Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation & Hydraulics Dept.

IRRIGATION DESIGN (I)

Third Year Civil Engineering
Chapter 1
DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Presented by
Dr. Mohamed Attia
Assistant Professor
References 1. Egyptian Code for water resources and Irrigation Works
2. Prof. Kamal Abo Elhassan Lecture notes
3. Dr. Morsy Anwar Lecture notes
[email protected]
Synoptic Diagram for Irrigation System
The synoptic diagram connects the water levels in the main canal
with the W.L. in its distributary canals
Synoptic Diagram Planning Steps
1. Start planning the synoptic at the source feeding the main canal with a
given water level at this location.
2. Assume the slope of water surface in the main canal and for the
different distributary canals according to the design limits and area
served of each.
3. Assume an average water drop of 10 cm between upstream and
downstream water levels at each head regulator and each canal inlet.
4. Water level at the farthest end of a distributary canal should be < 70
cm below land level.
5. A longitudinal section along all canals should be plotted showing all
crossing works, water levels, bed width and level, land levels, road
widths and levels on both sides of the canal, and the right of way of the
canal. An Example is shown below.
Synoptic Diagram for Irrigation System
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
The following figure shows an irrigated farm of area about 19048 feddan. A
main canal (C1) serves 8 distributaries. An intermediate Regulator is
proposed on the main canal (I.R.). The cropping patterns of the farm are
50% Rice, 25% cotton, and 25% corn with ET rate of 10.0, 5.70 and 6.5
mm/day, respectively. The following data are considered:-
 An increase of water requirements by 10% for land washing and 5% for
the losses in every conveyance system and the irrigation efficiency is
70%.
 Water level in the main source up-stream the main canal (C1) is
(10.50m).
 Water surface slope in the main canal is 10cm/km in the first reach and
increases to 12cm/km in second reach. Slope is 12 cm/km for the
distributary canals.
 Water surface slope in the field drains is 20 cm/km and 15 cm/km for
the collector drain.
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
It is required to :
• Determine the type and average slope of the land topography of the
project.
• Determine the field water duty - distributary canal water duty - main
canal water duty – drain water duty
• Draw synoptic diagram of the main canal (C1).
• Draw synoptic diagram of the canal (C1-6).
• Draw synoptic diagram of the collector drain (D2)
• Determine the discharge of the distributary canal (C1-6) and drain (D2-2).
• Determine the discharges of the main canal (C1).
• Design the cross Section of the distributary canal (C1-6) if the Manning
coefficient (1/n) is 40, the canal bed width = 2 depth of water (b=2d) and
Side slope is 3:2.
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
Solution
A. Mean Land Slope
Distance between two adjacent contour line = 1.0 k.m.
Difference in level = 0.30m, 0.20, 0.10m

0.30 0.20 0.10

Average Slope of land = + + × 100 / 3 =
1.0 1.0 1.0
= 20 cm/km
Type of land is steep slope land
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
B. Field water duty - distributary canal water duty - main canal
water duty – drain water duty

Cropping pattern ET %A
mm/day
Rice 10 50
cotton 5.7 25
corn 6.5 25
γ=0.70 L.R. = 10% Conveyance lasses = 5%

ETa= 50/100*10+ 25/100*5.70+ 25/100* 6.5=8.05 mm/day

•F.W.D.= 8.05*4200/1000/0.70 1.1= 53.13 m3/fed/day

•Distributary Canals D.W.D = 53.13 * 1.05 = 55.79 m3/fed/day
•Main. C.WD. = 55.79 * 1.05 = 58.58 m3/fed/day

•Drain W.D. = 0.4 F.W.D = 21.256 m3/fed/day

Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
C. Synoptic diagram of the main canal (C1).

10.10

Level (2) = (10.5) – 0.10 = (10.40)

10∗2.0
Level (3) = (10.40) – = (10.20)
100
Level (4)= (10.20) – 0.10 = (10.10)
Level (5) = (10.10) – 12*8.0/100 = (9.14)
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
D. Synoptic diagram of the canal (C1-6).

Water level up stream canal C1-6

H.R. I.R.
10∗2.0 12∗4.0
= (10.50) – 0.10 – – 0.10 - = (9.62)
100 100
12∗4.0
Water Level at the tail of canal= (9.62) - 0.10 - = (9.04)
100
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
E. Synoptic diagram of the collector drain (D2).
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
D. Synoptic diagram of the collector drain (D2).

Level of water at the end of drain = (6.96)

Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
E. The discharge of the distributary canal (C1-6) and drain (D2-2).

Discharge of the Distributary canal (C1-6)

Area served = As= (4 k.m * 1000) *(4 k.m *1000) / 4200=3809.50 fed
𝐷.𝑊𝐷 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
QC6-1 = m3/sec
24∗60∗60

55.79∗3809.50
QC6-1 = = 2.45 m3/sec
24∗60∗60

Discharge of the field drain D2-2

Area served = As= (4 k.m * 1000) *(4 k.m *1000) / 4200=3809.50 fed
𝐷.𝑊𝐷∗𝐴𝑠
QD2-2= m3/sec
24∗60∗60

21.25∗3809.50
QD2-2 = = 0.94 m3/sec
24∗60∗60
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
F. The discharges of the main canal (C1). In this example the area serviced
by each reach is calculated as a
- Main. C.WD. = 58.58 m3 /fed/day net area without considering 25
% of the of the previous canal
Main. C.WD ∗ As reach
- Q = m3/sec
C1 24∗60∗60
- Area Served at end reach of the main canal (Tail Section of the Canal) =
0.25* total area served of the main canal = 0.25 * 19050 = 4763 fed.

Section Reach of Canal Area Served Discharge

No. k.m to k.m fed m3/sec
1 0.0 to 2.0 19048 fed 12.92
2 2.0 to 6.0 11429 fed 7.75
3 6.0 to 8.0 3810 fed 2.58 take it 3.22
4 8.0 to 10.0 4762 fed 3.22
Since discharge of the end reach more than it in the previous reach, then,
take the discharge of the previous reach equals it in the final reach
 Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design
G. Design the cross Section of the distributary canal (C6-1)

The Manning coefficient (1/n) is 40, Side slope is 3:2.

the canal bed width = 2 depth of water (b=2d)
QC6-1 = 2.45 m3/sec
Example :Synoptic Diagram and Cross Section Design