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Lec8 Datacomm

The document discusses the representation of information through digital signals, including encoding bits and calculating bit rates. It explains the transmission methods for digital signals, specifically baseband and broadband transmission, highlighting the characteristics of low-pass and bandpass channels. Additionally, it covers the importance of maintaining signal integrity and the use of modulation for effective communication.

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2 views23 pages

Lec8 Datacomm

The document discusses the representation of information through digital signals, including encoding bits and calculating bit rates. It explains the transmission methods for digital signals, specifically baseband and broadband transmission, highlighting the characteristics of low-pass and bandpass channels. Additionally, it covers the importance of maintaining signal integrity and the use of modulation for effective communication.

Uploaded by

fahmidayasmin099
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communication

Instructor: Sazid Zaman Khan


Digital Signal
In addition to being represented by an analog signal,
information can also be represented by a digital signal.
For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage.
A digital signal can have more than two levels. In this
case, we can send more than 1 bit for each level.
Figure 3.17 shows two signals, one with two levels and
the other with four. We send 1 bit per level in part a of
the figure and 2 bits per level in part b of the figure.
Example-3.17- A digital signal has nine levels. How
many bits are needed per level? We calculate the
number of bits by using the formula. Each signal level
is represented by 3.17 bits. However, this answer is not
realistic. The number of bits sent per level needs to be
an integer as well as a power of 2. For this example, 4
bits can represent one level.
Bit rate
Most digital signals are non-periodic, and thus period
and frequency are not appropriate characteristics.
Another term—bit rate (instead of frequency)—is used
to describe digital signals. The bit rate is the number of
bits sent in 1s, expressed in bits per second (bps).
Figure 3.17 shows the bit rate for two signals.
Fourier analysis can be used to decompose a digital
signal. If the digital signal is periodic, which is rare in
data communications, the decomposed signal has a
frequency-domain representation with an infinite
bandwidth and discrete frequencies. If the digital signal
is non-periodic, the decomposed signal still has an
infinite bandwidth, but the frequencies are continuous.
Figure 3.18 shows a periodic and a non-periodic digital
signal and their bandwidths.
Transmission of digital signals

How can we send a digital signal from point A to point


B? We can transmit a digital signal by using one of two
different approaches: baseband transmission or
broadband transmission (using modulation).
Baseband transmission requires that we have a
low-pass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that
starts from zero.
This is the case if we have a dedicated medium with a
bandwidth constituting only one channel. For example,
the entire bandwidth of a cable connecting two
computers is one single channel.
Figure 3.20 shows two low-pass channels: one with a
narrow bandwidth and the other with a wide bandwidth.
We need to remember that a low-pass channel with
infinite bandwidth is ideal, but we cannot have such a
channel in real life. However, we can get close.
Example: The transmission through a ethernet network.
Baseband transmission using dedicated
medium
If we want to preserve the exact form of a nonperiodic
digital signal with vertical seg- ments vertical and
horizontal segments horizontal, we need to send the
entire spectrum, the continuous range of frequencies
between zero and infinity.
Fortunately, the amplitudes of the frequencies at the
border of the bandwidth are so small that they can be
ignored.
This means that if we have a medium, such as a coaxial
or fiber optic cable, with a very wide bandwidth, two
stations can communicate by using digital signals with
very good accuracy, as shown in Figure 3.21.
Broadband transmission
Broadband transmission or modulation means changing
the digital signal to an analog signal for transmission.
Modulation allows us to use a bandpass channel—a
channel with a bandwidth that does not start from zero.
This type of channel is more available than a low-pass
channel.
Example: Transmission with Frequency modulation
(FM), AM, etc.

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