, magnetic fields in a compass, and
magnetic intensity in a magnetometer.

2
0
21

Sensors are of two types. The first type gives analog inputs to the control unit. Examples
are thermistor, photoconductor, pressure gauge and Hall sensor. The second type gives
digital inputs to the control unit. Examples are touch sensor, proximity sensor, metal
sensor, traffic presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles and linear encoders
for measuring linear displacements.

Control Units
Most commonly used control unit in IoT consists of a Microcontroller Unit (MCU) or a
custom chip. A microcontroller is an integrated chip or core in a VLSI or SoC. Popular
microcontrollers are ATmega 328, ATMega 32u4, ARM Cortex and ARM LPC. An MCU
comprises a processor, memory and several other hardware units which are interfaced
together. It also has firmware, timers, interrupt controllers and functional IO units.
Additionally, an MCU has application-specific functional circuits designed as per the specific
version of a given microcontroller family. For example, it may possess Analog to Digital
Converters (ADC) and Pulse Width Modulators (PWM).

Communication Module
A communication module consists of protocol handlers, message queue and message
cache. A device message-queue inserts the messages in the queue and deletes the
messages from the queue in a first-in first-out manner. A device message-cache stores the
received messages. Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style can be used
for HTTP access by GET, POST, PUT and DELETE methods for resources and building web
services. Communication protocols and REST style.

Software
IoT software consists of two components—software at the IoT device and software at the
IoT server. Figure 1.4 shows the software components for the IoT device hardware and
server.

Middleware
OpenIoT is an open source middleware. It enables communication with sensor clouds as
well as cloud-based ‘sensing as a service’. IoTSyS is a middleware which enables
provisioning of communication stack for smart devices using IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN, CoAP
and multiple standards and protocols. The oBIX is standard XML and web services protocol
oBIX (Open Building Information Xchange).

Operating Systems (OS)

Examples of OSs are RIOT, Raspbian, AllJoyn, Spark and Contiki. RIOT is an operating
system for IoT devices. RIOT supports both developer and multiple architectures,
including ARM7, Cortex-M0, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, standard x86 PCs and TI MSP430.
Raspbian is a popular Raspberry Pi operating system that is based on the Debian
distribution of Linux.
22

Fig-4.3 IoT software components for device hardware

AllJoyn is an open-source OS created by Qualcomm. It is a cross platform OS with APIs

available for Android, iOS, OS X, Linux and Windows OSs. It includes a framework and a
set of services. It enables the manufacturers to create compatible devices. Spark is a
distributed, cloud-based IoT operating system and web-based IDE. It includes a
command-line interface, support for multiple languages and libraries for working with
several different IoT devices. Contiki OS7 is an open-source multitasking OS. It includes
6LowPAN, RPL, UDP, DTLS and TCP/IP protocols which are required in low-power wireless
IoT devices. Example of applications are street lighting in smart cities, which requires just
30 kB ROM and 10 kB RAM.
Firmware
Thingsquare Mist is an open-source firmware (software embedded in hardware) for true
Internet-connectivity to the IoT. It enables resilient wireless mesh networking. Several
microcontrollers with a range of wireless radios support Things MIST.
4.2 Design Principles of Connected Devices
To create effective and reliable IoT systems, the following design principles must be
considered:
1. Interoperability
•Devices must work seamlessly across various platforms and ecosystems.
•Use standardized protocols (e.g., HTTP, MQTT, CoAP) to enable compatibility.
•Avoid vendor lock-in by adopting open standards.

2. Scalability
•Design systems to accommodate growth in the number of devices and data volume.
•Use cloud-based solutions and distributed architectures to handle increasing loads.
•Ensure scalability in both hardware and software.

3. Security and Privacy

•Implement robust security measures, including:
◦Encryption for data in transit and at rest.
◦Authentication and authorization mechanisms.
◦Regular updates and patches for vulnerabilities.
•Protect user privacy by minimizing data collection and ensuring compliance with
regulations (e.g., GDPR).

4. Energy Efficiency
•Design devices to operate with minimal power consumption, especially for battery-
operated devices.
•Use energy-efficient communication protocols (e.g., Zigbee, LoRaWAN).
•Implement sleep modes and power management techniques.

5. Reliability
•Ensure devices and systems function correctly under varying conditions.
•Include redundancy and failover mechanisms to handle failures gracefully.
•Test extensively to identify and resolve potential issues.

6. User-Centric Design
•Focus on creating intuitive and user-friendly interfaces.
•Provide clear documentation and setup instructions for users.
•Ensure devices integrate seamlessly into users' environments.

7. Real-Time Operation
•Design systems to process and respond to data in real-time when necessary.
•Use low-latency communication methods for critical applications.

23
8. Modularity and Flexibility
•Use modular components to allow easy upgrades and customization.
•Enable flexibility in deployment, such as support for different connectivity options
(e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, Ethernet).

9. Cost-Effectiveness
•Balance performance with cost to ensure affordability.
•Use mass-produced components and open-source solutions where possible.

•10. Sustainability

•Consider environmental impact during the design phase.

•Use recyclable materials and design for extended product lifecycles.

Design Principles of Connected Devices includes Sensors and IOT

protocols., which will be described in chapter 4.3 and 4.4.

24
4.3 Sensors technology and actuators for IoT

The basic science of sensing and actuation is based on the process of transduction.
Transduction is the process of energy conversion from one form to another. A transducer
is a physical means of enabling transduction. Transducers take energy in any form (for
which it is designed)—electrical, mechanical, chemical, light, sound, and others—and
convert it into another, which may be electrical, mechanical, chemical, light, sound, and
others.

Difference between Sensors and Actuators

For example, in a public announcement (PA) system, a microphone (input device) converts
sound waves into electrical signals, which is amplified by an amplifier system (a process).
Finally, a loudspeaker (output device) outputs this into audible sounds by converting the
amplified electrical signals back into sound waves.

Above Table outlines the basic terminological differences between transducers, sensors,
and actuators.

25
5.2 Sensors
Sensors are devices that can measure, or quantify, or respond to the ambient
changes in their environment or within the intended zone of their deployment. They
generate responses to external stimuli or physical phenomenon through
characterization of the input functions (which are these external stimuli) and their
conversion into typically electrical signals.
For example, heat is converted to electrical signals in a temperature sensor, or
atmospheric pressure is converted to electrical signals in a barometer.
Figure shows the simple outline of a sensing task. Here, a temperature sensor keeps
on checking an environment for changes. In the event of a fire, the temperature of
the environment goes up. The temperature sensor notices this change in the
temperature of the room and promptly communicates this
information to a remote monitor via the processor

Fig 4.4 Simple Sensing System

The various sensors can be classified based on:
1) power requirements
2) sensor output
3) property to be measured
1. Power Requirements: The way sensors operate decides the power
requirements that must be provided for an IoT implementation. Some sensors need
to be provided with separate power sources for them to function, whereas some
sensors do not require any power sources. Depending on the requirements of power,
sensors can be of two types.
(i) Active: Active sensors do not require an external circuitry or mechanism to
provide it with power. It directly responds to the external stimuli from its ambient
environment and converts it into an output signal. For example, a photodiode
converts light into electrical impulses.
(ii) Passive: Passive sensors require an external mechanism to power them up. The
sensed properties are modulated with the sensor’s inherent characteristics to
generate patterns in the output of the sensor. For example, a thermistor’s resistance
can be detected by applying voltage difference across it or passing a current through
it.

26
Output: The output of a sensor helps in deciding the additional components to be
integrated with an IoT node or system. Typically, almost all modern-day processors
are digital; digital sensors can be directly integrated to the processors.
The integration of analog sensors to these digital processors or IoT nodes requires
additional interfacing mechanisms such as analog to digital converters (ADC),
voltage level converters, and others.
Sensors are broadly divided into two types based on the type of output.
(i) Analog: Analog sensors generate an output signal or voltage, which is
proportional (linearly or non-linearly) to the quantity being measured and is
continuous in time and amplitude.
Physical quantities such as temperature, speed, pressure, displacement, strain, and
others are all continuous and categorized as analog quantities
Example: thermometer or a thermocouple can be used for measuring the
temperature of a liquid (e.g., in household water heaters). These sensors
continuously respond to changes in the temperature of the liquid.
(ii) Digital: These sensors generate the output of discrete time digital
representation (time, or amplitude, or both) of a quantity being measured, in the
form of output signals or voltages.
Typically, binary output signals in the form of a logic 1 or a logic 0 for ON or OFF,
respectively are associated with digital sensors.
The generated discrete (non-continuous) values may be output as a single “bit”
(serial transmission), eight of which combine to produce a single “byte” output
(parallel transmission) in digital sensors.

• Measured Property: The property of the environment being measured by the

sensors can be crucial in deciding the number of sensors in an IoT implementation.
Some properties to be measured do not show high spatial variations and can be
quantified only based on temporal variations in the measured property, such as
ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and others. Whereas some properties
to be measured show high spatial as well as temporal variations such as sound,
image, and others.
Depending on the properties to be measured, sensors can be of two types.
(i) Scalar: Scalar sensors produce an output proportional to the magnitude of the
quantity being measured. The output is in the form of a signal or voltage.
Examples of such measurable physical quantities include color, pressure,
temperature, strain, and others.
(ii) Vector: Vector sensors are affected by the magnitude as well as the direction
and/or orientation of the property they are measuring.
For example, an electronic gyroscope, which is commonly found in all modern
aircraft, is used for detecting the changes in orientation of the gyroscope with
respect to the Earth’s orientation along all three axes.

27
 Fig 4.5 Various Sensing Systems
Sensor Characteristics
Sensors can be characterized by their ability to sense the phenomenon based on
the following three
Sensor Resolution: The smallest change in the measurable quantity that a
sensor can detect is referred to as the resolution of a sensor. For digital sensors,
the smallest change in the digital output that the sensor
is capable of quantifying is its sensor resolution. The more the resolution of a
sensor, the more accurate is the precision. A sensor’s accuracy does not depend
upon its resolution.
For example, a temperature sensor A can detect up to 0.5 ◦ C changes in
temperature; whereas another sensor B can detect up to 0.25◦ C changes in
temperature. Therefore, the resolution of sensor B is higher than the resolution of
sensor A.
Sensor Accuracy: The accuracy of a sensor is the ability of that sensor to
measure the environment of a system as close to its true measure as possible
For example, a weight sensor detects the weight of a 100 kg mass as 99.98 kg.
We can say that this sensor is 99.98% accurate, with an error rate of ±0.02%

28
Sensor Precision: The principle of repeatability governs the precision of a sensor.
Only if, upon multiple repetitions, the sensor is found to have the same error rate,
can it be deemed as highly precise.
For example, consider if the same weight sensor described earlier reports
measurements of 98.28 kg, 100.34 kg, and 101.11 kg upon three repeat
measurements for a mass of actual weight of 100 kg. Hence, the sensor precision is
not deemed high because of significant variations in the temporal measurements for
the same object under the same conditions. Note: The more the resolution of a
sensor, the more accurate is the precision. A sensor’s accuracy does not depend
upon its resolution.

