EE3491 - Kỹ thuật lập trình

EE3490E – Programming Techniques

Chapter 1: Introduction

Lecturer: Dr. Hoang Duc Chinh (Hoàng Đức Chính)

Department of Automation Engineering
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Email: [email protected]

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Content

1.1. Course Description

1.2. Getting started
1.3. Computer Hardware
1.4. Computer Software
1.5. Basic definitions
1.6. Overview of C/C++ languages

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 1.1. Course Description
Sensors
 Electric Machines and Drives
 Power Electronics
Microcontroller  Control Engineering
 Measurement and Instrumentation
Drivers
 Microprocessor
Sensors

Communication

 Indutrial Communication
Systems
 Logic Control and PLC
 Computer Integrated
Manufacturing Systems

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 1.1. Course Description
Sensors

 Programming Techniques
 Programming Languages
Microcontroller

Drivers

Sensors

Communication

 Programming Techniques
 Programming Languages

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Programming in Electrical & Electronic Engineering Applications

Control applications, e.g. microcontroller, computer,

programmable logic controller, distributed controller
system
Data acquisition and management
Human Machine Interface
System integration
Design and calculation software
Simulation software
Optimization
Communication protocols
…

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Aims and scopes

 This course provides fundamentals of programming techniques,

implemented with C and C++ programming languages
 Structure programming
 Object oriented programming (OOP)
 Real-time programming and typical data structure in embedded systems
 Generic programming (optional)
 You will also learn the essential knowledge, including
 memory management, pointers, preprocessor macros,
 and how to find bugs when you inevitably use any of those incorrectly.
 Why C/C++:
 Strong and popular languages, which enables programmer to implement
most important techniques
 Essential in electrical and electronic systems

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Targeted platforms

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What to expect?

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What to expect?

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What to expect?

 Solid background is important, especially

 Thinking and Methodology
 Adaptation to different applications
 Adaptation to various programming languages: Java, Python, C#,
MATLAB, etc.
 Focus on professionality in programming: effectiveness and quality
 The following topics may be mentioned but not included in
the main scope of this course:
 Low-level system programming
 Graphics programing
 I/O interface
 Database
 Communication and Networking
 Design and write programmes with weekly assignments and
an individual mini-project

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Syllabus
 Chapter 1 – Introduction 2 week*
 Chapter 2 – Basic of C & C++ 3 weeks
Assignments
 Chapter 3 – Functions & Libraries 3.5 weeks
Mini project assigned
Mid-term exams tentative schedule (Thi giữa kỳ dự kiến) Week 10th
 Chapter 4 – Data structures & Algorithms 2.5 weeks
Assignments
 Chapter 5 – Program design & efficiency 1.5 weeks
Mini project submision
 Chapter 6 & 7 – Class & Objects 1 weeks
 Chapter 8 – Class relationship 1 weeks
Assignments
 Revision 0.5 weeks
* Duration of each Chapter is tentative and can be changed slightly along the course

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Evaluations

Progress assessment: 30%

 Weekly exercises/ Quizzes (Progress scores)
 Mini project
o Up to 3 bonus points over 10 if performing very well
o -3 points if no submission or plagirsim
 Mid-term exams (written & open book but no electronic
devices)
Final exams: 70%
 Oral/Written exams (open book but no electronic devices)

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Evaluations

Mid-term and final exams are in written format with the

duration of 60 – 90 minutes, they includes
 Theoretical questions
 Evaluate program results
 Write programs to solve specific problems
Mini project:
 Good performance: bonus points
 Late submission: 0 bonus point
 NO submission: up to -3 in progress assessment
 Can be used for final exams if it is in oral format (an extra
project will be given in this case)

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Learning methodologies

Method 1: Attend lectures self-attempt read

material discussion practice
Method 2: Read material self-attempt attend
lectures discussion practice
Basic principle: Studying actively and regularly!
Do not:
 Write too much in the class
 Learn by heart
 Rely on revision only
 Learn the examples in the books/references solely
 Take pictures/videos in the class

