. S. No.

Computer Abbreviation Full Form

1 AAC Advanced Audio Coding

2 ABR Average Bit Rate

3 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

4 AGP Advanced Graphics Port

5 AI Artificial Intelligence
6 AIM AOL Instant Messenger

7 ALGOL Algorithmic Language

8 ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
 9 AOL America Online
.
10 AMD Advanced Micro Devices
11 API Application Program Interface

12 APT Automatically Programmed Tooling

13 ARP Address Resolution Protocol

14 ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

15 ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

16 AS Autonomous System
 17 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
.

18 ASP Active Server Pages

19 ASPI Advanced SCSI Programming Interface

20 ATA Advanced Technology Attachment

21 ATDT Attention Dial Tone

22 AUI Attachment Unit Interface

23 AUTOEXEC Autoexec Automatic Execution file

24 AVI Audio Video Interleave

 25 BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
.

26 BCC Blind Carbon Copy

27 BCD Binary Coded Decimal

28 BCR Bar Code Reader

29 BDSL Broadband DSL
30 BEDO Burst Extended Data Out (RAM)

31 BGP Border Gateway Protocol

32 BHTML Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language

 33 BIOS Basic Input Output System
.

34 BIPS Billion Instruction Per Second

35 BIU Bus Interface Unit

36 BMP Bitmap
37 BRD Blu-Ray Disc
38 CC Carbon Copy

39 CD Compact Disk
40 CD-R Compact Disk – Recordable
 41 CDROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
.
42 CDRW Compact Disk Rewritable
43 CD-WO Compact Disk – Write Once

44 CD-XA Compact Disk – Extended Architecture

45 CGI-BIN Common Gateway Interface – Binary (programming for

Web forms)

46 CIS CompuServe Information Service

47 CISC Complex Instructions Set Computers

48 CMD Command
 TANCET MCA EXAM
COMPUTER AWARENESS
Part- 4
BY Preetha Selvaraju
Computer shortcuts
• Alt + F: File menu options in current program.
• Alt + E: Edit options in current program.
• F1: Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
• Ctrl + A: Select all text.
• Ctrl + X: Cut.
• Shift + Del: Cut selected item.
• Shift + Ins: Paste.
• Shift + Home: Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
• Shift + End: Highlights from current position to end of line.
• Ctrl + C: Copy selected item.
• Ctrl + Ins: Copy selected item.
• Ctrl + V: Paste selected item.
• Shift + Ins: Paste.
• Home: Goes to beginning of current line.
• Ctrl + Home: Goes to beginning of document.
• End: Goes to end of current line.
• Ctrl + End: Goes to end of document
• Ctrl + Left arrow: Moves one word to the left at a time.
• Ctrl + Right arrow: Moves one word to the right at a time.
Shortcut Keys and their Functions: Some commonly used computer
short cut keys are documented below.
• Alt + F: File menu options in current program.
• Alt + E: Edit options in current program
• F1: Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
• Ctrl + A: Select all text.
• Ctrl + X: Cut
• Shift + Del: Cut selected item.
• Ctrl + C: Copy selected item.
• Ctrl + Ins: Copy selected item.
• Ctrl + V: Paste selected item.
• Shift + Ins: Paste.
Shortcut Keys and their Functions: Below is a listing of all the
major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word.

• Shortcut Keys and their Descriptions

• Ctrl + A: Select all contents of the page.
• Ctrl + B: Bold highlighted selection.
• Ctrl + C: Copy selected text.
• Ctrl + X: Cut selected text.
• Ctrl + P: Open the print window.
• Ctrl + F: Open find box.
• Alt + Shift + D: Insert the current date.
• Alt + Shift + T: Insert the current time.
 .

• Ctrl + I: Italic highlighted selection.

• Ctrl + K: Insert link (Shortcut Keys and their Functions).
• Ctrl + U: Underline highlighted selection.
• Ctrl + V: Paste.
• Ctrl + Y: Redo the last action performed.
• Ctrl + Z: Undo last action.
• Ctrl + L: Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
• Ctrl + E: Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
• Ctrl + R: Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
• Ctrl + M: Indent the paragraph.
• Ctrl + Shift + F: Change the font
 .

• Ctrl + Shift + >: Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
• Ctrl + ]: Increase selected font +1pts.
• Ctrl + Shift + <: Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.
• Ctrl + [: Decrease selected font -1pts.
• Ctrl + Shift + *: View or hide non printing characters.
• Ctrl + L: Moves one word to the left.
• Ctrl + R: Moves one word to the right.
• Ctrl +right arrow : Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
• Ctrl +left arrow : Moves to the end of the paragraph.
• Ctrl + Del: Deletes word to right of cursor.
 .

• Ctrl + Backspace: Deletes word to left of cursor.