Sensing Types
Sensing can be broadly divided into four different categories based on the nature of
the environment being
sensed and the physical sensors being used to do so (Figure 5.4):
1) scalar sensing:
2) multimedia sensing
3) hybrid sensing
4) virtual sensing
1) Scalar sensing: Scalar sensing encompasses the sensing of features that can be
quantified simply by measuring changes in the amplitude of the measured values
with respect to time. Example ambient temperature, current, atmospheric pressure,
rainfall, light, humidity, flux The sensors used for measuring these scalar quantities
are referred to as scalar sensors, and the act is known as scalar sensing. Refer
Figure 4.6 for example of scalar sensors. A simple scalar temperature
sensing of a fire detection event is shown in Figure

Fig 4.6 Simple Sensing System

29
Multimedia Sensing: Multimedia sensing encompasses the sensing of features that have a
spatial variance property associated with the property of temporal variance. They are used
for capturing the changes in amplitude of a quantifiable property concerning space (spatial)
as well as time (temporal).
Example images, direction, flow, speed, acceleration, sound, force, mass, energy, and
momentum have both directions as well as a magnitude. They might have different values
in different directions for the same working condition at the same time. The sensors used
for measuring these quantities are known as vector sensors.
Figures 4.6(a) and 4.6(c) are vector sensors. A simple camera-based multimedia sensing
using surveillance as an example is shown in Figure 4.6(b)

Hybrid Sensing: The act of using scalar as well as multimedia sensing at the same time is
referred to as hybrid sensing. In sensors it is necessary to measure vector as well as scalar
properties of an environment at the same time.
For example, in an agricultural field, it is required to measure the soil conditions at regular
intervals of time to determine plant health. Sensors such as soil moisture and soil
temperature are deployed underground to estimate the soil’s water retention capacity and
the moisture being held by the soil at any instant of time. However, this setup only
determines whether the plant is getting enough water or not.
There may be a host of other factors besides water availability, which may affect a plant’s
health. The additional inclusion of a camera sensor with the plant may be able to determine
the actual condition of a plant by additionally determining the color of leaves. The aggregate
information from soil moisture, soil temperature, and the camera sensor will be able to
collectively determine a plant’s health at any instant of time. Other examples are smart
parking systems, traffic management systems. Figure 4.6(c) shows an example of hybrid
sensing, where a camera and a temperature sensor are collectively used to detect and
confirm forest fires during wildlife monitoring.

Virtual Sensing: in agriculture domain, there is a need for very dense and large-scale
deployment of sensor nodes spread over a large area for monitoring of parameters like
measuring the soil moisture, soil temperature, and water level.
For example, if the data from A’s field is digitized using an IoT infrastructure and this
system advises him regarding the appropriate watering, fertilizer, and pesticide regimen for
his crops, this advisory can also be used by B for maintaining his crops. In short, A ’s
sensors are being used for actual measurement of parameters; whereas virtual data (which
does not have actual physical sensors but uses extrapolation_x0002_based measurements)
is being used for advising B. This is the virtual sensing paradigm. Figure 4.6(d) shows an
example of virtual sensing.

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Types of IoT Sensors: Temperature, humidity, proximity.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed industries by creating a network of

interconnected devices that communicate seamlessly. From wearable health trackers to
complex industrial systems, IoT technology uses sensors, software, and connectivity to
automate processes, enhance experiences, and improve efficiency. At the core of this
ecosystem are IoT sensors—critical components that gather data, enabling devices to
function intelligently. In the following sections, we’ll explore what IoT sensors are,
different types, and real-world examples of how they power connected devices.

What are IoT Sensors?

➢ IoT sensors are hardware components that detect changes in an environment and
collect data, forming the bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
➢ They can measure variables like temperature, pressure, motion, and more, sharing
information across networks to allow devices to interact and respond effectively.
➢ By gathering real-time data, these sensors enable predictive maintenance, automation,
and data-driven insights, making them essential to IoT solutions.

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There are many different types of sensors, and they come in different shapes and sizes. Here
are 14 of the most common types and uses of sensors.

Temperature sensors
A temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of an object or an environment. It
works by detecting changes in physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, or current) that
change with temperature.
•Common Types:
• Thermocouples: Measure temperature using the voltage difference between two
different metals.
• RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors): Use the change in resistance of a material
(typically platinum) with temperature.
• Thermistors: A type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature.
• Infrared Sensors: Measure the infrared radiation emitted by an object to infer its
temperature.
•Applications:
• Home automation (e.g., smart thermostats).
• Industrial monitoring (e.g., machines or ovens).
• Healthcare (e.g., body temperature monitoring).

Fig 4.7 Types of Temperature Sensors

Fig 4.8 IOT based Sensor

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MEMS Thermal Sensor measures the surface temperature of items without contacting
them when the thermopile component ingests the measure of energy from the object.
sensors can distinguish human presence by detecting changes in human internal heat
level regarding the encompassing temperature.
sensors can identify protests by pinpointing the objective article temperature.
sensors measure temperature without the need to genuinely contact the item.
This permits estimating temperature where it was impractical for contact warm sensors
because of space deficiency.
The sensors can be utilized in a wide scope of uses including FEMS (Factory Energy
Management System).
Applications
Energy
•Solar PV systems
•Ground and air source heat siphons
•Smart meters
•Submetering
•DC the board
Building Motorization and Security
•Lighting
•Ventilation and temperature control
•Safety and security
•Lifts
Home Devices
•Gas and electric boilers
•Domestic devices

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2.Types of IoT Sensors : Humidity Sensor
Humidity sensors, also known as hygrometers, are essential in IoT systems for
monitoring the moisture content in the air.
These sensors play a crucial role in maintaining optimal environmental conditions in
various applications such as smart homes, agriculture, weather stations, and industrial
settings.

There are several types of humidity sensors used in IoT, each with unique
characteristics and applications.

1.Capacitive Humidity Sensors: These sensors detect humidity by measuring the

change in capacitance between two electrodes as the moisture content in the air
changes. They offer high accuracy, low power consumption, and are commonly used in
HVAC systems, weather stations, and smart home devices.

2.Resistive Humidity Sensors: Resistive sensors measure the change in resistance of

a hygroscopic material as it absorbs moisture from the air. These sensors are simpler
and more cost-effective but are less accurate than capacitive sensors. They are often
used in consumer electronics and industrial applications.

3.Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors: These sensors work by measuring the

change in thermal conductivity of the air as moisture levels vary. They are highly
accurate and are typically used in gas flow monitoring and industrial environments.

4.Gravimetric Humidity Sensors: These sensors measure the change in weight of a

material that absorbs moisture. Though very accurate, they are slower in response and
typically used in laboratory and industrial applications.

Each type of sensor is chosen based on the required accuracy, response time, and
application environment.

Fig 4.7 Humidity Sensors

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Humidity sensors are essential components in many IoT applications for monitoring and
controlling environmental conditions. These sensors measure the amount of moisture or
water vapor in the air. They are widely used in smart homes, agriculture, weather
stations, HVAC systems, and industrial environments to maintain optimal conditions.
Here are the types of humidity sensors commonly used in IoT applications:

1. Capacitive Humidity Sensors

•Working Principle: Capacitive humidity sensors work by measuring the change in
capacitance between two electrodes when the humidity in the air changes. The
electrodes are usually coated with a hygroscopic (moisture-absorbing) material that
causes the dielectric constant to vary as the moisture content in the air changes.
•Features:
• Sensitive to a wide range of humidity.
• Accurate and reliable over a long period.
• Low power consumption, making them ideal for battery-powered IoT
devices.
•Applications:
• HVAC systems.
• Weather stations.
• Agriculture (for greenhouse management).

2. Resistive Humidity Sensors

•Working Principle: Resistive humidity sensors measure the change in resistance of a
hygroscopic material (often a polymer) as it absorbs or releases moisture. As the
humidity increases, the resistance of the material decreases, and vice versa.
•Features:
• Simple and cost-effective.
• Suitable for applications where moderate accuracy is sufficient.
• Less sensitive at very high or very low humidity levels.
•Applications:
• Consumer electronics (e.g., weather apps, indoor air quality monitoring).
• Industrial humidity control.

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 3. Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors
• Working Principle: These sensors measure the thermal conductivity of the
air, which changes with humidity levels. Since water vapor has different
thermal conductivity compared to dry air, the sensor detects these changes
to determine the humidity.
• Features:
• High accuracy at both low and high humidity levels.
• Typically used for measuring humidity in gases.
• Can be more expensive than capacitive or resistive sensors.
•Applications:
• Industrial applications such as gas flow monitoring.
• Laboratory environments.
• Environmental monitoring.
4. Gravimetric Humidity Sensors
•Working Principle: Gravimetric humidity sensors measure the change in weight of a
material as it absorbs or releases moisture from the surrounding air. These sensors are
often made of a porous material that changes its weight when the moisture content in
the air changes.
•Features:
• Very accurate but usually slow to respond.
• Used in more precise applications.
• Expensive compared to other types of humidity sensors.
•Applications:
• Specialized industrial processes where high precision is needed.
• Laboratory humidity control.
5. Optical Humidity Sensors
•Working Principle: Optical humidity sensors use a hygroscopic material that changes its
optical properties (such as refractive index or absorption) in response to changes in
humidity. These changes can be detected using light sensors.
•Features:
• Non-contact, which makes them useful for specific applications.
• Can be sensitive and provide accurate measurements over time.
• Applications:
• Precision manufacturing (e.g., electronics assembly).
• High-end environmental monitoring.

36
6. Inductive Humidity Sensors
•Working Principle: Inductive humidity sensors operate by detecting changes in the
inductance of a coil when moisture in the air affects the dielectric properties around the
sensor.
•Features:
• Can be used in harsh or hazardous environments.
• Suitable for high-temperature applications.
•Applications:
• Industrial settings with high temperatures.
• Aerospace and automotive industries.

