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(2nd Sem) Basic Calculus Reviewer

The document covers limits of functions, including definitions, examples, and theorems related to limits, continuity, and discontinuity. It explains one-sided limits, limit laws, and types of discontinuities, such as jump and removable discontinuities. Additionally, it introduces basic concepts of derivatives and differentiation rules for algebraic functions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views12 pages

(2nd Sem) Basic Calculus Reviewer

The document covers limits of functions, including definitions, examples, and theorems related to limits, continuity, and discontinuity. It explains one-sided limits, limit laws, and types of discontinuities, such as jump and removable discontinuities. Additionally, it introduces basic concepts of derivatives and differentiation rules for algebraic functions.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE1: Limit of a Function Example 1

Find the limit:


Definition lim (3x + 4)
-​ The limit of a function f(x) is the x→2

value it approaches as the value of


x approaches a certain value, “As x Solution:
approaches c, the limit of f(x) Since the function is a polynomial, we can
approaches L”. substitute x = 2:
3(2) + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10
Formula:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Thus,
𝑥→𝑐 lim (3x + 4) = 10
x→2

Additional Information Example 2


●​ Of course, on the number line, x Find the left-hand and right-hand limits:
may approach c in two ways; lim (x → 1⁻) |x - 1|
through values on its left and lim (x → 1⁺) |x - 1|
through values on its right.
●​ Remember that the values to be Solution:
chosen should be close to c. When approaching from the left (x → 1⁻),
x - 1 is negative, so |x - 1| = -(x - 1) = 1 - x.
Thus, lim (x → 1⁻) |x - 1| = 0
When approaching from the right (x →
M1S1 Limits From Tables and 1⁺), x - 1 is positive, so |x - 1| = x - 1.
Graphs
Thus, lim (x → 1⁺) |x - 1| = 0
One Sided Limits
-​ Left-hand Limit Since both left-hand and right-hand limits
If x approaches c from the left, or are equal,
lim |x - 1| = 0
through values less than c, then we x→1
write lim 𝑓(𝑥) .

𝑥→𝑐
Example 3
Evaluate:
-​ Right-hand Limit lim (x / |x|)
x→0
If x approaches c from the right, or
through values greater than c, then Solution:
we write lim 𝑓(𝑥) .
+
𝑥→𝑐
If x → 0⁻, then |x| = -x, so (x / |x|) = x / -x lim x² + 3x
= -1. x→2

If x → 0⁺, then |x| = x, so (x / |x|) = x / x =


1. Solution:
Since the left-hand and right-hand limits By the limit properties,
are different, the limit does not exist. lim (x → 2) (x² + 3x) = lim (x → 2) x² + lim
(x → 2) 3x

M1S2 Limit Laws Evaluating each limit separately:


Limit Laws/Theorems lim (x → 2) x² = (2)² = 4
-​ Constant Theorem: lim 𝑘 = 𝑘 lim (x → 2) 3x = 3(2) = 6
𝑥→𝑐
-​ The limit of 𝒙 as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 is equal to 𝒄: Adding them:
lim 𝑥 = 𝑐 4 + 6 = 10
𝑥→𝑐
-​ The Constant Multiple Theorem:
Example 3 (Multiplication Theorem)
lim 𝑘 · 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐾𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 Evaluate:
-​ Addition Theorem: lim (𝑓𝑥 + 𝑔𝑥) 𝐿 ± 𝑀 lim (x * 2x)
𝑥→𝑐 x→3
-​ Multiplication Theorem: lim (𝑓𝑥 · 𝑔𝑥) 𝐿𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓𝑥 𝐿
Solution:
-​ Division Theorem: lim 𝑔𝑥
= 𝑀
, 𝑀≠ 0 By the multiplication theorem,
𝑥→𝑐
𝑝 𝑝 lim (x → 3) (x * 2x) = (lim (x → 3) x) * (lim
-​ Power Theorem: lim (𝑓𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
(x → 3) 2x)
𝑛 𝑛
-​ Radical/Root Theorem: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 = (3) * (2(3))
-​ Substitution Theorem: Basically “L” for “C” = 3 * 6 = 18

Example 1 (Constant Theorem) Infinite Laws/Theorems


Find the limit: -​ a. If r is positive then: lim
1
𝑟 = +∞
𝑥→0
+ 𝑥
lim 7
x→5 1
lim 𝑟 If r is even then +∞
𝑥→0
− 𝑥
Solution: If r is odd then -∞
By the constant theorem,
lim 7 = 7 1
x→5 -​ b. lim 𝑛 is 0 if n is positive
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

2
Example 2 (Addition Theorem) -​ c. 𝑥 = 1𝑥1 x = 0 1 - x
Evaluate: x=01x
-​ d. Polynomials are always differentiable -​ 1. exists

Example 1 -​ 2. exists
Find:
lim (1 / x) -​ 3.
x → 0⁺

Solution: If any one or more of the above three


As x approaches 0⁺ (values close to zero conditions fail, the function is said to
but positive), (1 / x) grows infinitely large.
lim (x → 0⁺) (1 / x) = +∞ be discontinuous at a number .

