(2nd Sem) Basic Calculus Reviewer
(2nd Sem) Basic Calculus Reviewer
2
Example 2 (Addition Theorem) - c. 𝑥 = 1𝑥1 x = 0 1 - x
Evaluate: x=01x
- d. Polynomials are always differentiable - 1. exists
Example 1 - 2. exists
Find:
lim (1 / x) - 3.
x → 0⁺
Example 2 Example 1
Evaluate: Investigate the continuity of the function
lim (3 / x)
x→∞ .
Solution:
Since (3 / x) gets smaller as x → ∞, Step 1:
lim (x → ∞) (3 / x) = 0
Example 3
Find:
lim (x³)
x → -∞ Step 2:
Solution:
For very large negative values of x, x³
remains negative.
lim (x → -∞) x³ = -∞
undefined
Example 2 Therefore, function is discontinuous at
Determine whether
is continuous at
When the function is graphed, the vertical
Step 1:
asymptote will be at .
Step 2:
Step 3:
Therefore, the function is As the value of approaches 3 from the
continuous at left, approaches negative infinity (
Solution
Compute the left-hand limit as : MODULE3: Basic Concepts of
Derivatives
Removable Discontinuity
A removable discontinuity occurs when
the two-sided limits exist and are equal
but either the function value at that point
differs or is undefined. Derivatives
Example
Example Find the derivative of y = 3 / x-4
Solution
Solution
1. Factor Numerator
2. Evaluate limit as x→2:
M3S2 Differentiability and
Continuity
Definitions and Notations
Slope & Equation of the Tangent Line
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the
graph of the function y = x^3 - 2x + 8 at
(-2, 4). Write the equation of the tangent
line.
Solution Example
Find out if f(x) = I x-2 I is continuous and
differentiable at x = 2.
Solution
M3S3 Tangent Line and Normal
Line
Definition of Terms
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line and
normal line to the parabola y = x^2 - 5x + 3
at point (2, -3).
- Any constant variable will always be
equals to 0
Examples:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0
Power Rule
𝑛
- If 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a power function for
some positive integer 𝑛, then
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥
- Multiply the exponent to the
coefficient. Copy the variable.
Subtract 1 on the exponent to get
the new exponent.
Examples:
10
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥
9
𝑦' = 10𝑥
MODULE4: Differentiation Rules
3
2. 𝑦 = 7𝑥
M4S1 The Differentiation Rules for 3−1
Algebraic Functions 𝑦' = 3(7)𝑥
2
Constant Rule 𝑦' = 21𝑥
- If 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐
for all 𝑥, then 2
3. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 8
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑓'(𝑥) = 0 𝑦' = 2(4)𝑥
2−1
+ 8
𝑦' = 8𝑥
Identity Function and Constant Multiple Examples:
Rule 4 3 2
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥
- Identity Function
If 𝑦 = 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 3 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 1 3 2
= 2(4𝑥 ) − 4(3𝑥 ) + 6(2𝑥)
- Constant Multiple Rule 3 2
If 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑓(𝑥) is a 𝑦' = 8𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 12𝑥
differentiable function, then
𝑑 𝑑 3 2
𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
- Almost like Power Rule but
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 2 𝑑
separating the coefficient before 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(5𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(7𝑥)
multiplying it to the exponent. 2
= 3(3𝑥 ) − 5(2𝑥) + 7)
Examples: 2
8 𝑦' = 9𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 7
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
8−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 3 · 8𝑥 Product Rule
7
𝑓'(𝑥) = 24𝑥 - If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both
differentiable are both
3 differentiable functions, then
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥
3−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 5 · 3𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2 𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥) · 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓'(𝑥) = 15𝑥
Example:
13
𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 5)
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
13−1
𝑓' = (4𝑥 − 3) · 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 5) + (2𝑥 + 5) · 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 −
𝑓'(𝑥) = 7 · 13𝑥
12
= (4𝑥 − 3)(2) + (2𝑥 + 5)(4)
𝑓'(𝑥) = 91𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 6 + 8𝑥 + 20
𝑓' = 16𝑥 + 14
Sum and Difference Rule
- If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable Quotient Rule
functions, then - If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both
differentiable then functions at 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then
lim
∆𝑦
= lim
∆𝑦
· lim
∆𝑢
∆𝑥 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑
(𝑔𝑥) ∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 → 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
= 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
[𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢
· 𝑑𝑥
Example
2
3𝑥 +4
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 This can be written using Langrange
5𝑥 −3𝑥+2
2 𝑑 2
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 +4)−(3𝑥 +4) 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
2 𝑑 2 notation as follows:
𝑓' = 2 2 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓'(𝑔(𝑥)) · 𝑔'(𝑥)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
2 2
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)(6𝑥)−(3𝑥 +4)(10𝑥−3)
= 2 2
Example
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
3 2
(30𝑥 −18𝑥 +12𝑥)−(30𝑥 −9𝑥 +40𝑥−12)
3 2 2
= 2 2
𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 2
3 2
(30𝑥 −18𝑥 +12𝑥)−30𝑥 +9𝑥 −40𝑥+12
3 2 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3)
= 2 2 2−1 𝑑
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 𝑦' = 2(4𝑥 + 3) · 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 + 3)
2 2
−9𝑥 −28𝑥+12 9𝑥 +28𝑥−12
𝑓' = 2 2 or 𝑓' = 2 2 = 2(4𝑥 + 3)(4)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) (5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
= (8𝑥 + 6)(4)
𝑦' = 32𝑥 = 24
∆𝑢 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢 MOCK QUESTIONS/SAMPLE PRACTICES
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑢
· ∆𝑥
this function .
3
4. Differentiate 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 4)
Therefore, is continuous at 3
4. 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 4)
3−1 𝑑
2. Infinite Discontinuity 𝑦' = 3(6𝑥 − 4) · 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 − 4)
2
Consider the function = 3(6𝑥 − 4) (6)
2 2
𝑦' = 18(6𝑥 − 4) 𝑜𝑟 648𝑥 − 432𝑥 + 288
Step 1:
5. D. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ + 1
undefined
Step 2:
Therefore is an infinite
discontinuity.
The function is positive infinity
discontinuity because anything that is