•Working
•Sensor Type •Accuracy •Applications
Principle
•HVAC, weather
•Measures change
•Capacitive •High accuracy stations,
in capacitance.
agriculture
•Consumer
•Measures change •Moderate
•Resistive electronics,
in resistance. accuracy
industry
•Measures change
•Thermal •Gas flow
in thermal •High accuracy
Conductivity monitoring, labs
conductivity.
•Measures change
in weight of a •Very high •Industrial
•Gravimetric
hygroscopic accuracy processes, labs
material.
•Precision
•Measures change
manufacturing,
•Optical in optical •High accuracy
environmental
properties.
monitoring
•High-temperature
•Measures change
•Inductive •High accuracy industries,
in inductance.
aerospace

37
Types of IoT Proximity Sensors
Proximity sensors are vital components in IoT systems for detecting the presence or
absence of objects within a specific range without making physical contact. These
sensors are widely used in automation, security, robotics, and vehicle systems. Below are
the key types of proximity sensors used in IoT applications:
1. Inductive Proximity Sensors
Working Principle: Inductive sensors detect metallic objects by measuring changes in
inductance when a metal object enters their electromagnetic field.
•Features:
• Reliable for detecting metal objects.
• Immune to dust, dirt, and other environmental factors.
• High durability and long lifespan.
•Applications: Industrial automation, manufacturing lines, robotics, vehicle detection.

2. Capacitive Proximity Sensors

•Working Principle: Capacitive sensors detect changes in capacitance when an object
(metallic or non-metallic) enters the sensor's field.
•Features:
• Can detect both metallic and non-metallic objects.
• Sensitive to changes in environmental conditions.
•Applications: Touch-sensitive applications, liquid level detection, plastic and glass object
detection.
3. Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors
•Working Principle: Ultrasonic sensors emit high-frequency sound waves and measure
the time taken for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object. This allows for
measuring the distance to the object.
•Features:
• Can measure distances over longer ranges.
• Not affected by object color or transparency.
•Applications: Object detection, distance measurement, parking sensors, robotic
navigation.
4. Infrared (IR) Proximity Sensors
•Working Principle: IR proximity sensors use infrared light to detect objects. They emit
an infrared beam and detect its reflection when an object interrupts the beam.
•Features: Cost-effective and simple to implement.
• Limited range and affected by ambient light conditions.
•Applications: Motion detection, gesture recognition, presence sensing.

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3. Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors
•Working Principle: Ultrasonic sensors emit high-frequency sound waves and measure
the time taken for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object. This allows for
measuring the distance to the object.
•Features:
• Can measure distances over longer ranges.
• Not affected by object color or transparency.
•Applications: Object detection, distance measurement, parking sensors, robotic
navigation.

4. Infrared (IR) Proximity Sensors

•Working Principle: IR proximity sensors use infrared light to detect objects. They emit
an infrared beam and detect its reflection when an object interrupts the beam.
•Features:
• Cost-effective and simple to implement.
• Limited range and affected by ambient light conditions.
•Applications: Motion detection, gesture recognition, presence sensing.

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5. Laser Proximity Sensors
•Working Principle: Laser sensors use laser beams to detect the distance between the
sensor and an object by measuring the reflection time of the beam.
•Features:
• High precision and long-range detection.
• Suitable for fine measurements.
•Applications: High-precision object detection, robotic systems, automotive applications.

Summary:
•Inductive sensors are best for detecting metal objects in industrial settings.
•Capacitive sensors can detect both metal and non-metal objects and are widely used in
manufacturing and safety systems.
•Ultrasonic sensors are ideal for distance measurement and navigation in robotics.
•IR sensors are cost-effective for detecting motion and presence.
•Laser sensors offer high accuracy and are used in precise applications like robotic vision
and automotive safety systems.
These proximity sensors play a critical role in IoT devices, enabling smarter automation
and interaction with the environment.

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Actuators
An actuator can be considered as a machine or system’s component that can affect the
movement or control of the system. Control systems affect changes to the environment or
property they are controlling through actuators. The system activates the actuator through
a control signal, which may be digital or analog. The response from the actuator, which is
in the form of some form of mechanical motion. The control system of an actuator can be a
mechanical or electronic system, a software-based system (e.g., an autonomous car control
system), a human, or any other input.
Figure 4.8 shows the outline of a simple actuation system. A remote user sends commands
to a processor. The processor instructs a motor controlled robotic arm to perform the
commanded tasks accordingly. The processor is primarily responsible for converting the
human commands into sequential machine-language command sequences, which enables
the robot to move. The robotic arm finally moves the designated boxes, which was its
assigned task.

Fig 4.8 Simple Actuator Mechanism

Actuator Types
The actuators can be divided into seven classes:
1) Hydraulic 2) pneumatic 3) electrical
4) thermal/magnetic 5) mechanical 6) soft
7) shape memory polymers.
Figure 4.9 shows some of the commonly used actuators in IoT applications.

Fig 4.9 commonly used actuators in IoT applications.

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Hydraulic actuators: A hydraulic actuator works on the principle of compression and
decompression of fluids. These actuators facilitate mechanical tasks such as lifting loads
through the use of hydraulic power derived from fluids in cylinders or fluid motors. The
mechanical motion applied to a hydraulic actuator is converted to either linear, rotary, or
oscillatory motion.
Pneumatic actuators: A pneumatic actuator works on the principle of compression and
decompression of gases. These actuators use a vacuum or compressed air at high pressure
and convert it into either linear or rotary motion. Pneumatic rack and pinion actuators are
commonly used for valve controls of water pipes. Pneumatic actuators are considered as
compliant systems.

Electric actuators: They are used to power an electric actuator by generating mechanical
torque. This generated torque is translated into the motion of a motor’s shaft or for

witching. For example, actuating equipment’s such as solenoid valves control the flow of
water in pipes in response to electrical signals. This class of actuators is considered one of
the cheapest, cleanest and speedy actuator types available. Figures 4.9(a) to 4.9(j) shows
some of the commonly used electrical actuators.

Thermal or magnetic actuators: The use of thermal or magnetic energy is used for
powering this class of actuators. These actuators have a very high power density and are
typically compact, lightweight, and economical. Example of thermal actuators is shape
memory materials (SMMs) such as shape memory alloys (SMAs).
These actuators do not require electricity for actuation. They are not affected by vibration
and can work with liquid or gases.
Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are a type of magnetic actuators.

Mechanical actuators: In mechanical actuation, the rotary motion of the actuator is

converted into linear motion to execute some movement. The use of gears, rails, pulleys,
chains, and other devices are necessary for these actuators to operate. These actuators
can be easily used in conjunction with pneumatic, hydraulic, or electrical actuators. They
can also work in a standalone mode.
For example, of a mechanical actuator is a rack and pinion mechanism. Figures show
some of the commonly available mechanical actuators.

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The hydroelectric generator shown in Figures 4.9(g) and 4.9(h) convert the water-
flow induced rotary motion of a turbine into electrical energy. Similarly, the
mechanical switches shown in Figures 4.9 (k) and 4.9(l) uses the mechanical motion
of the switch to switch on or off an electrical circuit.
Soft actuators: Soft actuators (e.g., polymer-based) consists of elastomeric
polymers that are used as embedded fixtures in flexible materials such as cloth,
paper, fiber, particles. The conversion of molecular level microscopic changes into
tangible macroscopic deformations is the primary working principle of this class of
actuators.

Shape memory polymers (SMP): SMP are considered as smart materials that
respond to some external stimulus by changing their shape, and then revert to their
original shape once the affecting stimulus is removed. Features such as high strain
recovery, biocompatibility, low density, and biodegradability characterize these
materials. SMP-based actuators function similar to our muscles. Modern-day SMPs
have been designed to respond to a wide range of stimuli such as pH changes, heat
differentials, light intensity, and frequency changes, magnetic changes

Actuator Characteristics

1) Weight: The physical weight of actuators limits its application scope. For example,
the use of heavier actuators is generally preferred for industrial applications and
applications requiring no mobility of the IoT deployment.
In contrast, lightweight actuators typically find common usage in portable systems in
vehicles, drones, and home IoT applications.

2) Power Rating: This helps in deciding the nature of the application with which an
actuator can be associated. The power rating defines the minimum and maximum
operating power an actuator can safely withstand without damage to itself.

3) Torque to Weight Ratio: The ratio of torque to the weight of the moving part of
an instrument/device is referred to as its torque/weight ratio. This indicates the
sensitivity of the actuator. Higher is the weight of the moving part; lower will be its
torque to weight ratio for a given power.

4) Stiffness and Compliance: The resistance of a material against deformation is

known as its stiffness, whereas compliance of a material is the opposite of stiffness.
Stiffness can be directly related to the modulus of elasticity of that material.

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2 Actuators in IoT: Motors, Servos, and Solenoids
Actuators are essential components in the Internet of Things (IoT) systems, converting
electrical signals into physical actions. In IoT, actuators enable devices to interact with
the physical world, performing tasks such as moving, positioning, or controlling the flow
of materials. Motors, servos, and solenoids are common types of actuators used in
various IoT applications, from robotics to automation systems.

How Are Actuators Used in IoT? IoT actuators are mechanical or electromechanical
devices that turn energy into motion. They combine electrical signals with energy
sources, ultimately manipulating the physical world around them. Actuators can open
doors, close windows, raise blinds, or move objects to their intended positions. But how
do IoT actuators work and what are the applications of actuators in IoT? That’s a
several-step process:

✓ IoT sensors gather the data and send it to the IoT controller.
✓ The controller transmits the electrical signal to the actuator.
✓ The actuator interprets this signal and translates it into a physical movement.

The process sounds pretty straightforward. But is it that simple? Keep reading to learn
more about the actuators’ specifics and their interconnection with IoT sensors.

Fig 4.10 Actuating System

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Difference Between Sensors and Actuators in IoT?

In simple terms, actuators create movement while sensors observe the environment.
Whether measuring temperature, detecting motion, or capturing light levels, sensor
technology is the IoT solution’s eyes and ears. Actuators, in turn, make physical actions
based on sensor input and subsequent controlled commands.
Here are the main distinctions between IoT sensors and actuators:

•Electrical signalling. Actuators use heat or motion energy to perform actions. Meanwhile,
sensors rely on electrical signals to monitor environmental conditions.

•Conversion direction. Actuators turn electrical signals into physical actions. In turn,
sensors transform physical characteristics into electrical signals.

•Inputs and outputs. Actuators follow machine outputs, while sensors capture
environmental inputs.

1. Motors
•Working Principle: Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. They consist
of a rotor (moving part) and a stator (stationary part). When current flows through the
motor windings, it creates a magnetic field that causes the rotor to spin.
•Types:
• DC Motors: Direct current motors are widely used due to their simple design
and ease of control.
• Stepper Motors: These motors move in discrete steps and are ideal for precise
positioning, such as in 3D printers or CNC machines.
• AC Motors: Alternating current motors are used for high-power applications
and continuous operation.
•Applications:
• Robotics: Motor-driven robots for automated tasks.
• Smart Homes: Actuating window blinds or automated doors.
• Automated Manufacturing: Conveyor belts, robotic arms, and other
mechanical movements.