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References

 English:
[1] Brian Kernighan B.W., Ritchie D.M., The
C Programming Language, 2nd edition,
Prentice Hall, 1998
[2] Bjarne Stroustrup, The C++
Programming Language, 4th Edition
[3] Stanley B. Lippman et. al, C++ Primer,
5th Edition
[4] Scott Meyers, Effective C++, 3rd Edition
[*] Many other books and resources
 Tiếng Việt:
[5] Phạm Văn Ất et. al., Giáo Trình Kỹ Thuật
Lập Trình C Căn Bản và Nâng Cao
[6] Phạm Văn Ất et. al., Giáo Trình C++ Và
Lập Trình Hướng Đối Tượng

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Contact

Our team:
 Assoc. Prof. Nguyễn Hồng Quang
 Dr. Hoàng Đức Chính
 Dr. Nguyễn Trí Cường
 Dr. Võ Duy Thành
Department of Automation Engineering,
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lecture notes (Slides bài giảng), assignments &
discussion: Microsoft Teams (Team code: xem QLĐT)
It is highly recommended to discuss about the course in
the offline class and the class’s Teams

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The tools

A computer: PC or Laptop or Single Board Computer

Editors: Visual Studio Code (must use in this course),
Notepads++, Emacs, Sublime, etc.
Compilers: gcc, g++
Debugger: gdb
Operating systems and Packages:
 Windows: Mingw-w64 (recommended), Cygwin
 Linux (Ubuntu) and MacOS: gcc, g++ and gdb are usually pre-
installed as default packages
An Integrated Development Environment such as Visual
Studio, Code Blocks, Dev-C++, etc. can be used but not
recommended.
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1.2 Getting started

 Windows:
 Install Visual Studio Code (VS Code)
https://code.visualstudio.com/download
 Install C++ extension for VS Code
 Download MinGW-w64 here: https://github.com/niXman/mingw-
builds-binaries/releases/download/14.2.0-rt_v12-rev1/x86_64-14.2.0-
release-posix-seh-ucrt-rt_v12-rev1.7z
 Install MinGW-w64 by extracting the above file in a folder with
simple path, e.g: C\Mingw64
 Set Mingw64\bin in Windows Environment Variables
 Linux:
 gcc or g++ may be installed by default, otherwise install it:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install build-essential gdb
 MacOS: Use Clang for compiling
 Check if Clang is install: clang --version
 Install it: xcode-select --install

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Installation

Install MinGW-w64
 Version: (choose the highest)
 Architecture: x86_64
 Threads: win32 or posix
 Exceptions: seh
 Build revision: 0
Add the path to your Mingw-w64 bin folder to the
Windows PATH environment variable

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MinGW-W64 configuration

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MinGW-W64 configuration

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MinGW-W64 configuration

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MinGW-W64 configuration

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MinGW-W64 configuration

After installing MinGW-w64, you can verify if the

installation is correct by opening a new Command
Prompt and typing:
 gcc --version
 g++ --version
 gdb --version

 Otherwise, the
code cannot be
compiled, and
you have to
reinstall/reconfig

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VSCode configuration

 Install C++ extension for VS Code

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VSCode configuration

Configuration files in VSCode project

 c_cpp_properties.json (compiler path and IntelliSense settings)
 tasks.json (build instructions)
 launch.json (debugger settings) (.json JavaScript Object
Notation (JSON) format)

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Compiler path

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Build task (tasks.json)

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Debugger configuration (launch.json)

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Start coding

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Further readings

Integrate with External Tools via Tasks:

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/tasks
Debugging:
https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/debugging
C/C++ in Windows:
https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/cpp/config-mingw
C/C++ in Linux:
https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/cpp/config-linux

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Homework 1

Install the following software packages in Windows

7/10:
 Visual Studio Code
 C++ Extension in Visual Studio Code
 Mingw64 and respected configuration
Create a new project, write a simple program (Hello
World as an example) and execute
Try to change a few argument in tasks.json and
launch.json to see what will happen

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1.3. Computer hardware

The primary function of a digital computer is to process

data input to produce results that can be better used in a
specific application environment.
.
Input .
Central Processing Devices
.

