N-110 NURSING INFORMATICS SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

LECTURE 1: COMPUTERS AND - Developed in the 1950s

o IBM pioneered this generation of computers
HEALTH SYSTEMS - IBM 1401
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
- 1943 – First digital computer was developed:
(COLOSSUS MARK I)
o Used during WW2 in United Kingdom to decode
Nazi Germany’s telegram messages
- 1946 – First general-purpose computer was o
developed (ENIAC – Electronic Numerical - IBM 1620
Integrator and Computer)

o
o - Transistors were now used.
- 1951 – First commercial computer (UNIVAC -1 – o Smaller than vacuum tubes
Universal Automatic Computer 1) - Improve the speed of converting electricity to
o It is used for processing of payroll of General electronic signal
Electric o Microseconds were now used to measure the
access speed.’
o It became faster and easier to retrieved your
data
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
- Introduced in the 1960s.
- Termed as microminiature = meant that this
generation of computers have the presence of
microchip (made of silicon) as a semi-conductor
- Speed is improved and now measured in
nanoseconds (billionths)
o - It has only 110 KB of memory.
- They ran on vacuum tubes. - Hard disks are not encased so data is very fragile
o Meaning that the electronic component that and easily destroyed
converts electricity to electronic signals is
running on vacuum tubes PERSONAL COMPUTERS
- Primitive form of semi-conductor:
- It became available in Nov. 1972 as Intel 8008 is
o Access speed is milliseconds
introduced.
- Less than 10 KB of storage that can be used
o Introducced microchips
- The computers are bigger, bulkier, contains many
- This invention allowed the development of personal
peripherals, and can consume the space of a whole
computer or the microcomputer became possible
room
 BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER - It is designed to support organizational information

systems
- Automatic (Automate processes) – self-instructed - It has a large storage capacity that can handle the
o They can do the commands/instructions as long data the organization is transacting.
as the instructions provided is correct. o Hospital = mainframe computer usage
- Electronic – components are made of silicon chips o Contain all data of all departments of all patients
- General purpose – it can be modified according to that go in and out of the hospital.
the specific needs of the user o Usually, an interconnected system of computers
o Modify according to the need and connected to a server (server’s running) for
- Speed – it is the pace of processing information storage of data
- Reliability – consistency of producing the same - Just like supercomputers, mainframe computers are
result expensive to acquire.
- Storage – the ability of the computer to store data
COMPUTER ABILITIES

A COMPUTER
Can Cannot
Process of information in Do what one didn’t
fast manner command
Generate information on
its own as the capacity to
Give accurate results
produce information is still
based by humans.
Distinguish correct/wrong
Store information MINICOMPUTER
input or data
Restore previous work Correct wrong instruction - For small organizations, minicomputer is applicable
for use
Automatic = can do self- Depends only on human - It is the smaller version of mainframe computers
instruction input - It has fewer complex processes
- Relatively expensive but less expensive than the
Multitask = it can do or previous computer.
accomplish tasks at the
same time
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
SUPERCOMPUTERS
- It is designed for complex scientific calculations.
- It is used for the calculation of space and time
continuum and physical concepts.
- It is capable of doing complex tasks but it is
expensive and bulky

PERSONAL COMPUTER
- It is only designed for a single user
- PC is considered as versatile as it can divide into
many types of use depending on the needs of the
users.
- It can connect to other users
o Hospital = part of hospital mainframe computer
- Personalized capabilities - It can also access data from servers anywhere
- Hospital abroad = personal digital assistant
(becomes outdated)

LAPTOPS/NOTEBOOK
- It is the portable counterpart of the PC
- It is considered as more expensive than PC
o Right now, laptops become more cheaper than
PC HYBRID COMPUTERS/SMARTPHONES
- It combines text, messaging, e-mail messaging and
other Internet services
- The devices features small keys and screen
- Contains function of a computer inside a telephone

TABLET COMPUTERS -
-
- It is smaller than a notebook/laptop and PC
- More expensive than laptop EMBEDDED COMPUTER
o Serve as computer system for a single person - It is an integral part of devices/special purposes
o Smaller scale and portable scale with similar o Inserted inside a machine to perform certain
funtion function
- If in dead zone, it cannot receive transmission, o Mechanical ventilators = embedded ventilators
(special purpose like computer function)
o Manipulate the controls like ca computer to a
machine.
o Different forms = infusion pump, syringe pump
(can be set), modern washing machine
- Its function is limited only

PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT

- It is small and lightweight computers
- The device accepts handwriting inputs
 IMPACTS OF THE COMPUTER ON SOCIETY CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Positive Effects - Process all information that you do on a

computer
- Productivity is increased - It is the part of the computer which executes
- Information is shared easily software program instructions.
- Communication is now elaborate - Fetching, decoding, executing, and storing data.
o Conduct classes effectively and even remotely o Needed the input, decoded into language,
o Conduct and record lectures for academia execute the command, and store the decode
- Data is stored and accessed easily (execute) cycle so whenever nauulit, mas
o No longer needed any drives. mabilis na nagagawa.
o Easier collaborations o Consists of one cycle = speed measured in 1
- Consistent output is being produced hertz (hz)
o Definite produce of consistent outputs o Higher hertz = faster processes
o Easier for people to model a response on a o Process of input to output in the computer.
certain issue. -
o Determine safe levels of vaccine through
running simple model
Negative Effects
- Increased unemployment
o Due to automation
- Data piracy
o Madaling ma-intruded ang privacy and
confidentiality.
- Huge data can be sometimes lost
o Chance that a data can be lost if not protected
MEMORY
COMPUTER HARDWARE
- One cycle in the processor = store in CPU -> going
- Physical components of the machine itself into RAM (pwedeng delete, modify)
- When group together, it is called as the - Read-Only-memory = can only be read by
configuration computer and cannot be erased or altered
- It is housed inside a case/box - Random Access Memory (RAM) – it is only used
o PC = case or box temporary or volatile
MOTHERBOARD
- It is also referred to as system board or main board
- It is the primary circuit board (primary connecting
point) within a personal computer
o Lahat ng components ng PC ay nakakakabit sa
motherboard
- Other major system components plug directly onto or
cable into the motherboard
INPUT / OUTPUT DEVICES
Input
- Receive information from outside of the system
- These input can be exemplified in the ff:
o Keyboard
o Mouse
o Light pen
o Scanners
o Cameras
o Microphones

-
Output COMPUTER SYSTEM
- Generate report outside of its system - Interaction between the peripherals, software and the
- Printers, monitors, and speakers computer box to perform a specific function.
o User = need application to make your actual
STORAGE MEDIA
work
- Devices on which data is stored o Application runs on operating system
o Hard drives o Operating system necessary to control the
o Diskettes (floppy dics) hardware
o CD-ROMS / DVDs o Hardware = producing an output by transferring
o Flash drive / USB disk signals to the operating system going to the
application and rendering the output to yoy
TYPES OF SOFTWARE - This is crucial in understanding how computer works
SYSTEM SOFTWARE for Nursing informatics

- Designed to operate and control the computer

hardware and to provide a platform for running
application software
o Para sumindi = system software needs to be
activated
o Based on one’s need. To do run the compiter
- Windows that we are using
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- Enables day-to-day tasks that needed to be done by
the user
- Support the actual work of the user
- Best example: MS Office -