Fig.4.11 Motor-driven robots

45
2. Servos
•Working Principle: A servo is a small, self-contained motor that includes feedback
control to achieve precise angular position control. It uses a position sensor to ensure
accurate positioning.
•Types:
• Standard Servos: Limited to a specific range of motion (typically 0-180
degrees).
• Continuous Rotation Servos: Can rotate continuously but lack positional
feedback.
•Components:
• Motor: Provides motion.
• Feedback Mechanism: Often a potentiometer to measure the angular position.
• Control Circuitry: Compares the input control signal with the feedback and
adjusts the motor's position accordingly.
•Applications:
• Robotics: Actuating joints, hands, or limbs of robotic systems.
• Drones: Control surfaces for stabilization and control.
• IoT Projects: Automatic door locks, camera positioning, or other precise
movements.

Fig.4.12. Servo in IOT

46
3. Solenoids
•Working Principle: A solenoid is an electromechanical device that converts electrical
energy into linear motion. When current passes through a coil of wire (solenoid coil), it
creates a magnetic field that pulls or pushes a plunger (metallic rod) inside the coil.
•Types:
• Linear Solenoids: Provide linear motion (push or pull).
• Rotary Solenoids: Provide rotary motion, though less common than linear
solenoids.
•Applications:
• Locking Mechanisms: Used in smart locks or electronic door systems to
control access.
• Valves: Used in fluid or gas flow control systems, such as in smart irrigation or
HVAC systems.
• Actuators: Used in automated machinery for pushing or pulling mechanisms.

Fig.4.13 Solenoid

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4.4 IoT Protocols
Protocol Standardization for IoT:
IoT communication protocols are modes of communication that protect and ensure
optimum security to the data being exchanged between connected devices. The IoT
devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet Protocol) network.
However, devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect locally. In
these cases, there’s a difference in power, range, and memory used. Connection through
IP networks are comparatively complex, requiring increased memory and power from the
IoT devices while the range is not a problem. On the other hand, non-IP networks
demand comparatively less power and memory but have a range limitation. As far as the
IoT communication protocols or technologies are concerned, a mix of both IP and non-IP
networks can be considered depending on usage.
4.4.1 Types of IoT Protocols: IoT protocols and standards can be broadly classified
into two separate categories.
4.4.1.1 IoT Network Protocols: IoT network protocols are used to connect devices
over the network. These are the set of communication protocols typically used over the
Internet. Using IoT network protocols, end-to-end data communication within the scope
of the network is allowed. Following are the various IoT Network protocols.

▪ HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol):

HyperText Transfer Protocol is the best example of IoT network protocol. This protocol
has formed the foundation of data communication over the web. It is the most common
protocol that is used for IoT devices when there is a lot of data to be published.
However, the HTTP protocol is not preferred because of its cost, battery-life, energy
saving, and more constraints. Additive manufacturing/3D printing is one of the use cases
of the HTTP protocol. It enables computers to connect 3D printers in the network and
print three-dimensional objects and pre-determined process prototypes.

● LoRaWan (Long Range Wide Area Network):

It is a long-range low power protocol that provides signal detection below the noise
level. LoRaWan connects battery operated things wirelessly to the Internet in either
private or global networks. This communication protocol is mainly used by smart cities,
where there are millions of devices that function with less power and memory. Smart
street lighting is the practical use case of LoRaWan IoT protocol.
The street lights can be connected to a LoRa gateway using this protocol. The gateway,
in turn, connects to the cloud application that controls the intensity of light bulbs
automatically based on the ambient lighting, which helps in reducing the power
consumption during day-times.

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4
9
● Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is one of the most widely used protocols for short-range communication. It is a
standard IoT protocol for wireless data transmission. This communication protocol is
secure and perfect for short-range, low-power, low-cost, and wireless transmission
between electronic devices.
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) is a low-energy version of Bluetooth protocol that reduces
the power consumption and plays an important role in connecting IoT devices. Bluetooth
protocol is mostly used in smart wearables, smartphones, and other mobile devices,
where small fragments of data can be exchanged without high power and memory.
Offering ease of usage, Bluetooth tops the list of IoT device connectivity protocols.

● ZigBee:
ZigBee is an IoT protocol that allows smart objects to work together. It is commonly used
in home automation. More famous for industrial settings, ZigBee is used with apps that
support low-rate data transfer between short distances.
Street lighting and electric meters in urban areas, which provides low power
consumption, use the ZigBee communication protocol. It is also used with security
systems and in smart homes.

4.4.1.2 IoT Data Protocols:

IoT data protocols are used to connect low power IoT devices. These protocols provide
point-to-point communication with the hardware at the user side without any Internet
connection. Connectivity in IoT data protocols is through a wired or a cellular network.
Some of the IoT data protocols are:

● Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT):

One of the most preferred protocols for IoT devices, MQTT collects data from various
electronic devices and supports remote device monitoring. It is a subscribe/publish
protocol that runs over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which means it supports
event-driven message exchange through wireless networks.

MQTT is mainly used in devices which are economical and requires less power and
memory. For instance, fire detectors, car sensors, smart watches, and apps for text-
based messaging.

● Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP):

CoAP is an internet-utility protocol for restricted gadgets. Using this protocol, the client
can send a request to the server and the server can send back the response to the client
in HTTP. For light-weight implementation, it makes use of UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
and reduces space usage.

The protocol uses binary data format EXL (Efficient XML Interchanges). CoAP protocol is
used mainly in automation, mobiles, and microcontrollers. The protocol sends a request
to the application endpoints such as appliances at homes and sends back the response of
services and resources in the application.
● Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP): AMQP is a software layer
protocol for message-oriented middleware environment that provides routing and
queuing. It is used for reliable point-to-point connection and supports the seamless
and secure exchange of data between the connected devices and the cloud. AMQP
consists of three separate components namely Exchange, Message Queue, and
Binding.
All these three components ensure a secure and successful exchange and storage of
messages. It also helps in establishing the relationship of one message with the
other. AMQP protocol is mainly used in the banking industry. Whenever a message is
sent by a server, the protocol tracks the message until each message is delivered to
the intended users/destinations without failure.

● Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication Protocol:

It is an open industry protocol built to provide remote application management of
IoT devices. M2M communication protocols are cost-effective and use public
networks. It creates an environment where two machines communicate and
exchange data.
This protocol supports the self-monitoring of machines and allows the systems to
adapt according to the changing environment. M2M communication protocols are
used for smart homes, automated vehicle authentication, vending machines, and ATM
machines.
● Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP):
The XMPP is uniquely designed. It uses a push mechanism to exchange messages in
real-time. XMPP is flexible and can integrate with the changes seamlessly. Developed
using open XML (Extensible Markup Language), XMPP works as a presence indicator
showing the availability status of the servers or devices transmitting or receiving
messages.
Other than the instant messaging apps such as Google Talk and WhatsApp, XMPP is
also used in online gaming, news websites, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
4.4.2. Issues with IoT Standardization
● Platform: This part includes the form and design of the products (UI/UX),
analytics tools used to deal with the massive volume of data streaming from all
products in a secure way, and scalability which means that wide adoption of protocols
like IPv6 in all vertical and horizontal markets is needed.

● Business Model: The bottom line is a big motivation for starting, investing in, and
operating any business; without a sound and solid business model for IoT we will
have another bubble , this model must satisfy all the requirements for all kinds of e-
commerce; vertical markets, horizontal markets and consumer markets. But this
category is always a victim of regulatory and legal scrutiny.

● Killer Applications: In this category there are three functions needed to have
killer applications: control "things", collect "data", and analyze "data". IoT needs killer
applications to drive the business model using a unified platform.
● Security: IoT encompasses everything from wireless communications, sensors,
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) to Machine-to-Machine (M2M). However, the
IoT industry is still unregulated, which has led to wider security and privacy
implications. The ease with which IoT devices can be hacked, packet data sniffed and
unsecured firmware can be modified, is alarming. Attacks are heterogeneous in
nature and can occur at every layer of IoT’s protocol stack. We need to have
regulation, robust security mechanisms and stricter controls over authentication of
devices that are connected to the Internet
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5
1

● Governance: Effective governance within the IoT industry is an important

consideration. Due to IoT’s entry into almost every industry, malicious back-door
passage led by vulnerable devices may not be immediately apparent, but it opens up
new avenues of cyber attack on a much larger scale. Governance on an international
level, such as rules, processes, procedures, audits, accountability and coherence are
also currently non-existent in the IoT domain, due to the absence of general
legislation in the IoT industry.
Such levels of legislation at an industry, national and international level can be
extremely helpful in aiding the organisations with improved efficiency and reliability of
systems, as well as reduce the possibility of future errors. The involvement of
heterogeneous technologies and the broad range of services used to support IoT, an
effective governance plan is harder to achieve, but not impossible.

● Connectivity: Connecting billions of devices or things is a major challenge.

Connectivity impacts the scale of business, profit margin, and societal impact of the
operation. Though cloud-based deployments rule the IoT world, edge-based
deployments are picking up due to (i) low latency, (ii) ease of deployment, (iii) better
security and privacy, and (iv) high data aggregation.

● Interoperability: The IoT is growing in various directions, and different

technologies are playing different roles. Today, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Zigbee, Long-
Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), Low-Power Wide Area Network
(LPWAN), Bluetooth, etc., are some of the major communication technologies rule the
IoT world.
Seamless connectivity with different devices operating in different technologies is a
major challenge. Interoperation at higher layers of the network protocol stack
involving semantics, and domain-specific operations is another challenge.

IoT analytics: The basic nature of the IoT is to obtain and to act on information.
Therefore, IoT analytics play a major role. For practical deployment, placing the
analytics platform in the IoT architecture is the major issue.
Since information is generated or gathered at the devices and is communicated to the
cloud with/without the support of edge, decision has to be taken such that parts of the
analytics platform have to be deployed in appropriate places of the framework, i.e.
whether at edge/fog or at the cloud. Factors such as delay, regulatory issues, cost,
scale and ease of operation, etc., play significant roles on this.