• Ctrl + End: Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
• Ctrl + Home: Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
• Ctrl + Spacebar: Reset highlighted text to the default font.
• Ctrl + 1: Single-space lines.
• Ctrl + 2: Double-space lines.
• Ctrl + 5: 1.5-line spacing.
• Ctrl + Alt + 1: Changes text to heading 1.
• Ctrl + Alt + 2: Changes text to heading 2.
• Ctrl + Alt + 3: Changes text to heading 3.
In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use their mouse as
a method of quickly do something commonly performed. Below some
are examples of mouse shortcuts.
• Click, hold, and drag: Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let
go.
• Double-click: If double-click a word, selects the complete word.
• Double-click: Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line will make the alignment
of the text left, center, or right aligned.
• Double-click: Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop.
• Triple-click: Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse triple-clicked.
• Ctrl + Mouse wheel: Zooms in and out of document (Shortcut Keys and their Functions)
Function key
• Keyboard Function Keys: A function key is a key on a computer or
on the computer keyboard which can be programmed so as to cause
an operating system program to perform certain actions.
• The function keys are arranged at the top of your keyboard
numbered across from F1 to F12 and are commonly referred to as F
keys or FN keys.
 .
F1

• F1 is mostly used as the help key. Almost every program will open the help
screen when this key is pressed.
• Windows Key + F1 would open the Microsoft Windows help and support
centre.
 .
F2
• The keys are frequently used in combination with other keys such as the CTRL
key, the ALT key, and the SHIFT key
• Alt + Ctrl + F2 opens a new document in Microsoft Word.
• Ctrl + F2 displays the print preview window in Microsoft Word.
F3
.
• Often opens a search feature for many programs including
Microsoft Windows.
• Shift + F3 will change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to
lower case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
F4 .
• Opens find window.
• Repeat the last action performed
• Alt + F4 will close the open Window that you are currently
working on.
• Ctrl + F4 will close the open window within the current active
window in Microsoft Windows.
F5 .
• Pressing F5 will refresh or reload the page or document window
• Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
• Starts a slideshow in PowerPoint.
F6 .
• This key is often used to move the cursor to the Address bar
Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer.
• Ctrl + Shift + F6 opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
 .
F7
• Commonly used to spell check and grammar check a document in
Microsoft programs such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc.
• Shift + F7 runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
• Turns on Caret browsing in Mozilla Firefox
F8 .
• The F8 key can be used to access Safe Mode if pressed during the
computer's boot up process.

F9
• Opens the Measurements tool bar in Quark 5.0.
F10 .
• F10 is the key that is used to activate the menu bar in many
programs. F10 can be used to highlight the first menu choice, and
then use the arrow keys to move around the menus.
• Shift + F10 is the same as right-clicking on a highlighted icon, file,
or Internet link.
 .
F11
• Full-screen mode in all modern Internet browsers - Pressing F11
when you are working in Internet Explorer will open the window to
full screen mode.
• All the tool bars disappears making it possible to see more
information on the screen.
• Pressing F11 when you are in full screen mode will toggle you back
to your normal view.
F12 .
• Open a new document in Microsoft Word
• Open the Save as dialog box in Microsoft Word.
• Shift + F12 save the Microsoft Word document.
• Ctrl + Shift + F12 prints a document in Microsoft Word.
 Basic Computer Hardware Notes
in PDF
Computer Awareness is tested in almost every exam. Some exams like SBI PO, SBI
Clerk, IBPS PO, IBPS Clerk, SSC CGL, Railways RRB etc. require you to have
Basic Computer Knowledge. One of the oft seen topics in Computers is
Hardware. Basic Computer Hardware questions are easy to remember and can
count for easy marks. Use these Computer Notes to familiarize yourself with Basic
Computer Hardware. Download as PDF for revision later.

About Basic Computer Hardware

Every part of your computer is the result of years of research and development. Parts
that were once hand made at a cost of thousands of man-hours are now mass produced
for a fraction of a rupee. Computer parts can be divided into two groups, hardware and
software.

Hardware is any part of the computer that you can touch. The seeming miles of wires
that get tangled on your desk, the CD drive, the monitor are all hardware. Software is a
set of electronic instructions consisting of complex codes (Programs) that make the
computer perform tasks. Windows is a software, so is any other program that runs on
your computer.

While there are thousands of parts even in the smallest computers that make up its
hardware, you are not required to know them all. You only need to know about basic
computer hardware.

Basic computer hardware consists of the following parts:

1|Page
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The CPU is considered the brain of the computer. It performs all types of data
processing operations, stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program). It
controls the operation of all parts of computer. A CPU has 3 components as listed below.

(A) CU (Control Unit)

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU)
that directs operations of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic
logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
However, the Control Unit doesn’t process any data.