Example 2 Example 1
Evaluate: Investigate the continuity of the function
lim (3 / x)
x→∞ .

Solution:
Since (3 / x) gets smaller as x → ∞, Step 1:
lim (x → ∞) (3 / x) = 0 ​

Example 3
Find: ​
lim (x³)
x → -∞ Step 2:
Solution:
For very large negative values of x, x³ ​
remains negative. ​
lim (x → -∞) x³ = -∞ ​

MODULE2: Continuity and


Discontinuity of a Function ​

M2S1 Continuity ​
Continuity
Conditions that must be satisfied to be
Step 3: Since ,
considered continuous:
then does not exist. Consider the function .
Because the second condition is not
Step 1:
satisfied, the function is discontinuous at

undefined
Example 2 Therefore, function is discontinuous at
Determine whether
is continuous at
When the function is graphed, the vertical
Step 1:
asymptote will be at .


Step 2:


Step 3:
Therefore, the function is As the value of approaches 3 from the
continuous at left, approaches negative infinity (

As the value of approaches 3 from the


M2S2 Types of Discontinuity
right, approaches positive infinity (
Asymptotic/Infinite Discontinuity
In this type of discontinuity, at least one of
the two limits is infinite. Therefore this is an asymptotic/infinite
discontinuity.
Example
Jump Discontinuity
A function has a jump discontinuity at x=a
if:
However, at exactly x=2, the denominator
becomes 0, and thus the function is
undefined there. The two-sided limits
Example exist and are equal to 4. Thus, this is a
removable discontinuity, which can be
fixed by defining explicitly f(2)=4.

Solution
Compute the left-hand limit as : MODULE3: Basic Concepts of
Derivatives

Compute the right-hand limit as : M3S1 The Derivative of a Function


and Slope of the Tangent
Line
Since the left-hand limit (3) and right-hand Delta Method
limit (5) are unequal, the function has a
jump discontinuity at x=2.

Removable Discontinuity
A removable discontinuity occurs when
the two-sided limits exist and are equal
but either the function value at that point
differs or is undefined. Derivatives
Example
Example Find the derivative of y = 3 / x-4

Solution

Solution
1.​ Factor Numerator
2.​ Evaluate limit as x→2:
M3S2 Differentiability and
Continuity
Definitions and Notations
Slope & Equation of the Tangent Line
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the
graph of the function y = x^3 - 2x + 8 at
(-2, 4). Write the equation of the tangent
line.

Solution Example
Find out if f(x) = I x-2 I is continuous and
differentiable at x = 2.

Solution
M3S3 Tangent Line and Normal
Line
Definition of Terms

Example
Find the equation of the tangent line and
normal line to the parabola y = x^2 - 5x + 3
at point (2, -3).
-​ Any constant variable will always be
equals to 0
Examples:
1.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

2.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

3.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

Power Rule
𝑛
-​ If 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a power function for
some positive integer 𝑛, then
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥
-​ Multiply the exponent to the
coefficient. Copy the variable.
Subtract 1 on the exponent to get
the new exponent.
Examples:
10
1.​ 𝑦 = 𝑥
9
𝑦' = 10𝑥
MODULE4: Differentiation Rules
3
2.​ 𝑦 = 7𝑥
M4S1 The Differentiation Rules for 3−1
Algebraic Functions 𝑦' = 3(7)𝑥
2
Constant Rule 𝑦' = 21𝑥
-​ If 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐
for all 𝑥, then 2
3.​ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 8
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
​ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑓'(𝑥) = 0 𝑦' = 2(4)𝑥
2−1
+ 8
𝑦' = 8𝑥
Identity Function and Constant Multiple Examples:
Rule 4 3 2
1.​ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥
-​ Identity Function ​
If 𝑦 = 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 3 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 )
​ 𝑑𝑥
= 1 3 2
= 2(4𝑥 ) − 4(3𝑥 ) + 6(2𝑥)
-​ Constant Multiple Rule 3 2
If 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑓(𝑥) is a 𝑦' = 8𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 12𝑥
differentiable function, then
𝑑 𝑑 3 2
​ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 2.​ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