Business or return on investment (RoI): Deployment decision can impact the

vertical, horizontal, and consumer markets of IoT industry while struggling with the
regulatory and legal aspects of the society. Based on the deployment usage and client
base, IoT can be divided into (i) consumer IoT, which impacts the mass (like wellness,
education, etc.) and the governance in the society; (ii) industrial IoT, which governs
the communication framework of Industry 3.0 or Industry 4.0 scenarios; and (iii)
commercial IoT, which includes retail and warehouse inventory controls, device
tracking, health services, and so on.
5
2
● Societal: Societal challenges also play a major role in IoT deployment as IoT has to
satisfy the customer, developer, and regulator needs of the society. This includes the
mode of usage, the energy consumption, environmental impact, societal impact, etc.
M2M: Machine-to-Machine Communications M2M stands for Machine to Machine
communication.
It is a direct communication system between the devices using wired or wireless
communications channels without any human interaction. It collects the data and
shares it with other connected devices. It is a technology that allows devices without
the use of the internet to connect between devices.
Various applications, such as defense, monitoring and tracking, production and facility
management, are provided by M2M communications. M2M technology may be present
in offices, shopping malls, houses, and many other places. A common example of a
machine to machine is controlling electrical devices like fans and bulbs using Bluetooth
from the smartphone. Here, the smartphone and electrical devices are the two
interacting devices with each other.

Key applications are :

● Connecting machines to other machines -e.g. Remote Production Environment
● Connecting machines to service centers — e.g. reporting maintenance issues M2M
protocols are well-defined architecture consisting of communication parameters and
paradigm to exchange the data or information over the network.
Each protocol defines the packet size, rules of communication, security over a network,
communication requirements and other properties of the M2M network so that it will
help to connect low powered, lossy devices to the world of the Internet. The structured
communication scenario with system tools and processing devices at the various level of
communication in IoT comprising M2M concept is well shown in the Figure

Figure 4.14 M2M

5
3
4.5 IEEE 802.15.4
is a low-cost, low-data-rate wireless access technology for devices that are operated or
work on batteries. This describes how low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-
WPANs) function. 802.15.4e for industrial applications and 802.15.4g for the smart
utility networks (SUN). The 802.15.4e improves the old standard by introducing
mechanisms such as time slotted access, multichannel communication and channel
hopping.
IEEE 802.15.4e introduces the following general functional enhancements:
1.Low Energy (LE): This mechanism is intended for applications that can trade
latency for energy efficiency. It allows a node to operate with a very low duty cycle.
2. Information Elements (IE) It is an extensible mechanism to exchange
information at the MAC sublayer.
3. Enhanced Beacons (EB): Enhanced Beacons are an extension of the 802.15.4
beacon frames and provide a greater flexibility. They allow to create application-
specific frames.
4. Multipurpose Frame: This mechanism provides a flexible frame format that can
address a number of MAC operations. It is based on IEs.
5. MAC Performance Metric: It is a mechanism to provide appropriate feedback on
the channel quality to the networking and upper layers, so that appropriate decision
can be taken.
6. Fast Association (FastA) :The 802.15.4 association procedure introduces a
significant delay in order to save energy. For time-critical application latency has
priority over energy efficiency.
IEEE 802.15.4e defines five new MAC behavior modes.
1.Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH): It targets application domains such as
industrial automation and process control, providing support for multi-hop and
multichannel communications, through a TDMA approach.
2. Deterministic and Synchronous Multi-channel Extension (DSME): It is
aimed to support both industrial and commercial applications.
3. Low Latency Deterministic Network (LLDN): Designed for single-hop and
single channel networks
4. Radio Frequency Identification Blink (BLINK): It is intended for application
domains such as item/people identification, location and tracking.
5. Asynchronous multi-channel adaptation (AMCA): It is targeted to application
domains where large deployments are required, such as smart utility networks,
infrastructure monitoring networks, and process control networks.
Properties:
Standardization and alliances: It specifies low-data-rate PHY and MAC layer
requirements for wireless personal area networks (WPAN). IEEE 802.15.
Protocol Stacks include:
● ZigBee: ZigBee is a Personal Area Network task group with a low rate task group 4.
It is a technology of home networking. ZigBee is a technological standard created for
controlling and sensing the network. As we know that ZigBee is the Personal Area
network of task group 4 so it is based on IEEE 802.15.4 and is created by Zigbee
Alliance.
● 6LoWPAN: The 6LoWPAN system is used for a variety of applications including
wireless sensor networks. This form of wireless sensor network sends data as packets
and uses IPv6 – providing the basis for the name – IPv6 over Low power Wireless
Personal Area Networks.
5
4

● ZigBee IP: Zigbee is a standards-based wireless technology that was developed for
low-cost and low-power wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things
(IoT) networks.
● ISA100.11a: It is a mesh network that provides secure wireless communication to
process control.
● Wireless HART: It is also a wireless sensor network technology, that makes use of
time-synchronized and self-organizing architecture.
● Thread: Thread is an IPv6-based networking protocol for low-power Internet of
Things devices in IEEE 802.15. 4-2006 wireless mesh network. Thread is independent

2. Physical Layer:

This standard enables a wide range of PHY options in ISM bands, ranging from 2.4 GHz
to sub-GHz frequencies. IEEE 802.15.4 enables data transmission speeds of 20 kilobits
per second, 40 kilobits per second, 100 kilobits per second, and 250 kilobits per second.
The fundamental structure assumes a 10-meter range and a data rate of 250 kilobits
per second. To further reduce power usage, even lower data rates are possible. IEEE
802.15.4 regulates the RF transceiver and channel selection, and even some energy
and signal management features, at the physical layer.
Based on the frequency range and data performance needed, there are now six PHYs
specified. Four of them employ frequency hopping techniques known as Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). Both PHY data service and management service
share a single packet structure so that they can maintain a common simple interface
with MAC.
3. MAC layer:

The MAC layer provides links to the PHY channel by determining that devices In the
same region will share the assigned frequencies. The scheduling and routing of data
packets are also managed at this layer.
The 802.15.4 MAC layer is responsible for a number of functions like:
● Beaconing for devices that operate as controllers in a network.
● used to associate and dissociate PANs with the help of devices.
● The safety of the device.
● Consistent communication between two MAC devices that are in a peer-to-peer
relationship. Several established frame types are used by the MAC layer to accomplish
these functions.

In 802.15.4, there are four different types of MAC frames:

● frame of data
● Frame for a beacon
● Frame of acknowledgement
● Frame for MAC commands
4. Topology:
Networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 can be developed in a star, peer-to-peer, or mesh
topology. Mesh networks connect a large number of nodes. This enables nodes that
would otherwise be out of range to interact with each other to use intermediate nodes to
relay data.

5. Security:
For data security, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard employs the Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) with a 128-bit key length as the basic encryption technique. Activating
such security measures for 802.15.4 significantly alters the frame format and uses a few
of the payloads. The very first phase in activating AES encryption is to use the Security
Enabled field in the Frame Control part of the 802.15.4 header. For safety, this field is a
single bit which is assigned to 1. When this bit is set, by taking certain bytes from its
Payload field, a field known as the Auxiliary Security Header is formed following the
Source Address field.

6. Competitive Technologies:
The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers serve as a basis for a variety of networking
profiles that operate in different IoT access scenarios. DASH7 is a competing radio
technology with distinct PHY and MAC layers.

Fig 4.15 IEEE 802.15.4

55
Advantages of IEEE 802.15.4:
IEEE 802.15.4 has the following advantages:
❖ cheap cost
❖ Long battery life,
❖ Quick installation
❖ simple
❖ extensible protocol stack

Disadvantages of IEEE 802.15.4:

❖ IEEE 802.15.4’s drawbacks include:
❖ IEEE 802.15.4 causes interference and multipath fading.
❖ doesn’t employ a frequency-hopping approach.
❖ unbounded latency
❖ interference susceptibility

Applications of IEEE 802.15.4:

Wireless sensor networks in the industry
❖ Building and home automation
❖ Remote controllers and interacting toys
❖ Automotive networks

56
LoRa
LoRa is a long-range and lower-power wireless communication system providing
attractive features that are critical for application in Industrial IoT.
“LoRa® is the physical layer or the wireless modulation utilized to create the long-range
communication link… It is based on chirp spread spectrum modulation, which maintains
the same low power characteristics as FSK modulation but significantly increases the
communication range… LR is the first low-cost implementation for commercial usage.“
Generally, IoT has many technological solutions to transfer data over a network,
including LR, NB-IoT, WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and sub-1GHz. But in most cases, long
transmission distance and energy conservation can be barely guaranteed simultaneously
in wireless communication network systems, because more energy is always needed for
longer transmission distance.

LoRa and LoRaWAN are the same things, as these two have similar names and are often
used together. But the fact is they have distinctive concepts.
4.6 LoRaWAN
LoRa is based on a chirp spread spectrum modulation that supports an ultra-long
distance wireless transmission,LoRaWAN is a set of communication protocols and system
architecture designed for LoRa long-distance communication network. In other words,
LR is a radio frequency carrier signal based in the physical (PHY) layer that converts the
data it receives to signals. And LoRaWAN is a protocol located in the Media Access
Control (MAC) layer that promotes the LR signals to wider applications. As well, LR is
one of the most commonly used LPWAN, especially in the application of IoT corporations
and devices.

Fig 4.16 LoRaWAN Architecture

57
LoRaWAN network architecture
LoRaWAN architecture contains four major parts: end nodes, gateway, network server,
and application server. Star topology is adopted between gateways and end nodes, and a
single wireless hop is applied to communicate between these two devices. After gathering
data, end nodes are able to send messages to multiple gateways at the same time by
using LR Radio Frequency (RF). Cellular, WiFi, and or Ethernet Backhaul then help forward
the received information in gateways to the network server, the last part which is eligible
to finalize the uploading of the packets to the application servers.

Fig 4.17 LoRaWAN Architecture

“LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the
network while the LR® physical layer enables the long-range communication link.“
LoRaWAN is an LPWAN standard based on an open-source MAC layer protocol brought out
by LR Alliance. It is able to provide local, nationwide, or global network to the battery-
powered wireless devices. LoRaWAN specifically focuses on the core demand of IoT,
including secure bidirectional communication, accessible mobility, and location
identification, etc. Its design has an extreme-easy-to-use mindset, which enables IoT
users and developers to develop and deploy the technology flexibly and rapidly.
With great reliability and practicality, LoRaWAN has widespread network deployment as
there are more than a hundred LoRaWAN network operators around the world.
Star Topology in LoRaWAN
As we mentioned above, LoRaWAN architecture presents as a star topology. Compared
with Mesh topology, Star topology can do a better job in maintaining long battery life while
enforcing the range of communication.