(B) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Think of the ALU as the logical part of the brain. When any mathematical calculation or
decision/logic needs to be carried out, the instruction is passed on to the ALU. The ALU
thinks in bits (i.e. binary digits – ‘0’s and ‘1’s.)

It is made up of a group of memory locations built directly into the CPU called registers.
These are used to hold the data (binary information) that are being processed by the
current instruction.

(C) Memory

Primary memory is memory that is part of the computer itself and necessary for its
functioning. It consists of mainly two types of memories:

(i) Random Access Memory (RAM)

2|Page
RAM is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It
is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the
machine is switched off, data is erased. RAM is volatile. Volatile means that the data
stored in memory is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure.
Hence a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers.
There are different types of RAM available. Some of them are described below.

 Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): A type of physical memory

used in most personal computers. The term dynamic indicates that the memory
must be constantly refreshed or it loses its contents. This type of memory is more
economical.
 Static Random Access Memory (SRAM): A type of memory that is faster
and less volatile than DRAM, but requires more power and is more expensive.
The term static is derived from the fact that it does not need to be refreshed like
DRAM.
 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM): A type of
DRAM that has a much higher processing speed.

(ii) Read Only Memory (ROM)

The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is
non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during
manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer.
This operation is referred to as bootstrap. The different types of ROM are given below.

 MROM (Masked ROM): The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that
contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of ROMs
are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive. The MROM cannot be
programmed by the user.

3|Page
  PROM (Programmable Read only Memory): PROM is read-only memory
that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters
the desired contents using a PROM program.
 EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory): The
EPROM is a type of a PROM which can be programmed by the user multiple
times. EPROM is erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to
40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function.
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only
Memory): The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be
erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and
programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds.

2. Secondary Storage (External Storage Devices)

Floppy diskettes, hard disk, tapes and optical disks come under the category of external
storage devices or ancillary storage devices. These devices are very sensitive to
environmental conditions (humidity and temperature) as well as to external magnetic
fields and need to be stored carefully. They are not compulsory for the functioning of the
computer but are useful for expanding the computer’s memory.

(A) Floppy Disk

Floppy disks are primarily used on PCs. Information on a floppy disk is recorded in the
magnetized states of particles of iron oxides evenly placed upon concentric circles
known as tracks.

(B) Hard Disk

4|Page
It is a non-removable enclosed magnetic disk included in most PCs. It contains a stack
of metal platters, each coated with iron oxide, that spin on a spindle and the entire unit
is encased in a sealed chamber.

(C) Magnetic Tape

This is plastic tape, usually made of Mylar that is coated with iron oxide, thereby
enabling the introduction (writing); retention (memory) and reading of magnetically
recorded information. The best use of tape storage is for data that you do not use very
often.

(D) Optical Disc Drive

An optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves
for reading or writing data to or from optical discs (normally CD-ROM). A CD-ROM is a
pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which
stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but
cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable.

(E) USB

A USB flash drive, also commonly known as a USB drive, USB stick and a variety of
other names. It is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated USB interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and
physically much smaller than an optical disc.

(3) Peripherals

Peripheral devices are devices connected to the computer externally. If a peripheral

device is disconnected, the computer will still be able to work; only functions performed

5|Page
by this peripheral device will not be available. Here are the most used types of
peripheral devices:

(A) Keyboard

The most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the
computer. It consists of keys that are capable of inputting alphabets, numbers and
special characters. You can also navigate using the keyboard and perform shortcut
functions.

(B) Mouse

Mouse is the most popular pointing device and cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and
sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

(C) Monitors

Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of
a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a
rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

(D) Printer

Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

 Impact Printers: The impact printers print the characters by striking them on
the ribbon which is then pressed on the paper.
 Non-Impact Printers: Non-impact printers print the characters without using
ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time so they are also called as
Page Printers. Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers.
6|Page
(E) Joy Stick

It is a device used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in

Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

(F) Scanner

A scanner allows you to scan printed material and convert it into a file format that may
be used within the PC.

(G) Plotter

A plotter is used to create high-quality visuals on paper. Plotters were used in

applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced
with wide-format conventional printers. A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It
draws pictures on a paper using a pen. It can be used to create presentation-charts,
graphics, tables and high quality technical drawings. There are two types of plotter.

 Drum Plotter: The paper is placed over the drum that rotates back and forth. A
carriage holding one or more pens is mounted horizontally across the drum. The
carriage with the pens moves horizontally over the paper. Each pen could be filled
with different colours. This plotter has the ability to produce colour pictures.
 Flat Bed Plotter: In flat bed plotter, the paper does not move. The carriage
holding the pens should provide all motions. Inkjet plotters can also produce
large drawings with different colours.

