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Lecture 4

The document discusses energy resources, categorizing them into nonrenewable (such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy) and renewable sources (like solar, wind, and hydro power). It highlights the environmental impacts and sustainability concerns associated with various energy forms, emphasizing the potential of renewable energy for a sustainable future. Additionally, it suggests a transition to decentralized power systems utilizing local renewable resources.

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11 views55 pages

Lecture 4

The document discusses energy resources, categorizing them into nonrenewable (such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy) and renewable sources (like solar, wind, and hydro power). It highlights the environmental impacts and sustainability concerns associated with various energy forms, emphasizing the potential of renewable energy for a sustainable future. Additionally, it suggests a transition to decentralized power systems utilizing local renewable resources.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Energy

Resources

By
Dr. Swati Dixit
Energy Resources : A natural resource that can be converted by
humans into forms of energy in order to do useful work!
Evaluating Energy Resources
• About three-quarters of the world’s commercial
energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and
the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and
renewable sources.

• Energy resources are classified as:


✓NONRENEWABLE
✓RENEWABLE
Non Renewable Energy
• These are energy resources that cannot be replaced
after they have been used or need thousands to
millions of years to be replaced.
Coal, Petroleum, And Natural Gas
• Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered
nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a
short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.
How Are Oil And Gas Made ???
How Is Coal Made ???
Coal facts….
 Was formed 255-350 million years ago
 4 types of coal –Anthracite ,Bituminous ,Lignite ,Peat

▪ India has high coal deposits in Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj,


Singrauli, Godavari Valley, Chandrapur.
• Coal Is in abundance But Dirty Fuel
• Used in electricity production
• World’s most abundant fossil fuel
• U.S. reserves should last about 250 years
• Sulfur and particulate pollutants ,Mercury and radioactive
pollutants
 Heat produced by
burning pulverized
coal in a furnace boils
water to produce
steam that spins a
turbine to produce
electricity.
 The steam is cooled,
condensed, and
returned to the boiler
for reuse.
 Waste heat can be
transferred to the
atmosphere or to a
nearby source of
water.
 The largest coal-
burning power plant
in the United States,
located in Indiana,
burns three 100-car
trainloads of coal per
day
Petroleum or Crude Oil
• Also called light oil
• Trapped underground or under ocean with natural gas
• Crude oil is the single largest source of commercial
energy in world and U.S.
• Proven oil reserves
• Can be extracted profitably at today’s prices with
modern technology
• It’s a mixture of
hydrocarbons needs
to be purified and
refined before use
Natural gas
 Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-burning Fossil
Fuel
 Compressed natural gas
 Synthetic natural gas
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
 Less carbon dioxide emitted per unit of energy
than with crude oil, tar sand, shale oil
 World supply of conventional natural gas – 62-125
years
Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy.
• Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the
uranium is used, it is gone!
NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION
Facts
 Tremendous potential
 Disaster if leakage happens
 Energy potential high but not highly exploited in
India
 4 plants currently: Capacity 2005 MW
 Tarapur
 Kota
 Kalpakkam
 Narora
Renewable Energy
• Renewable resources are natural
resources that can be replenished in a
short period of time.
• Solar
• Geothermal
• Wind
• Biomass
• Hydro-power
• Tidal energy
Solar Energy

• Sustainability mostly
depends on solar
energy
Direct form: from the
sun
• Nuclear fusion
reactions occur inside
the sun and release
tremendous energy
• 1.4 kilojoules
second/m2
Solar devices
• Solar heat collectors
• Solar cells
• Solar cooker
• Solar water heater
• Solar furnace and Solar power plants
Using Solar Energy to Heat Buildings and Water
• Passive solar heating system
• Active solar heating system
Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells can provide electricity for a house or
building using solar cell roof shingles, as shown in this house in
Richmond Surrey, England. Solar-cell roof systems that look like a metal
roof are also available. In addition, new thin-film solar cells can be
applied to windows and outside walls.
Wind Energy
 Freely available source of energy
 Minimum wind speed required 15 km/hr
 World’s second fastest-growing source of energy
 India´s Potential is
20,000 MW
 Vast potential
◦ Land
◦ Offshore
Hydro Power:
Producing Electricity from Flowing Water
Facts..
• Hydropower
• Leading renewable energy source
• Much unused capacity
• Dams and reservoirs
• Turbines generate electricity
• Eventually fill with silt
• Micro-hydro generators
• Potential of India : 4 X 10 11KW-hours
Geothermal Energy
 Energy by Tapping the Earth’s Internal Heat
 Geothermal heat pumps
 Hydrothermal reservoirs
◦ Steam
◦ Hot water
 Deep geothermal energy
 New Zealand, U.S.A have successful working
plants
Tidal Energy
 Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a
form of hydropower that converts the
energy of tides into useful forms of power -
mainly electricity.
 Although not yet widely used, tidal power
has potential for future electricity
generation.
 Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make
use of the kinetic energy of moving water to
power turbines, in a similar way to wind
turbines that use wind to power turbines.
Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference
in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are
essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary.
Ocean Thermal Energy
Biomass Energy
• Biomass
• Wood
• Agricultural waste
• Plantations
• Charcoal
• Animal manure
• Common in developing countries
• Carbon dioxide increase in atmosphere
Converting Plant Matter to Liquid Biofuel
• Biofuels
• Ethanol and biodiesel
• Crops can be grown in most countries
• Sustainability
Liquid fuel from Corn
Biogas
• Mixture of Methane, Carbon dioxide, hydrogen etc
• Produced by anaerobic degradation of animal waste
in presence of water
• Non polluting, clean and low cost fuel
• Two types of biogas plants
▪ Floating dome type
▪ Fixed dome type
Process
Types of Biogas Plant
Installed float type
Hydrogen as Fuel
• Hydrogen is environmentally friendly
• Thermal dissociation, photolysis or electrolysis of
water
• Problems
• Net energy yield is negative
• Fuel is expensive
• Air pollution depends on production method
• Storage
Recycling just one aluminum can saves enough
energy to run a television set for four hours!
REDUCE , REUSE, RECYCLE
Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?
Solutions
 Decentralized power system in which electricity is produced
by a large number of dispersed, small-scale micropower
systems.
 Some would produce power on site; others would feed the
power they produce into a modern electrical distribution
system.
 Over the next few decades, many energy and financial analysts
expect a shift to this type of power system, largely based on
locally available renewable energy resources.
THANK YOU

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