58
•In Star topology structures, messages are transmitted from end nodes to the central
servers by using gateways. Gateways act as transparent bridges and only bi-directionally
convert the information it receives. Each end node concurrently sends data to multiple
gateways and then gateways retransmit data to the network server.
•Star topology has three obvious advantages:
•Ensures the reliability of LoRaWAN: no data collision will occur because all devices are
asynchronous. When one fails to work properly, the other can still send data to the
central server.
•No need for additional communication between gateways, as end nodes can send data to
multiple gateways instead.
•Energy-saving: compared with mesh topology (with large communication range but has
weak network capacity and short battery lifetime), star topology maximizes both the
battery lifespan and the long-distance connectivity.
•End Nodes
•LoRaWAN classifies three types of LR end nodes that serve distinctive requirements and
cover almost all kinds of IoT applications. What is LoRaWAN introduces that “The device
classes trade off network downlink communication latency versus battery lifetime.” The
below chart form shows details of three classes of LR end nodes which can give you a
better understanding of the difference of features and the application of the three types
of end nodes:
•Application of LoRa technology
•Because of its great reliability and outstanding performance, LoRa and LoRaWAN assist
more IoT products to contribute to the establishment of smart agriculture, smart cities,
and smart industry in recent years

59
4.7 Cloud for IOT

IoT cloud platforms combine the capabilities of IoT devices with cloud
computing to provide an end-to-end service. Other names for them are Cloud Service IoT
Platform. Nowadays, when billions of devices are connected to the Internet, we see an
expanding opportunity to tap massive data generated from these devices and process it
efficiently through various apps. IoT devices have several sensors linked to the cloud, often
via gateways. Multiple IoT Cloud Platforms are available on the market today, provided by
various service providers and hosting a diverse range of applications. These can also be
expanded to services that use powerful machine learning algorithms for predictive analysis,
such as disaster prevention and recovery planning, which use data from edge devices.

Features of IoT Cloud Platform

An IoT cloud platform can be created on top of generic clouds from Microsoft, Amazon, and
Google, or IBM. Network operators AT&T, Vodafone, and Verizon, may offer their IoT
platforms that emphasize network connectivity. Vertically integrated platforms could be
developed for specific industries such as oil and gas, logistics and transportation, etc.
Device makers such as Samsung (ARTIK Cloud) have their own IoT cloud platforms.

Connectivity and network administration, device management, data collecting, processing

analysis and visualization, application enablement, integration, and storage are all common
aspects. The cloud for IoT can be used in three ways: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), or Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) are all terms for cloud
computing (SaaS). PaaS examples include GE Predix, Honeywell Sentience, Siemens
MindSphere, Cumulocity, Bosch IoT, and Carriots. PaaS allows developers to deploy,
configure, and manage their apps. The prefix is developed on the Microsoft Azure platform
(PaaS). Similarly, MindSphere is built on SAP Cloud (PaaS). Siemens' Industrial Machinery
Catalyst on the Cloud is an example of SaaS, which is a ready-to-use app that requires very
little maintenance.

60
Various Cloud IoT Platforms

Thingworx 8 IoT Platform

Thingworx is a major IoT platform for industrial organizations that enables device
connectivity. It allows for the experience of today's connected world. Thingworx 8 is a
smarter, quicker, and easier platform that allows you to design, distribute, and enhance
industrial projects and apps.

PTC Thingworx is an IoT platform designed for enterprise app development. It includes
fundamental features such as:

• Simple interconnection with electronic equipment such as sensors and RFIDs

• Once you've completed the setup, you'll be able to work remotely.
• Pre-built widgets for the dashboard
• Remove the project's complexity.
• Machine learning that is integrated

Advantages:
• Customers might benefit from simple web page designs.
• Devices that are simple to manage
• Solutions for simple connectivity

Disadvantages:
• Difficult to utilize with C# custom programs.
• Complex systems are difficult to handle.
• The inability to deploy the edge application on a customized platform.

Amazon Web Services IoT Platform

Amazon has a monopoly on the consumer cloud market. Back in 2004, they were the first
to commercialize cloud computing truly. Since then, they've made significant investments in
innovation and feature development, and they now have the most comprehensive set of
tools that are accessible. It's a massively scalable platform that claims to be capable of
supporting billions of devices and trillions of interactions between them. AWS IoT charges
are dependent on the basis of the number of messages delivered and received. Each IoT
transaction can be viewed as a message exchanged between a device and a server.
Amazon charges a fee based on the number of messages transmitted or received between
the endpoints.

Amazon has made it easier for developers to acquire data from sensors and Internet-
connected devices. They assist you in collecting and sending data to the cloud and
analyzing that data to provide the capacity to manage devices.

Even if the gadgets are not connected to the Internet, you can easily communicate with
them.

The following are the primary characteristics of the AWS IoT platform:

• Device administration
• Device security gateway
• Encryption and authentication
• Shadow of a device 61
Advantages:

• Excellent integration with the Laas product.

• Over the period of the last six years, the price has decreased.
• Open and adaptable

Disadvantages:

• AWS has a steep learning curve.

• Three outages have occurred in the last two years.
• It is not safe to host important enterprise applications on this server.

Microsoft Azure IoT Suite

Microsoft Azure offers a variety of services for developing IoT solutions. It boosts your
profitability and productivity by utilizing pre-built connected solutions. It examines untapped
data to help businesses transform. This provides answers for a tiny Proof of Concept (PoC)
for rolling out your ideas. Azure Suite can easily analyze and act on new data. It takes its
cloud services for the Internet of Things very seriously. They offer services such as cloud
storage, machine learning, and Internet of Things (IoT) services and have even created
their operating system for IoT devices. This implies that they aspire to become a full-
service provider of IoT solutions. Pricing is divided into four tiers based on the amount of
IoT data generated by your devices. Less than 8,000 SMS per unit per day are free. Things
start getting a little more complicated when you start integrating with other Microsoft
services, but they have a great cost calculator to help you out. Like Amazon, Google,
Oracle, and IBM, Microsoft has several more fascinating services that you can use on their
cloud platforms. These include machine learning data analytics, allowing you to create
some genuinely cutting-edge apps.

Azure IoT Suite includes capabilities such as:

• Simple Device Registration.

• Integration with SAP, Salesforce, Oracle, WebSphere, and other systems is extensive.
• Visualization and dashboards
• Streaming in real-time

Advantages:

• Provides third-party services

• Scalable and secure
• High level of availability

Disadvantages:

• Management is required.
• Expensive
• There is no bug support.

62
Google Cloud’s IoT Platform
Google, the search engine titan, also takes the Internet of Things very seriously. They claim
that the "Google Cloud IoT Platform is the perfect place to launch IoT initiatives, using
Google's heritage of web-scale computing, analytics, and machine intelligence.“ Google's
platform is one of the greatest we have right now. Google offers a complete platform for
Internet-of-Things solutions. It makes it simple to connect, store, and manage IoT data.
This platform assists us in growing our business.

Their primary goal is to make things quick and straightforward. Google Cloud pricing is
done per minute, which is less expensive than competing platforms.

Google Cloud's IoT platform includes the following features:

• It offers a lot of storage
• Reduces server maintenance costs by utilizing a completely secure, intelligent, and
responsive IoT data platform.
• Scalable and efficient
• Examine large amounts of data

Advantages:
• The most rapid input/output
• Access time is reduced.
• Integrates with other Google services.

Disadvantage:
• Most of the components are Google technologies, with only a few programming
languages available.

IBM Watson IoT Platform

IBM is yet another IT giant attempting to establish itself as an IoT platform authority. They
are trying to make their cloud services as user-friendly as possible by using simple apps and
interfaces.
IBM Watson is a sophisticated platform supported by IBM's Bluemix and hybrid cloud PaaS
(platform as a service) development platforms. They make IoT services more accessible to
beginners by providing simple sample apps and interfaces. Because you can quickly try out
their sample to see how it works, it distinguishes itself from other platforms.

The following functionalities are available to users:

• Data exchange in real-time
• Secure communication
• Cognitive systems
• Data sensor and weather data service was recently added.

Advantages:
• Utilize untapped data
• Handle massive amounts of data and
• Improve customer service

Disadvantages:
A lot of upkeep is required.
Allow enough time for Watson integration.
Switching costs are high. 63
Salesforce IoT Cloud
Salesforce is a company that is specialized in customer relationship management. Thunder
is focused on high-speed, real-time decision-making in the cloud, which powers the
Salesforce IoT cloud platform. The goal is to develop more meaningful encounters with
customers. Their simple point-and-click interface is intended to link you with your clients
successfully.

Salesforce IoT Cloud's key features include:

• Improved data collecting

• Enhanced customer involvement
• Event processing in real-time
• Improvements in technology

Advantages:
• Increase the number of connecting devices and messages to billions.
• Simple user interface designs for connecting with customers.

Disadvantages:
• Liability for security
• Flexibility constraints

Cisco IoT Cloud Connect

Cisco Internet of Things accelerates digital transformation and data-driven actions. Cisco
IoT Cloud Connect is a cloud-based mobile suite. It provides solutions for mobile operators
to create an outstanding IoT experience. It allows you to deploy your devices in a variety of
ways. Popular Cisco IoT Cloud Connect use cases include home security, healthcare,
predictive maintenance, payment solutions, etc.

The Cisco Cloud Connect's key feature is:

• Connectivity for data and voice

• Report on device and IP session
• The billing system is adaptable.
• Options for flexible deployment

Advantages:

• Operational savings are driven by data that reduce inventory, downtime, and time to
market.
• It has increased the ability to support company evolution based on a dependable,
transparent technology foundation compatible with future technology releases.
• New revenue streams and business opportunities
• Risk is reduced due to a more holistic, easily managed security approach to both physical
and cyber risks.
• Through informed prioritization, you can make faster and better decisions.

Disadvantages:
Complex systems are difficult to handle.
The inability to deploy the edge application on a customized platform.
64
Thingspeak IoT Platform
Thingspeak is an open-source platform for collecting and storing sensor data in the cloud. It
includes an app for analyzing and visualizing data in Matlab. Sensor data can be sent via
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Beaglebone. You can save data in a different channel.

Thingspeak has the following characteristics:

• Data should be collected using private means.

• App integration Event planning
• Analytics and visualization in MATLAB

Advantages:

• Channel hosting is provided for free.

• Simple visualization
• Added new functionality to Ruby, Node.js, and Python.

Disadvantages:

• API data posting is restricted.

• ThingSpeak API can be complex for newcomers.

Amazon Web Services for IoT.

65
Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides a comprehensive suite of services and tools to
support Internet of Things (IoT) applications and solutions. AWS IoT services are designed
to simplify the development and management of IoT devices and the data generated by
these devices. Here's an overview of AWS offerings for IoT:

AWS IoT Core:

Description: AWS IoT Core is the central service for IoT in the AWS ecosystem. It facilitates
device connectivity, data ingestion, and secure communication between devices and the
cloud.
Key Features:
Device Registry: Manages device metadata and device identity.
Device Shadow: Provides a virtual representation of each device, allowing you to query and
update device state.
Rules Engine: Routes and processes data from devices to AWS services for further
processing.
MQTT and HTTPS Support: Enables secure device communication.

