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DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
(DSP)

Z-TRANSFORM
Lecture 9
 Z-transform
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Transform techniques are an important tool

in the analysis of signals and Linear time-
invariant (LTI) systems.
The z-transform plays the same role in the
analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI
systems as
The Laplace transform does in the analysis
of continuous-time signals and LTI systems.
 Z-transform
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The z-transform of a sequence x[n•

] is

X [ z]   x[n]z  n
n  

In both cases z is a continuous complex

variable.
Z
x[n] X[z]
 Z-transform
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Example: Determine the z-transforms of the

following finite-duration signal.
x1[n]=(1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1)

X 1[ z]   x[n]z  n
n  
5
X 1[ z]   x[n]z  n
n 0

X 1[ z] 1z 0  2 z  1  5z  2  7 z  3  0 z  4 1z  5
X 1[ z] 1 2 z  1  5z  2  7 z  3  z  5
 Z-transform
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Example: Determine the z-transforms of the

following finite-duration signal x[n]= [1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1]

X 1[ z]   x[n]z  n
n  
3
X 1[ z]   x[n]z  n
n  2

X 1[ z] 1z 2  2 z1  5z 0  7 z  1  0 z  2 1z  3
X 1[ z]  z 2  2 z  5  7 z  1 1z  3
 Z-transform & Fourier transform
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In general

We may obtain the Fourier transform from

the z-transform by making the substitution
 Z-transform & Fourier transform
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For r=1 this becomes the Fourier transform of

x[n•
]
The Fourier transform therefore corresponds to
the z-transform evaluated on the unit circle:
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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The Fourier transform does not converge for

all sequences.
Similarly, the z-transform does not converge
for all sequences or for all values of z.
The set of values of z for which the z-transform
converges is called
the region of convergence (ROC).
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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The z-transform therefore exists (or converges)

if

This leads to the condition for the existence of

the z-transform.
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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If the ROC includes the unit circle

Then the Fourier transform will converge.
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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Most useful z-transforms can be expressed in the form

 where P(z) and Q(z) are polynomials in z.

The values of z for which P(z) = 0 are called the
zeros of X(z).
The values of z for which Q(z) = 0 are called the
poles of X(z).
 Right-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = anu[n] 0<a<1

This
sequence is
right-sided
because it
is nonzero
only for
n≥0
 Right-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = anu[n] 0<a<1

ROC

ROC
 Right-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = anu[n] 0<a<1

ROC
 Right-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = anu[n] 0<a<1

ROC

ROC
outside
a circle of
radius (a)
 Right-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = anu[n]
a = 1/2 or 1/3

ROC
ROC includes the unit circle
The Fourier transform of x[n]•exists
 Right-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = anu[n]
a = 2 or 3 If

ROC doesn’t include the unit circle

The Fourier transform of x[n]•
doesn’t exist
x[n] is exponentially growing, and the sum
therefore does not converge.
 Left-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

0<a<1
This sequence is left-sided because it is
nonzero only for n ≤ -1
 Left-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

ROC
 Left-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = -anu[-n-1]
ROC

ROC
inside
a circle of
radius (a)
 Left-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = -anu[-n-1]
 Left-sided exponential sequence
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x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

ROC
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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left-sided sequence & right-sided sequence

Left-sided sequence Right-sided sequence

x[n] = -anu[-n-1] x[n] = anu[n]
 Sum of two Exponentials
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x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]
 Sum of two Exponentials
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x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

ROC

ROC
 Sum of two Exponentials
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x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]
 Sum of two Exponentials
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ROC
│Z│> 1/2

× Poles
O Zeros
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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Left-sided sequence Right-sided sequence

ROC │Z│<│a│ ROC │Z│>│a│

x[n] = -anu[-n-1] x[n] = anu[n]

 Z-transform Pairs
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 Z-transform Pairs
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 Z-transform Pairs
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 Region of Convergence (ROC)
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Left-sided sequence Right-sided sequence

ROC │Z│<│a│ ROC │Z│>│a│

x[n] = -anu[-n-1] x[n] = anu[n]

 Inspection Method
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By using the table of z-transform pairs, the

inverse can be found by inspection.
Example: find inverse z-transform

Solution
 Inspection Method
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From the table of z-transform pairs we

recognize that
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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 X(z) can be expressed as

 It is always possible to factor X(z) as

 Z-transform Properties
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Find x[n]???

1
X ( z)  right _ sided
1 5z  6z
1 2

1
X ( z) 
(1 2z )(1 3z )
1 1

A B
X ( z)   ROC : Z  3
1 2z 1
1 3z 1
 Z-transform Properties
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Find x[n]???
1 A B
X ( z)   
(1 2z )(1 3z ) 1 2z
1 1 1
1 3z 1

1 1 1
A ]  1    2
(1 3z  1 ) z  1 / 2 1 3/ 2 1/ 2
1 1 1
B ]  1    3
(1 2z )  1 / 3 1 2 / 3 1/ 3
1 z

2 3
X ( z)   ROC : Z  3
1 2z  1 1 3z  1
 Z-transform Properties
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Find x[n]???

2 3
X ( z)   ROC : Z  3
1 2z 1
1 3z 1

x[n]  2(2)nu[n] 3(3)nu[n]

 Partial Fraction Expansion
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Case 1:
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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Case 2:
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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Case 3:
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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Example: find inverse z-transform

Solution:
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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Solution:
M=N=2, the order of Nominator the same as
Denominator = 2, so
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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Due to ROC │Z│> 1

ROC │Z│> 1/2 ROC │Z│> 1

So each term in H(z) is Right-sided sequence

 Partial Fraction Expansion
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B0

B0=2
 Partial Fraction Expansion
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 Partial Fraction Expansion
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 Power Series Expansion
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If the z-transform is given as a power series in

the form

Then any value in the sequence can be found

by identifying the coefficient of the
appropriate power of z-1.
 Power Series Expansion
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Example: finite-length sequence

x[n]= [1/2, -1, -1/2, 1]