Unit (CPU) 0x634100 2024

0x634104 A
.
.
Main Memory Output .

Devices 0x634200
0x634204
.
.
Secondary Storage .

Hardware components of a computer Main memory

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 1.3 Computer hardware

Abacus, 2700 BC - present Antikythera, 150–100 BCE Pascal’s calculator, 1642

A metal rebuild of Babbage’s Difference Engine, A modern partial rebuild of

created in 1855 & used till 1930s Babbage’s Analytical Engine

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1.3 Computer hardware

Enigma machine, The Bombe, 1939

1923 - 1942

Alan Mathison Turing

(23/6/1912 – 7/6/1954)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical UNIVAC (Universal

Integrator and Computer), 1945 Automatic Computer), 1951
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1.3 Computer architecture

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1.3 Computer architecture

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit

Input Arithmetic & Logic Unit Output

Devices Devices

Memory Unit

John Von Neumann

(1903-1957) Von Neumann Architecture was proposed in 1945

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1.3 Computer architecture

ALU

Instruction Data
Control Unit
Memory Memory

I/O

Harvard Architecture

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1.4 Computer Software

Software are programs written to perform specific tasks.

All software is written in programming languages.
There are two types of programs:
 System programs control the computer.
 Application programs perform a specific task.

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 The history
“Software Crisis”
1st version of C
Structural
programming
Early
Ada Lovelace Programming
Languages 1990s Parallel &
published the 1st
Assembler, distributed computing
computer program 1st ver. of Fortran Python, Java, JavaScript

1843 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 21st cent.

Blooming era of
Stronger Internet
Computational Languages facilitate
Languages Internet applications
Cobol, Lisp, Basic including Web, IoT, Big
Data, etc.

1st modern C++ 1st introduced

computers Simplicity – Object
Machine code oriented, Functional
Programming

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Software crisis

 Software crisis included various issues when developing software

in 1960s, especially with large software system based on
conventional techniques at that time.
 Consequences:
1. Time and price increased tremendously
2. Low productivity
3. Low quality
 It resulted in appearance of Software Engineering

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What is programming?

Write a program to Write a function to

calculate factorial of calculate the
100! factorial!

Write a program to Write a program to

print the first 100 print the first N
prime numbers! prime numbers!

This is not proper This is programming!

programming!
A computer program is a collection of instructions for a
computer to perform a specific function and achieve a
particular result.
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Software vs. Program
Program Software
Definition A set of instructions that is used as a A set of programs that enables the
process of creating a software hardware to perform a specific task.
program by using programming
language.
Size smaller in size ( a few KB to ~1 larger in size ( a few Mb to Gb)
MB)
Types have no further categorization A few types: system software,
application software, etc.
Features & includes fewer features and limited has more features and
functionality functionalities. functionalities.
Development unorganized, unplanned, and well planned, organized, and
approach unprocedural systematic
Time taken takes less time to be developed requires more time to be developed

Examples video games, malware, etc. Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Reader,

Google Chrome, etc.
https://www.javatpoint.com/program-vs-software
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A good program/software

 Provide the right solution accepted by customers

 Reliability
 Proper execution
 Less errors in quantity and frequency of occurrence
 Non-severe errors
 Efficiency
 Compact programs, low memory utilization
 Fast run, low CPU usage
 Effectiveness
 Short development time
 Easy to maintain
 Highly usable
 User friendly
 Rich features

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How to program well?