AWS IoT Device Management:

Description: This service helps manage IoT devices throughout their lifecycle, from
provisioning to maintenance and retirement.
Key Features:
Onboard and Organize Devices: Easily provision, onboard, and organize large fleets of IoT
devices.
Remote Monitoring and Control: Monitor and control devices remotely.
Firmware Updates: Manage and update device firmware securely.

AWS IoT Analytics:

Description: AWS IoT Analytics is a service for performing advanced analytics on IoT data. It
can process, enrich, store, and analyze IoT data at scale.
Key Features:
Data Piping: Ingest data from various sources, including IoT Core, and send it to analytics
services.
Enrichment: Add context to IoT data with data from other AWS services.
Integration with SageMaker: Use machine learning models for data analysis.

AWS Greengrass:
Description: AWS Greengrass extends AWS capabilities to the edge, allowing local processing
and data management on IoT devices.
Key Features:
Local Compute: Run Lambda functions and containerized applications on IoT devices.
Data Synchronization: Synchronize data with the cloud when connectivity is available.
Device Shadows: Maintain a local copy of device state.

66
AWS IoT SiteWise:
Description: AWS IoT SiteWise is an IoT data management service that makes it easy to
collect, store, organize, and analyze data from industrial equipment at scale.
Key Features:
Industrial Data Modeling: Create digital twins of industrial equipment to model and track
data.
Data Ingestion: Ingest data from various sources and store it for analysis.
Asset Monitoring: Monitor and visualize asset performance in real time

AWS IoT Events:

Description: AWS IoT Events helps detect and respond to events from IoT data streams in
real time.
Key Features:
Event Detection: Define event patterns and detect anomalies in IoT data.
Real-Time Alerts: Trigger actions, like sending notifications or invoking AWS services, based
on detected events.

AWS IoT Things Graph:

Description: AWS IoT Things Graph simplifies the development of IoT applications by
providing a visual drag-and-drop interface for connecting devices and services.
Key Features:
Visual Development: Create IoT applications using a visual interface.
Device Abstraction: Simplify device connectivity by abstracting device details.

AWS IoT FleetWise:

Description: AWS IoT FleetWise is designed for monitoring and managing connected
vehicles at scale, enabling fleet operators to track vehicle health and performance.
Key Features:
Vehicle Telemetry: Collect and analyze data from connected vehicles.
Predictive Maintenance: Use data for predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring.

AWS IoT Device Defender:

Description: AWS IoT Device Defender helps secure IoT fleets by continuously monitoring
device behavior and alerting on anomalies.
Key Features:
Continuous Monitoring: Monitor device behavior for security issues.
Anomaly Detection: Detect and respond to security threats and vulnerabilities.

AWS IoT 1-Click:

Description: AWS IoT 1-Click simplifies the deployment of IoT devices and makes it easy to
trigger AWS Lambda functions.
Key Features:
Easy Deployment: Easily deploy IoT devices with one click.
Lambda Integration: Trigger serverless functions in response to device events

67
68
Video Links
Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT

S.No Topic Video Link

1 Introduction to IOT –part 1 https://youtu.be/WUYAjxnwjU4?si=7B4T

QT_tNnAWZIui
2 Introduction to IOT –part 2 https://youtu.be/BXDxYh1EV2w?si=VOF
8OyAcCQorhxc6
3 Basics of IOT Networking-Part 1 https://youtu.be/fByKuk2VmJc?si=tJlpa
RQ1s9Wiks0F

4 Basics of IOT Networking-Part 2 https://youtu.be/qko-

f1VDhCM?si=dmWW5X7V5gfoCq76
5 Basics of IOT Networking-Part 3 https://youtu.be/nyUZn93Lr-
o?si=otyePrjS0pDLLYLd

6 Domain Specific IoTs-Smart Cities https://youtu.be/JZiX3ou2-

wo?si=pVD1qqoEwELmGNNv

7 Machine To Machine https://youtu.be/OlEF6GSeaKg?si=2sl5i

Communication 8hlY37r8FWy
 6.4 Assignment

Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT

S.No Question K-Level CO

1 Describe a smart home IoT use case. Discuss the K4 CO5

devices and sensors involved, their interactions, and
how they enhance convenience and security for
homeowners.
2 Choose a healthcare-related IoT use case, such as K4 CO5
remote patient monitoring. Describe the devices and
data collected, and analyze the impact on patient care
and healthcare costs.
3 Provide descriptive information regarding the domain K4 CO5
specific IOTs. Assume the application entitled “smart
parking system” under smart cities domain
4 Explore how to build a sensor and actuator systems K4 CO5
for practical applications in
agricultural and mechanical systems.
5 Investigates topics on fundamental and applications of K4 CO5
several different types of sensors
and actuators that are widely utilized in Industrial and
agricultural systems.

69
 6.5 Part A Q & A
Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT

S.No Question and Answers CO K

1 What is the Internet Of Things (IoT)? CO5 k1

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or
people called “things” that are embedded with software,
electronics, network, and sensors that allow these objects to
collect and exchange data. The goal of IoT is to extend to
internet connectivity from standard devices like computer,
mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
2 What are the characteristics of IoT? CO5 k1
Dynamic and self-Adapting
Self – Configuring
Interoperable communication protocols
Unique Identity
Integrated into information network
3 List the communication protocols for I/O interface CO5 K2
UART
I2C
SPI
CAN
4 What is UART? CO5 K1
UART stands for "Universal Asynchronous Receiver-
Transmitter." It is a type of communication protocol used for
serial communication between two devices. UART is
commonly found in microcontrollers, embedded systems, and
various electronic devices to facilitate the exchange of data.
UART communication involves two main components:
Receiver (Rx): This is the part of the device that receives
incoming data.
Transmitter (Tx): This is the part of the device that sends
out data.
5 Name the layers available in the physical design of CO5 K1
IOT
Link Layer
Network layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

70
S.N Question and Answers CO K
o
6 What is IEEE 802.11? Mention its types CO5 K1
IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards that define the specifications
for wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, commonly
known as Wi-Fi. The IEEE 802.11 standards provide the
framework for wireless communication, allowing devices to
connect to networks and the internet without the need for
physical cables.
The Types are,
IEEE 802.11 a, IEEE 802.11 b, IEEE 802.11 c and IEEE 802.11 g
7 What is LR-WPAN? Mention its standard and example CO5 K1
LR-WPAN is Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network(LR-
WPAN). LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 k b/ s.
These standards provide low cost and low speed
Communications for power constrained devices.
the standard is IEEE 802.15.4
Example: Zigbee
8 Differentiate IPV4 and IPV6 CO5 K2
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol
version 6) are two generations of the Internet Protocol that
facilitate communication and data transmission over the internet.
Here are the key differences between IPv4 and IPv6:
Address Length:
IPv4: Uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for approximately 4.3
billion unique addresses.
IPv6: Uses 128-bit addresses, providing an enormous address
space with approximately 340 undecillion unique addresses
(that's 3.4 x 10^38 addresses).
9 Mention the usage of 6LOWPAN CO5 K2
6LoWPAN stands for "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal
Area Networks." It is a communication protocol that allows IPv6
packets to be transmitted over low-power wireless networks,
specifically targeting small devices with limited processing power
and energy resources. 6LoWPAN enables these devices to
participate in the Internet of Things (IoT) by providing them
with a way to connect to larger networks, such as the internet,
using IPv6.
10 Mention the purpose of COAP in Application Layer CO5 K2
CoAP stands for "Constrained Application Protocol." It is a
lightweight application layer protocol designed for
communication between devices in constrained environments,
particularly in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). CoAP
is designed to work efficiently in resource-constrained devices
and networks with low bandwidth, such as those powered by
batteries or operating in environments with limited processing
capabilities

71
S.No Question and Answers CO K

11 Compare the functionalities of TCP and UDP CO5 K2

TCP UDP
Connection Oriented Connection Less Protocol
protocol
Reliable data delivery It does not guarantee
reliable data delivery
It is commonly used in Web It is used for real time
browsing, Email and FTP streaming , Voice over IP
and Online game
It includes Flow control It doesn't includes flow
control
12 Explore the functions of MQTT CO5 K2
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a
lightweight communication protocol commonly used in the
Internet of Things (IoT) and other applications where
efficient, low-bandwidth communication is essential. It was
designed with the goal of enabling devices to communicate
over unreliable networks with limited resources, making it
particularly well-suited for IoT scenarios.
13 Sketch the Logical Design of IOT CO5 K1

14 What are all the three communication models in IoT? CO5 K1

Request response
Publish - Subscribe
Push pull
Exclusive pair
15 Brief about Web Socket based communication CO5 K1
API
WebSocket is a communication protocol that provides
full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP
connection. It allows for interactive and real-time
communication between a client (usually a web
browser) and a server, making it well-suited for
applications that require continuous data exchange,
such as online gaming, messaging platforms,
collaborative tools, and real-time data visualization.
72
Q.No Questions CO K
Level

16. What is the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and where is it CO5 K1

commonly used in IoT?
IEEE 802.15.4 is a low-power wireless communication
standard commonly used in IoT for short-range device-to-
device communication, such as Zigbee.

17. Name a widely used open-source IoT protocol for CO5 K2

industrial automation and explain its purpose.
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a widely
used open-source protocol that facilitates efficient and
reliable messaging between IoT devices and servers in
industrial automation.
18. What is the advantages of Microsoft Azure IoT Suite? CO5 K1

Provides third-party services

Scalable and secure
High level of availability
19. Write the characteristics of Thingspeak IoT Platform. CO5 K2

➢ Data should be collected using private means.

➢ App integration Event planning
➢ Analytics and visualization in MATLAB
20. What is AWS greengrass? CO5 K1

Description: AWS Greengrass extends AWS capabilities to the

edge, allowing local processing and data management on IoT
devices. Key Features:
Local Compute: Run Lambda functions and containerized
applications on IoT devices. Data Synchronization: Synchronize
data with the cloud when connectivity is available. Device
Shadows: Maintain a local copy of device state.

73
 6.6 Part B Questions
Q. Questions K CO
Level
No

1 What are the key components, technologies, and applications of K2 CO5

the Internet of Things (IoT), and how do they collectively enable

seamless communication, data processing, and automation in real-
world scenarios?

2 What is the Internet of Things (IoT), and how does it revolutionize K2 CO5

the way we interact with devices, systems, and our environment

by enabling connectivity, automation, and data-driven decision-
making across various industries?

3 How do communication protocols and standards affect the design K1 CO5

and operation of connected devices in an IoT ecosystem?