Liked these Basic Computer Hardware Notes? Read more Computer notes!

Computer Abbreviations

7|Page
 MS Word Keyboard Shortcuts

Try Computer Quizzes

8|Page
TANCET MCA EXAM – part-2
COMPUTER AWARENESS
- PREETHA SELVARAJU
TOPIC:-
COMPUTER CONTROLS
PART-2
WHAT IS CONTROL ?
• In computer, a Control key is a modifier key which, when pressed in
conjunction with another key, performs a certain action.
• The Control key rarely performs any function when pressed by itself.
• The Control key is located on or near the bottom left side of most
keyboards (in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC
9995-2), with many featuring an additional one at the bottom right.
• It is usually labelled Ctrl.
TO BE CONTINUED…
• Ctrl + Alt + Del - pressing and holding down the Ctrl, Alt, and Del
keyboard keys to open the Task Manager or reboot the computer.
• Ctrl+A - These two keys will select all text or other objects.
• Ctrl+B - Bold highlighted text
• Ctrl+C - Copy any selected text or another object.
• Ctrl+D - Bookmark an open web page or open font window in
Microsoft Word.
• Ctrl+E - Center text.
• Ctrl+F - Open find window.
• Ctrl+G - Open Find in a browser and word processors.
To be continued…
• Ctrl+H - Open the Find and Replace in Notepad, Microsoft Word, and
WordPad
• Ctrl+I - Italicize text.
• Ctrl+J - View downloads in browsers and set justify alignment in
Microsoft Word.
• Ctrl+K - Create a hyperlink for the highlighted text in Microsoft
Word and many HTML editors.
• Ctrl+L - Select address bar in a browser or left align text in a word
processor.
• Ctrl+M - Indent selected text in word processors and other programs.
Tancet mca exam
computer awareness
part-6
preetha selvaraju
Part - 6 topic
⩥ Internet and protocol.
⩥ Network basics
⩥ History of computer

2
Internet
⩥ The Internet is a global wide area network that connects
computer systems across the world.
⩥ It includes several high-bandwidth data lines that
comprise the Internet "backbone."
⩥ These lines are connected to major Internet hubs that
distribute data to other locations, such as web
servers and ISPs.

3
⩥ Internet service provider (ISP), which acts the
middleman between you and the Internet.
⩥ Internet access via a cable, DSL, or fiber connection.
When you connect to the Internet using a public Wi-
Fi signal, cellular data, towers must connect to an
Internet service provider to provide connected
devices with access to the Internet.

4
 protocol
⩥ A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow
electronic devices to communicate with each other.
⩥ These rules include what type of data may be
transmitted, what commands are used to send and
receive data, and how data transfers are confirmed.

5
.

⩥ These protocols may be broken up into four categories:

1. Link layer - PPP, DSL, Wi-Fi, etc.
2. Internet layer - IPv4, IPv6, etc.(ex: '192.168.1.1'. )
3. Transport layer - TCP, UDP, etc.
4. Application layer - HTTP, IMAP, FTP,

6
 .
⩥ Data traversing the Internet is divided into smaller pieces,
called packets.
⩥ IP information is attached to each packet, and this
information helps routers to send packets to the right
place.
⩥ Every device or domain that connects to the Internet is
assigned an IP address, and as packets are directed to the
IP address attached to them, data arrives where it is
needed.
7
 Network basics
A network is a collection of computers, servers,
mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other
devices connected to one another to allow the
sharing of data.
An example of a network is the Internet, which
connects millions of people all over the world.

8
.
⩥ the first computer network to use packet
switching, ARPANET
1. LAN – Local area network (ex : office or home)
2. WAN - wide area network(ex : bank
transactions)
3. MAN – metropolitan area network (ex : city or
town)

9
History of computer
⩥ First Generation Computers- (1946-1959)
computers were slow, huge and expensive.
⩥ In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as
the basic components of CPU and memory.

10
 .
⩥ Second Generation Computers (1959-1965) was the era of
the transistor computers.
⩥ These computers used transistors which were cheap,
compact and consuming less power; it made transistor
computers faster than the first generation computers.
⩥ In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary
memory and magnetic disc and tapes were used as the
secondary storage.

11
.

⩥ The Third generation computers used integrated

circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can
pack huge number of transistors which increased the
power of a computer and reduced the cost.
⩥ The Fourth generation (1971-1980) computers
used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits.
⩥ A chip containing millions of transistors and other
circuit elements.
⩥ These chips made this generation computers more
compact, powerful, fast and affordable
12
.
⩥ In Fifth generation (1980-till date) computers,
the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI
(Ultra Large Scale Integration). It made possible
the production of microprocessor chips with ten
million electronic components.

13
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