 Learn the way of thinking and programming methodologies

 Mathematical thinking, logical thinking, structure thinking, OOP
thinking and generic thinking
 Exploring data structures and algorithms
 Understand the computer
 Interaction amongst CPU, Programs and Memory
 Memory management
 Mastering the programming language
 Understand the strengths and limits of the language
 Programming skill
 Self-practicing
 Understand the above aspects
 Learn from professional developers’ codes (but do not copy blindly)
 Keep practicing and be creative

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Examples

 Write a program to calculate the factorial of a positive integer

n
 The function
int factorial (int N);
 Algorithm:
 Recursive method:
if (N > 1)
return N*factorial(N-1);
return 1;

 Iterative method
int kq = 1;
while (N > 1)
kq *= N--;
return kq;

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Supreme principle

“Keep it simple :
as simple as possible,
but no simpler”
- Albert Einstein

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1.5 Basic definitions

 Programming techniques relate to algorithms/ideas to solve a

class of respected problems, e.g.: “Divide and conquer” or
“program development by stepwise refinement”
 A programming paradigm is a style, or “way,” of programming.
Some languages make it easy to write in some paradigms but not
others.
 A Programming style is a set of guidelines used to format
programming instructions. It is useful to follow a style as it makes
it easier for programmers to understand the code, maintain it, and
assists in reducing the likelihood of introducing errors.
 Programming culture
 Programming activities, usually relates to programming languages
 A combination of programming model, style and techniques
 Programming ethics as well as the way software is used
 A Programming language is basically a set of instructions which
allows to communicate commands to a computing machine. Using
a programming language we can control the behavior of a
machine and automate processes.

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Programming techniques

Programming technique: The technique is used to

implement a software solution (data structure and
algorithm) based on a methodology and one or a few
programming languages suitable with the requirements
of a specific application.


Programming technique Analysis & Design

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Programming Paradigms

Sequential programming
Structured programming
Modular programming
Object-oriented programming
Generic programming
Component-based programming
Real-time programming

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Sequential programming

The most classical method, listing sequential commands,

low abstraction
The operation flow is controlled by performing jumping
instruction, or including subroutines
Examples:
 Machine code
 ASSEMBLY
 BASIC
 IL (Instruction List), STL (Statement List)
 LD, LAD (Ladder Diagram

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Sequential programming

Example: Machine Code

 Only logic operations with 1 and 0 bits
 Used at early stage of computers
 Too complicated and impossible to deal with big problems!!!

23fc 0000 0001 0000 0040

0cb9 0000 000a 0000 0040
6e0c
06b9 0000 0001 0000 0040
60e8

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Sequential programming

Example: Calculating the factorial of a positive integer n

in Assembly
1: MOV AX, n
2: DEC n
3: CMP n,1
4: JMPI
5: MUL AX, n
6: JMP 2
7: MOV n, AX
8: RET

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Sequential programming

Strengths:
 Simple thinking
 Low-level abstraction, easy to manage resources
 May be high efficient
 Appropriate to small problems or in embedded system
Weakness:
 Difficult to read, thus easy to make mistakes
 Difficult to reuse
 Low effectiveness
 Not suitable to large-scale applications

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Structured programming

Data is structured as data types, and the programs are

also structured to avoid jumping instructions
Analysis and design with top-down approach
Implementation with bottom-up approach
Structured programming use sequential operations,
selection instruction (if then else), loop (while), and
escape (exit)
Examples:
 PASCAL, ALGO, FORTRAN, C, …
 SFC (Sequential Function Charts)
 ST (Structured Text)

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Structured programming

Example: Calculating the factorial of a positive integer n

in PASCAL

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Structured programming

Example: Student management application

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Modular programming

It is an improvement of Structured Programming. The

program is built with more strict structure, and the unit
of program structure is a module
Module:
 An independent unit which has been standardized to establish a
system
 Each module includes an interface (exposed) and an
implementation (hidden)
 The modules communicate with each other via their intefaces
Examples:
 Modula-2, based on PASCAL and designed by Niclaus Wirth in
1977

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Object-oriented programming

 It programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects",

which can contain data and code: data in the form
of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code,
in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
 3 principles:
 Data encapsulation
 Subtyping/inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Examples:
 C++, C#, Ojective-C
 Java
 Python
 MATLAB
 …

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Object-oriented programming

Example: Student management application

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Object-oriented programming

Example: Matrix calculation in MATLAB

// read the input u

// return output y

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Generic programming

Generalizing whatever possible to introduce a solution

template for a class of specific programs
Strength:
 Reduce source codes
 Increase the reusability of software
 Can be combined with other programming paradigms
 Interchangeability
Generalization approaches:
 Data types
 Basic operations
 Data structures
 Memory management, etc.

