Unit-2(OS Installation)

What is a Software?
In a computer system, the software is basically a
set of instructions or commands that tell a
computer what to do. In other words, the software
is a computer program that provides a set of
instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell
the computer what to do.
For example like MS-Word, MS-
Excel, PowerPoint, etc.

➢ Types of Software
It is a collection of data that is given to the
computer to complete a particular task. The chart
below describes the types of software:
 ➢ System Software
System software is software that directly operates
the computer hardware and provides the basic
functionality to the users as well as to the other
software to operate smoothly. Or in other words,
system software basically controls a computer’s
internal functioning and also controls hardware
devices such as monitors, printers, and storage
devices, etc. It is like an interface between
hardware and user applications
 ➢ Application Software
Software that performs special functions or
provides functions that are much more than the
basic operation of the computer is known
as application software. Or in other words,
application software is designed to perform a
specific task for end-users. It is a product or a
program that is designed only to fulfill end-users’
requirements.

➢ OS(operating system)
➢ What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts
as an interface between computer hardware
components and the user. Every computer
system must have at least one operating system
to run other programs. Applications like
Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need
some environment to run and perform its tasks.
The OS helps you to communicate with the
computer without knowing how to speak the
computer’s language. It is not possible for the
user to use any computer or mobile device
without having an operating system.
It is also called the list of programs. It manages all
the operations of that computer.

➢
Introduction to Operating System
➢ History Of OS
• Operating systems were first developed in the
late 1950s to manage tape storage
• The General Motors Research Lab implemented
the first OS in the early 1950s for their IBM 701
• In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to
use disks
• In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS
was developed
• The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was
built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-DOS software
from a Seattle company
 • The present-day popular OS Windows first came
to existence in 1985 when a GUI was created and
paired with MS-DOS.
➢ GUI and CUI are two types of User
Interfaces. GUI stands for Graphical User
Interface while CUI stands for Character
User Interface.
➢ User Interface: The user interface comprises
everything the user can use to interact with
the computer. It is basically the means by
which the user and computer system can
interact using input and output devices.
GUI: GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.
This is a type of user interface where the user
interacts with the computer using graphics.
Graphics include icons, navigation bars, images,
etc. A mouse can be used while using this
interface to interact with the graphics. It is a
very user-friendly interface and requires no
expertise. Eg: Windows has GUI.
 Difference between GUI and CUI:
Property GUI CUI

Using Using
Interaction graphics(images, commands(only
icons) text)

Navigation Easier Difficult

Keyboard and
Peripherals
mouse(or any Keyboard only
used
pointing device)

Precision LOW HIGH

Speed LOW HIGH

Difficult,
Ease of
Easier requires
Operation
expertise

Memory
HIGH LOW
Required

Flexibility MORE Flexible LESS Flexible

Appearance
Customising Highly
cannot be
Appearance customisable
changed
Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating
System):
• Batch Operating System
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network Os
• Mobile OS
1.Batch Operating System
Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-
consuming. To speed the same process, a job with a
similar type of needs are batched together and run as
a group.
The user of a batch operating system never directly
interacts with the computer. In this type of OS, every
user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a
punch card and submit it to the computer operator.
2.Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
Time-sharing operating system enables people
located at a different terminal(shell) to use a single
computer system at the same time. The processor
time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users is
termed as time sharing.
3.Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process
and respond to inputs is very small. Examples: Military
Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the
Real time OS example.
4.Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use many processors located in
different machines to provide very fast computation
to its users.
5.Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server. It
provides the capability to serve to manage data, user,
groups, security, application, and other networking
functions.
6.Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is
especially that are designed to power smartphones,
tablets, and wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are
Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, Web,
and watchOS.

7. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of

Operating System in which more than one CPU is
used for the execution of resources. It betters the
throughput of the System.
 ➢ Functions of Operating System
Some typical operating system functions may include
managing memory, files, processes, I/O system &
devices, security, etc.
Below are the main functions of Operating System:

Functions of Operating System

In an operating system software performs each of the
function:
1. Process management: Process management
helps OS to create and delete processes. It also
provides mechanisms for synchronization and
communication among processes.
2. Memory management: Memory management
module performs the task of allocation and de-
allocation of memory space to programs in need
of this resources.
3. File management: It manages all the file-related
activities such as organization storage, retrieval,
naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management: Device management keeps
tracks of all devices. This module also responsible
for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also
performs the task of allocation and de-allocation
of the devices.
5. I/O System Management: One of the main
objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of
that hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have
several levels of storage which includes primary
storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary
storage or cache so that a running program can
reference it.
7. Security: Security module protects the data and
information of a computer system against
malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation: This module is
interpreting commands given by the and acting
system resources to process that commands.
 9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of
processors which do not share memory,
hardware devices, or a clock. The processors
communicate with one another through the
network.
10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time &
resource used by various job and users.
11. Communication management:
Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, and another software resource of
the various users of the computer systems.

Features of Operating System (OS)

Here is a list important features of OS:
• Protected and supervisor mode
• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers
Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory
Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection
Advantage of Operating System
• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating
an abstraction
• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may
execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the
computer system convenient to use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among
applications and the hardware components
• It provides the computer system resources with
easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware’s
and software’s of the system
Disadvantages of Operating System
• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the
contents which have been stored in your system
• Operating system’s software is quite expensive
for small size organization which adds burden on
them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at
any time