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

- One of the earliest forms of system software
- System software = line per line command to access
the insides of computer
GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE (GUI)
- Uses graphics to interact with the contents of the
computer
- There are icons that can be used which became
more maneuverable compared to DOS
COMPUTER SYSTEM ELEMENTS
INFORMATION SYSTEM
- Input – any external factor taken in the system
o Ex. Tap on keyboard, click on mouse - Management information System
- Process – activity of the system/executes the - Bibliographic Retrieval Systems = necessary for
command retrieving information from research databases for
- Output – product or waste of the system looking relevant topics
- Control – any component of the process that - Transaction Systems
corrects/ prevents error - Stand-Alone System
- Feedback – output from a process that can serve as - Hospital Information System = they use 2:
input for improvement. o Administrative module = necessary for
managing information relevant to management
of the hospital.
o Clinical module = contains all info relevant to
the patient
▪ Connecting the information to the
laboratories through computers
OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE
- Free Redistribution (free for use)
- Source Code is already provided
o It can be modified so it can be altered depending
on the need of the user
- Derived Works
- Integrity of The Author’s Source Code
- No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
- No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
- Distribution of License
- License Must not be specific to a product
- License must no restrict other software
- License must be technology-neutral
FREE SOFTWARE
- Freedom to: - 1970s
o Run o Start of the computerization of nursing
o Copy records
o Distribute o Nurses took part or having involvement in
o Study designing Hospital Information System
o Change ▪ Recognition of roles of nurses: coordinate
o Improve the care of the patient
▪ Hub for information in the development of
MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING HIS
AND COMPUTERS o Management Information system were also
Analysis of Computer Development developed
- 1980s
- Time periods o Nursing informatics became a specialty
- Four major nursing areas o Need for nursing software has evolved
o Nursing Practice ▪ Development of software that will the
o Nursing Administration nurses in decision-making, care planning
o Nursing Education of the patients
o Nursing Research o HIS has incorporated nursing subsystems
TIME PERIOD ANALYSIS o PCs have reached the workplace
- 1990s
- Prior to the 1960s o Smaller and faster computers were developed
o Growth of computer industry = need usage of and used
computer in the nursing fields o LAN (Local Area Networks = network of
o Major changes in nursing and IT is occurring computer in small area) and WAN (Wide Area
o Few experts to pioneer this practice Networks = networks that cover wide range of
o Computers are used only for business functions area)
- 1960s o Internet usage has emerged
o Why do we need to use computers? o Communication is transferred instantly
o What to computerize? ▪ Telemedicine = consult w/o actually
▪ Progress were slow at this time visiting the doctors
o Advent at hospital information system (HIS) - Post-2000s
o Progress was slow o Wireless point-of-care
o Development of PDA’s, tablet, and smartphones
o VoIP (Voiceover Internet Protocol) for
communications
▪ Can all using internet
o Smart cards
o Monitoring patient status thru the internet
 DEVELOPMENT IN MAJOR NURSING AREAS
Nursing Practice
- Documentation
- Tracking progress of the patient
- Used for analyzing trends in nursing care
Nursing Administration
- Tracking workload (some system can say if the
overloaded or not)
- Patient classification system = aid in assigning
workload to nurses
- Access of digital libraries and online resources
Nursing Education
- Online courses, classes, lectures
DATA PROCESSING
- Teleconferencing
- Communication Data
- Virtual skills laboratory
- Record management = handling grades, storing up - Raw, plain facts
the grades - No interpretation and plain facts
Process
Nursing Research
- Classify, sort, and summarize and interpret the data
- Primarily used to analyze data (statistically and
developing ways in summarizing data) Information
- NCSS, SPSS (statistical paccckage for social
science), MS Excel - Meaningful output
- Data retrieval (access back the data) These three parts of process leads to the creation of
- EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, JStor database
- Web resources
DATABASE
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD SYSTEM
- Organized collection of related data.
- A number of interconnected HIS - Example: Phonebook, Medical Chart
- Integrate all healthcare data of all patients - The systematic approach in finding the data in a
- Improves patient care, reduces overwork database has an impact on ease of access.
- Features: - Column Headings (Data Fields) = necessary
o Wide scale computer-based patient record information on your client
o Complete collection of individual’s health record
o Placed in database format (clinical repository)
o Stored in clinical repository
o Data can be integrated/consolidated of the
patient
- Benefits of EHRS:
o Alerts clinicians if an order they are entering
could cause problem.
▪ Has decision-making program
o Notify physicians of clinically significant events.
o Template for automatic generation of reports.
o Remote data viewing.

ADVANTAGE OF DBMs
- Reduces data redundancy.
- Decreases data inconsistency.
- Eliminates inefficient data gathering.
 THE INTERNET
- The Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide.
- It is a network of networks that consists of
millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, of local to global
scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless and optical networking
technologies.
- The Internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents of the World
Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to
support email.
- The Internet has no centralized governance in
either technological implementation or policies
for access and usage; each constituent network sets
its own policies
INTERNET AS SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE
- Evaluating Information from the Web
o Credibility – sources?
▪ Saan nanggaling ang information?
▪ Credible ba yung sources?
o Content – originality?
▪ Not copy paste ang information
▪ Unique ba ang info?
▪ May sense ba yung sinasabi?
o Disclosure – purpose of the site?
▪ Para saan ba yung site?
o Links – is it working?
o Design – navigation issues?
o Interactivity – does it allow feedback?
o Caveats – is it trying to sell products?