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Generic programming

Example: Mathematical structures

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Component-based programming

Software development is based on available “IC”

components or created ones
Evolved from object oriented programming
Most of Windows and Internet applications are built with
this paradigm
Examples:
 C/C++, C#
 Delphi, Visual Basic
 Script, HTML, XML, …

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Real-time programming

 Software development with real-time responsive to the

system, especially control systems in manufacturing,
robotics, unmanned vehicles, etc.
 Properties:
 Competitive programming (multi-tasking, multi-threading)
 Event driven
 Scheduling mechanism
 Synchronization
 High efficiency
 Languages: ASM, C/C++, ADA, etc
 Needs the support of
 Operating systems
 Hardware platforms
 Communication networks

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1.6 Software development process

PROBLEM ? SOLUTION REAL LIFE

Analysis Coding
Testing

ANALYSED DESIGN DESIGNED

MODEL MODEL WORLD

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1.6 Software development process

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1.6 Software development process

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Programming steps

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Waterfall model

 Requirements – defines needed

information, function, behavior,
performance and interfaces.
 Design – data structures, software
architecture, interface
representations, algorithmic
details.
 Implementation – source code,
database, user documentation,
testing.
 Deployment – installation and
operation
 Maintenance – patching and
upgrading

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Agile model

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Waterfall model vs. Agile model

Waterfall model Agile model

Client input is required only after completing each Client input is required throughout the product
phase. development.

Changes cannot be made after the completion of a

Changes can be made at any stage.
phase.

Coordination is not needed as one team starts the work Coordination among project teams is required to
after the finish of another team. ensure correctness.

It is mainly used for small project development. It is really useful in large and complex projects.

Testing can only be performed when the complete The testing part can be started before the development
product is ready. of the entire product.

It takes more time compared to Agile. It completes the project in comparatively less time.

It is quite rigid. It is more flexible.

Hardly any test plan is discussed during a cycle. After each sprint/cycle test plan is discussed.

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Developing tools / environment

IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

 Support the whole process of programming
 E.g.: MS Visual Studio, Borland C++ (Builder), Keil-C
Tools
 Editor
 Compiler
 Linker
 Loader
 Debugger
 Project manager

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Compiler

 A compiler is a computer
program that translates
computer code written in one
programming language (the
source language) into another
language (the target language).
 The name "compiler" is
primarily used for programs
that translate source code from
a high-level programming
language to a lower level
language (e.g., assembly
language, object code, or
machine code) to create an
executable program
 Example: C, C++, C#, Java,
COBOL, Go

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Interpreter

An interpreter is a computer

program that directly executes
instructions written in a
programming or scripting
language, without requiring
them previously to have been
compiled into a machine
language program
It does not generate an object
program
Example: JavaScript, Matlab,
Python, BASIC

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Design Diagrams

Flow Chart
 Flow Charts used shapes to present a
program/algorithm
o Start/End
o Process
o Decision
o Data…
 Disadvantages
o Used only for small applications
o Modification and drawing are time-consuming
o Unstructured code is difficult to maintain

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Design Diagrams – Flowchart revision

Symbols are defined in ISO 5807:1985

ANSI/ISO Shape Name

Flowline (Arrowhead)

Terminal

Decision

Input/Output

Predefined Process

Annotation (Comment)

On-page Connector

Off-page Connector

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Design Diagrams – Unified Modeling Language (UML)

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Design Diagrams – Unified Modeling Language (UML)

UML usecase diagram

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Design Diagrams – Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Class Diagram

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 80

Design Diagrams – Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Sequence Diagram

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 81

Design Diagrams – Unified Modeling Language (UML)

State (transition) diagram

Read more in Miles, R., & Hamilton, K. (2006). Learning

UML 2.0. O'Reilly Media, Inc..