-​ Almost like Power Rule but
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 2 𝑑
separating the coefficient before 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(5𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(7𝑥)
multiplying it to the exponent. 2
= 3(3𝑥 ) − 5(2𝑥) + 7)
Examples: 2
8 𝑦' = 9𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 7
1.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
8−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 3 · 8𝑥 Product Rule
7
𝑓'(𝑥) = 24𝑥 -​ If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both
differentiable are both
3 differentiable functions, then
2.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥
3−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 5 · 3𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2 𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥) · 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓'(𝑥) = 15𝑥
Example:
13
𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 5)
3.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
13−1
𝑓' = (4𝑥 − 3) · 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 5) + (2𝑥 + 5) · 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 −
𝑓'(𝑥) = 7 · 13𝑥
12
​ = (4𝑥 − 3)(2) + (2𝑥 + 5)(4)
𝑓'(𝑥) = 91𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 6 + 8𝑥 + 20
𝑓' = 16𝑥 + 14
Sum and Difference Rule
-​ If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable Quotient Rule
functions, then -​ If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both
​ ​ differentiable then functions at 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then
​ lim
∆𝑦
= lim
∆𝑦
· lim
∆𝑢
∆𝑥 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑
(𝑔𝑥) ∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 → 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
= 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
[𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢
· 𝑑𝑥
Example
2
3𝑥 +4
1.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 This can be written using Langrange
5𝑥 −3𝑥+2
2 𝑑 2
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 +4)−(3𝑥 +4) 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
2 𝑑 2 notation as follows:
𝑓' = 2 2 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓'(𝑔(𝑥)) · 𝑔'(𝑥)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
2 2
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)(6𝑥)−(3𝑥 +4)(10𝑥−3)
= 2 2
Example
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
3 2
(30𝑥 −18𝑥 +12𝑥)−(30𝑥 −9𝑥 +40𝑥−12)
3 2 2
= 2 2
𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 2
3 2
(30𝑥 −18𝑥 +12𝑥)−30𝑥 +9𝑥 −40𝑥+12
3 2 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3)
= 2 2 2−1 𝑑
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 𝑦' = 2(4𝑥 + 3) · 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 + 3)
2 2
−9𝑥 −28𝑥+12 9𝑥 +28𝑥−12
𝑓' = 2 2 or 𝑓' = 2 2 = 2(4𝑥 + 3)(4)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) (5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
= (8𝑥 + 6)(4)
𝑦' = 32𝑥 = 24

M4S2 The Chain Rule


Example
2
𝑦= 15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 2
= · 𝑦= 15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1
2 2
Proof: = (15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2)
1
Using the Leibniz’s notation, let 1 2 2
−1 𝑑 2
𝑦' = 2
(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2) · 𝑑𝑥
(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2)
∆𝑥 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 1 2 −2
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑥 = 2
(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2) (30𝑥 − 6)
1
∆𝑦 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 30𝑥−6 2 −2 15𝑥−3
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢
𝑦' = ( 2
)(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2) 𝑜𝑟 2
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑥
· ∆𝑢
15𝑥 −6𝑥+2

∆𝑢 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢 MOCK QUESTIONS/SAMPLE PRACTICES
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑢
· ∆𝑥

When ∆𝑥 → 0 1. Investigate the continuity of the


∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢
lim = lim ⎡ ∆𝑢 · ⎤
∆𝑥 → 0
∆𝑥
∆𝑥 → 0
⎣ ∆𝑥 ⎦ function .
2. Determine what type of Discontinuity is

this function .

3. Solve for the derivative of the function


4 3 2
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 11𝑥 .

3
4. Differentiate 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 4)

5. Find the derivative of the function f(x) =


9x⁴ - 37x¯² + x + 26. Simplify your answer.

A. f'(x) = 36x³ - 74x² + 1

B. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ - 1

C. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x¯³ + 1

D. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ + 1


ANSWER KEYS being squared is strictly positive hence

why the equals to ( which


1. x = 1
gives us ).
Step 1:
4 3 2
3. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 11𝑥 ​
Step 2: 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 3 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(12𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(11𝑥 )
undefined 3 2
= 4(4𝑥 ) − 12(3𝑥 ) + 11(2𝑥)
3 2
Step 3: 𝑦' = 16𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 22𝑥
-​ Getting the derivatives of each
)=2 term.

Therefore, is continuous at 3
4. 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 4)
3−1 𝑑
2. Infinite Discontinuity 𝑦' = 3(6𝑥 − 4) · 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 − 4)
2
Consider the function = 3(6𝑥 − 4) (6)
2 2
𝑦' = 18(6𝑥 − 4) 𝑜𝑟 648𝑥 − 432𝑥 + 288
Step 1:
5. D. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ + 1

undefined

Step 2:

Therefore is an infinite
discontinuity.
The function is positive infinity
discontinuity because anything that is

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