4 How does user-centered design impact the development of K2 CO5

connected devices, and why is it important to consider user

experience in IoT solutions?

5 What are the core design principles for creating connected K1 CO5

devices, and how do these principles ensure functionality,

reliability, and security?

6 What are the key types of sensors used in IoT applications, and K2 CO5

how do they contribute to data collection and monitoring?

7 What are the emerging trends in sensor technology and actuator K2 CO5

development for next-generation IoT solutions?

8 What are the key IoT protocols, and how do they facilitate K1 CO5

communication between devices in an IoT ecosystem?

9 How does IEEE 802.15.4 compare to other wireless standards in K3 CO5

terms of performance, range, and power consumption?

10 How do LoRaWAN's architecture and frequency bands contribute CO5
K3
to its effectiveness in IoT applications?

11 K2 CO5
How do cloud services facilitate data storage, processing, and
analytics for IoT devices?

74
6.7 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

Sl.No Name of the Name of the Course Website Link

Institute
https://www.coursera.org/learn
1. Coursera Software Architecture for the
/iot-software-architecture
Internet of Things
https://www.coursera.org/learn
2. Coursera Architecting Smart IoT
/iot-architecture
Devices
https://www.edx.org/learn/com
3. edx IoT System Architecture:
puter-programming/waseda-
Design and Evaluation university-iot-system-
architecture-design-and-
evaluation-2
https://www.udemy.com/course
4. Udemy Fundamentals of IoT
/fundamentals-of-iot-systems/
5. Udemy https://www.udemy.com/course
Practical IoT Concepts-
/practical-iot-devices-protocols-
Devices, IoT Protocols & servers/
Servers

75
6.8 Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

Unit IV - Embedded Devices for IOT

S.No Applications in Day to Day Applications in Industry

life

1 Smart Thermostats Remote Patient Monitoring:

2 Smart Lighting IoT-enabled Medical Equipment

3 Smart Security Systems Smart Parking Systems

4 Voice Assistants Predictive Maintenance

5 Fitness Trackers Supply Chain Management

6 Smart watches Automation and Robotics

76
 6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus
Various Types of Senosrs
In daily life, it has become our habit to implement various types of sensors frequently in
the power systems comprising of load control systems, electrical and electronics
appliances, and industrial and home automation. All types of sensors are further divided
into analog and digital sensors.

However, there are few types of sensors that are used in electronic applications such as
pressure sensors, touch sensors, IR sensors, ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors,
proximity sensors, and so on.

Temperature Sensors:

Temperature is the commonly measured environmental quantity for various reasons.

There are different types of temperature sensors that are used for measuring
temperature such as thermistors, resistance temperature detectors, thermocouples,
semiconductor temperature sensors, and so on.

On the basis of requirements, various types of sensors are used for the purpose of
measuring temperature in different applications. A simple temperature sensor with a
circuit may be used for switching the load on and off at a specific temperature.

This temperature is detected by the temperature sensor, in these cases, a thermistor is

put to use. The temperature sensor circuit comprises a thermistor, transistor, relay, and
battery. The temperature sensor activates the relay by detecting the required
temperature.

The relay switches on the load that is connected to it which can be AC or DC. This circuit
may be further utilized for the purpose of controlling the fan on the basis of temperature.
Primarily, this type of sensor may be further classified into various other types such as
digital temperature sensors, thermistors, and so on.

IR Sensors:

The small photo chips comprising of photocells that are used for detecting and emitting
infrared light are termed IR sensors. These sensors are most commonly used for the
purpose of designing remote-control technology.

These sensors may be used for detecting various obstacles of the robotic vehicle and
controlling the direction of the same. There are different types of sensors that might be
used for the detection of infrared lights.

A simple example of an IR sensor circuit that we use in our day-to-day life is a TV remote
control. It comprises IR receiver circuits and IR emitter circuits that may be designed.
The IR emitter circuit is used as a remote by the user for the purpose of emitting
infrared light.

77
This infrared light is transmitted or sent to the IR receiver circuit which interfaces to the devices
such as IR remote-controlled robots or a TV. These sensors are further used for designing
television remote controls.

A TV remote is an example of a simple IR sensor-based electronics project which is used for the
purpose of controlling a robotic vehicle in remote areas by using IR or TV remote. This type of
TV remote is being utilized for sending commands to the robotic vehicle.

Ultrasonic Sensor:

An ultrasonic sensor or transceiver is a transducer that works on the principle alike radar or sonar
and is known for estimating the attributes of the target by interpreting. These sensors are
classified as active and passive ultrasonic sensors and maybe differentiated on their working.

The active ultrasonic sensors are known for generating high-frequency sound waves that are
received back by the ultrasonic sensor for the evaluation of echo. The time interval taken for
receiving and transmitting the echo helps in the determination of the distance to an object.

However, the passive ultrasonic sensors are merely used for the detection of ultrasonic noise
whose presence can be found in specific conditions. When it comes to the practical application of
an ultrasonic sensor with a circuit, it may also be used as an ultrasonic distance sensor circuit.

Touch Sensor:

The switches that are activated by touch may be said to have touch sensors. These sensors are
classified into different types on the basis of their touch-type such as piezo touch switch,
capacitance touch switch, and resistance touch switch.

For the purpose of controlling the load, a touch-sensitive load is designed. The touch-controlled
load switch which is touch sensor principle-based comprises various blocks such as touch sensor
plate, load, relay, and power supply block.
Proximity Sensor:

The proximity sensor is a type of IoT sensor in which the existence and non-existence of the
surrounding objects are identified. After this, the detected signal is converted into a form that the
user understands.

This type of sensor is mainly applied in the retail domain where any movement is found out and
an association is present between the consumer and product. The users are provided with quick
notifications related to exclusive offers and discount updates of the products in which they are
interested.

78
 7. ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

Assessment Tools Proposed Date Actual Date

I ASSESSMENT 28.01.25

II ASSESSMENT 10.03.25

MODEL 03.04.25

79
 8. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Marilyn Wolf, ―Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computing System
Design‖, Third Edition ―Morgan Kaufmann Publisher (An imprint from Elsevier), 2012.
2. Lyla B.Das, ―Embedded Systems : An Integrated Approach‖ Pearson Education, 2013.
3. Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, ―Internet of Things – A hands-on approach‖,
Universities Press, 2015

REFERENCES:
1. Shibu, K. V., “Introduction to embedded systems”, 1st edition, Tata McGraw-Hill

Education, 2009.

2. Vahid, Frank, and Tony D. Givargis. “Embedded system design: a unified

hardware/software introduction”, 1st edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

3. Zhu Y., “Embedded Systems with ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers in Assembly Language

and C”, E-Man Press, 2014.

4. Wolf W., “FPGA-based system design”, Pearson education, 2004 Jun 15.

5. David Etter, “IoT (Internet of Things Programming: A simple and fast way of Learning

IoT”, Kindle edition, 2016

6. Fei H.U., “Security and Privacy in Internet of Things (IoTs): Models, Algorithms, and

Implementations”, 1st Edition, CRC Press, 2016

7. Colin Walls, Embedded RTOS Design Insights and Implementation. 1st edition. Elsevier,

December 2020.

80
 9.Mini Project Suggestions

1. Vehicle Tracking by GPS – GSM

2. Automatic Railway gate controller with high speed Alert
3. Automatic Bell System for Institution
4. Using TV Remote as a Cordless Mouse for the Computer
5. Street Lights Intensity Control
6. Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for Patient
7. Smart Surveillance System Using PIR Sensor Network and GSM
8. Water Level Controller using Microcontroller
9. Street Lights that Glow on Detecting Vehicle Movement
10. Smart Surveillance System Using PIR Sensor Network and GSM

81
EX.NO: 07 Interfacing LED and switch with Rasperry-Pi / Arduino

Aim:
To interface LED and Switch with Rasperry pi & Arduino UNO.
Apparatus Required:
.

Sign Name of the Equipment Quantity

Number

1 Arduino UNO 1

2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1

3 USB Cable 1

4 LED 1

5 330Ω Resistor 1

6 Breadboard 1

7 Jumper Wires As Required

Theory:
Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a widely used standard source of light
in electrical equipment. It has a wide range of applications ranging from
your mobile phone to large advertising billboards.
Here, an LED is connected to one of Arduino’s digital pins via 330Ω resistor.
Whenever the respective pin is set HIGH, current flows via LED and hence it
glows.

82
 Circuit Diagram:

Code:
#define LED 13
void setup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

Result:
Hence, a LED is interfaced with Arduino UNO and is
made to blink successfully.

83
EX.NO:08 Interfacing a Light sensor (LDR) with
Rasperry-Pi/ AURDINO

Aim:
To interface a LDR with Arduino UNO/ Raspeery pi and write
program to turn ON the LED based on LDR value.

Apparatus Required:
Sign Name of the Equipment Quantity
Number

1 Arduino UNO 1

2 Computer with Arduino IDE 1

3 USB Cable 1

4 LDR 1

5 LED 1

6 Resistor 10 Kohm

7 Breadboard 1

8 Jumper Wires As Required

84
Theory : LDR ( light dependent resistor ) also called photoresistors are
responsive to light. Photoresistors are used to indicate the intensity or
the presence or the absence of light. When there is darkness the
resistance of photoresistor increases and when there is sufficient light
is.
decreases.A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that
emits light when an electric current is passed through it. Light is
produced when the particles that carry the current (known as electrons
and holes) combine together within the semiconductor material.
Led has two terminals : positive and negative.
Basically when there is darkness the led will glow and when there is
sufficient light led will stop glowing. This a simple circuit for of
interface Arduino uno with LDR sensor

Circuit Diagram:

85
Code:
// Interfacing Arduino uno with LDR sensor const int ledPin
= 5; // digital pin 5
const int ldrPin = A0; // analog pin 0
void setup() { // The setup() function will only run once,
after each powerup or reset of the Arduino board.
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Here LED is determined as an
output or an indicator. pinMode(ldrPin, INPUT); // Here
LDR sensor is determined as input.
}
void loop() { // Void loop is ran again and again and
contains main code. int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrPin);
if (ldrStatus <= 200) {digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // If LDR
senses darkness led pin high that means led will glow.
Serial.print("Darkness over here,turn on the LED :");
Serial.println(ldrStatus);
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // If LDR senses light led pin low
that means led will stop glowing. Serial.print("There is
sufficient light , turn off the LED : ");
Serial.println(ldrStatus);
}
}
Result:
Hence, LDR is successfully interfaced with Arduino UNO
and LED is turned ON based on LDR value.

86
 Thank you

Disclaimer:

This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of RMK Group of
Educational Institutions. If you have received this document through email in error, please notify the
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87