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 82

Pseudo Code

Disadvantage of the graphical design method

 Time consume
 Not easy to modify
Pseudocode: a kind of structured language (English)
 Describe the operation of an algorithm
 Concentrate on the development of an algorithm
Some features
 No fixed rule or standard or style for developing
 Pseudocode uses English sentences or keywords
 Cannot be compiled
Still have guidelines to develop pseudocode
 Sequencing, Selection, Iteration

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 83

Pseudo Code

Example:

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 84

1.6 Fundamentals of C/C++ languages

 A programming languages is a way of using symbols

and rules, by which a programmer “dictates” a device.
 Syntax: the grammar and structure ofthe code
 Semantics: the meaning and logic of the code
Two types of programming language
 Low-level: assembly, machine languages
 High-level: C/C++, Python, LabView, …

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1.6 Fundamentals of C/C++ languages

A language is called a programming language only when

it is “Turing Complete”, i.e., do what UTM can do:
UTM can solve any computational problem.Make
decisions based on what it sees in memory
 Run forever
 Use infinite memory
 Has random access memory
 Simulate any other Turing machine

As a programming language can do what UTM can do

→ All programming languages can do exactly the same thing

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1.6 Fundamentals of C/C++ languages

Key features/concepts of all programming languages

 Syntax: The specific rules and structure used to write code
 Data Types: The type of values that can be stored in a program
 Variables: Named memory locations that can store values
 Operators: Symbols used to perform operations on values
 Control Structures: Statements used to control the flow of a
program
 Libraries and Frameworks: Collections of pre-written code
that can be used to perform common tasks and speed up
development
 Paradigms: The programming style or philosophy used in the
language, such as procedural, object-oriented, or functional.

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 87

Programming languages ranking

2021 2022

https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2021 https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-programming-languages-2022

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 88

Programming languages ranking

https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-top-programming-languages-2023

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 89

Programming languages ranking

https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-top-programming-languages-2023

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 90

Programming languages ranking

https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-top-programming-languages-2023

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 91

1.6 Fundamentals of C/C++ languages

C:
 At Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 for
Unix.
 K&R C (Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie) in 1978
 During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity, many C
compilers
 Standardized by the ANSI since 1989 (ANSI C - American
National Standards Institute) and by the International
Organization for Standardization.
 Newest release C18 (ISO/IEC 9899:2018)
 Next version C2x
 Embedded C Thomson,
Ritchie,
& Kernighan

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1.6 Fundamentals of C/C++ languages

C++:
 Bjarne Stroustrup’s “C with Classes” at
Bell Labs in 1979
 C++ in 1982

https://www.stroustrup.com/
 First commercial implementation in 1985
 In 1998, C++ started to be standardized as C++98 (ISO/IEC
14882:1998)

 Newest release C++17 (ISO/IEC 14882:2017)

 Next version C++20

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 93

Why C/C++

 Features:
 Close to hardware
 High efficiency
 Relatively user-friendly to developers
 Interchangeable
 International Standardization
 Strength of ANSI-C
 Popular in most of microprocessor, microcontroller, DSP
 Popular to world-wide developers
 Strength of ANSI/ISO C++:
 Object-oriented programming
 Generic programming (template)
 Mathematical programming (Data Abstraction and Operator
Overloading)

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 94

“C makes it easy to shoot
yourself in the foot;
C++ makes it harder, but
when you do it blows your
whole leg off.”
― Bjarne Stroustrup

© HĐC 2024.2 Chapter 1: Introduction 95

END OF CHAPTER 1