Transmission Line

Parameters
ciflora 2022
Resistance
• Power loss 𝐼2 𝑅
• Voltage Drop affecting the voltage regulation of the line
Resistance
DC Resistance where:
𝑙 𝑅𝑑𝑐 = dc resistance, ohms
𝑅𝑑𝑐 =ρ ρ = resistivity of material at 20℃, μΩ-cm
𝐴
𝑙= length of conductor
𝐴=cross sectional area

Resistance and temperature 𝑅2 = temperature at 𝑇2

𝑅1 = temperature at 𝑇1
𝑅2 = 𝑅1 1 + α 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 α = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 20℃, ℃−1
Resistivity and Temperature Coefficient
Resistivity (μΩ-cm) Temperature Coefficient (℃−1 )

𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 2.83 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 0.0039

𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟(ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛) = 1.77 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟(ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛) = 0.00382
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟(𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑) = 1.72 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟(𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑) = 0.00393
Materials Used for Transmission Line Conductor
Copper Aluminium
• high conductivity • sufficient conductivity
• high tensile strength • light in weight which results in
low conductor weight and less
• good ductility sag
• Limitation is its cost • limitation is its low tensile
strength
• to overcome this limitation steel
core is used to increase the
tensile strength
Types of overhead conductors used
for overhead transmission and distribution
• AAC : All Aluminum Conductor

• AAAC : All Aluminum Alloy Conductor

• ACSR : Aluminum Conductor, Steel

Reinforced

• ACAR : Aluminum Conductor, Alloy

Reinforced
Example
Determine the resistance of a 10-km long solid cylindrical aluminum
conductor with a diameter of a 250 mils at
a. 20 ℃
b. 120 ℃
Example
The per phase line loss in 40-km long transmission line is not to exceed
60 kW while it is delivering 100 A per phase. If the resistivity of the
conductor material is 1.72 𝑥 10−8 Ω𝑚, determine the required
conductor diameter.
Exercise
A single phase transmission line, 50-km long, is made up of hard drawn
copper conductor 500 mils in diameter, find the resistance at
a. 20 ℃.
b. 80 ℃
Inductance
Single phase 2-wire line where:
1
−
𝐷𝑠 = r𝑒 4 r=radius

One conductor 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

−7 𝐷
𝐿 = 2𝑥10 ln 𝐷 , H/m
𝑠

Two conductor 𝐷

−7 𝐷
𝐿 = 4𝑥10 ln 𝐷 , H/m
𝑠
Sample problem
Find the inductive reactance per mile of a single phase line operating at
60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge and spacing is 20 ft between centers.
Sample problem (alternate solution)
Find the inductive reactance per mile of a single phase line operating at
60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge and spacing is 20 ft between centers.

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑎 + 𝑋𝑑
Inductance of composite conductors
−7 𝐷𝑚
𝐿 = 2𝑥10 ln 𝐷 , H/m
𝑠

where:
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐺𝑀𝐷)
𝐷𝑠 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝐺𝑀𝑅) 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑦 H/m
𝐷𝑚 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐺𝑀𝐷)
𝐷𝑠 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝐺𝑀𝑅)
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑚 =
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑦

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑠 =
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
Example
Example
One circuit of a single phase TL is composed of three solid 0.25-cm
radius wire. The return circuit id composed of two 0.5-cm radius wires.
The arrangement is as shown. Find the inductance due to the current
of the complete line.
Inductance
Three phase line where:
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎
(depends on pole configuration)
One conductor
−7 𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝐿 = 2𝑥10 ln , H/m/phase
𝐷𝑠

𝐷𝑠 = GMR
Pole Configuration

• Horizontal • Triangular

• Vertical
Example
A single circuit 3-phase line operated at 60 Hz is arranged as shown.
The conductors are Drake. Find the inductive reactance/mile
 3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 20(20)(38) Alternate solution:
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 24.8 𝑓𝑡
Using tables
from Table
𝐷𝑠 = 0.0373 𝑓𝑡 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑎 + 𝑋𝑑
𝑋𝑎 = 0.399
−7 24.8 𝑋𝑑 = 0.389
𝐿= 2𝑥10 𝑙𝑛 0.0373
𝐻
𝐿= 13𝑥10−3 𝑚 𝑋𝐿 = 0.3999 + 0.389
Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 0.788 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
1609 𝑚 𝑚𝑖
−3
𝑋𝐿 = 2π 60 13𝑥10
1 𝑚𝑖
Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 0.788 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑚𝑖
Example
A 30-km 3-phase transmission line operated at 60 Hz is arranged as
shown. Find the total inductive reactance/mile of the whole line. What
will be the total inductive reactance if the pole configuration is
horizontal?
Bundled Conductors
• combination of more than one
conductor per phase in parallel
suitably spaced from each other
used in an overhead
transmission line
• used to increase electrical
capacity and reduce corona and
radio noise at voltages above
200 kV.
Bundled Conductors…
For a 2-strand bundle For a 4-strand bundle

𝑏 4
𝐷𝑠 = 𝐷𝑠 𝑑 2 𝐷𝑠 𝑏 = 1.09 𝐷𝑠 𝑑 3

For a 3-strand bundle where:

𝑏 9
𝐷𝑠 = 𝐷𝑠 𝑑 𝑑 3 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
Example
Each conductor of the bundled conductor shown in figure is ACSR,
1,272,000 cmil Pheasant. Find the inductive reactance in ohms/km
(and per mile) per phase for d=45 cm. Find the per unit series
reactance of the line if its length is 160 km and base is 100 MVA at 345
kV. Ds for Pheasant is 0.0466 ft.
Double circuit three phase line
Single circuit three phase line Double circuit three phase line
Double circuit three phase line
• Two circuit
• Enables the transfer of more
power over a particular distance

𝑝 3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝑝 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝑝 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝑝

𝑝 3
𝐷𝑠 = 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝑝 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝑝 𝐷𝑐𝑐′ 𝑝
Example
A 3Ф double circuit line is composed of 300,000 cmil 26/7 ACSR
Ostrich conductors as shown. Find the 60 Hz inductive reactance
in ohms/mi per phase. Ds for Ostrich conductors is 0.0229 ft.
Transmission Line
Parameters 2
ciflora 2022
Capacitance
where:
Single phase 2-wire line
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝒂 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒃

𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑟𝑎 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝒂

𝑟𝑏 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝒃

2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷2
F/m
𝑙𝑛 𝜀0 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑏
1𝑥10−9
=
36𝜋
Capacitance
If 𝑟𝑎 = 𝑟𝑏 Three phase line
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷 F/m 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞 F/m to neutral
2𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 𝑟

Line-to-neutral capacitance
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = 𝐷 F/m to neutral
𝑙𝑛 𝑟
Use of Table
𝑋𝑐 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋′𝑎 + 𝑋𝑑
Bundled Conductors
For a 2-strand bundle For a 4-strand bundle

𝑏 4 2 𝑏 4
𝐷𝑠 = 𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑠 = 1.09 𝑟𝑑3
where:
𝑟 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
For a 3-strand bundle

𝑏 9 3 Double circuit lines

𝐷𝑠 = 𝑟𝑑𝑑
• replace GMR or Ds by outside radius
of conductor
Example
Find the capacitive susceptance per mile of a single phase line
operating at 60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge and spacing is 20 ft
between centers.
Example
Find the capacitive reactance for 1 mile of a single circuit 3Ф line
operated at 60 Hz and arranged as shown. The conductors are
ACSR Drake. If the length of the line is 175 miles, find the
capacitive reactance to neutral for the entire length of the line.
Example
Find the capacitive reactance to neutral of the line shown. Each
conductor of the bundled conductor line shown is ACSR Pheasant.
 TABLE A.3
Electrical characteristics of bare aluminum conductors steel-reinforced (ACSR)*

Resistance
Ac, 60 Hz Reactance per conductor 1-ft
spacing, 60 Hz

Code word Aluminum area, Stranding Layers of Outside diameter, Dc, 20°C, 20°C, Ω/mi 50°C, Ω/mi GMR Ds ft Inductive Xa, Capacitive X'a,

cmil Al/St aluminum in Ω/1,000ft Ω/mi MΩ.mi

Waxwing 266.800 18/1 2 0,609 0,0646 0,3488 0,3831 0,0198 0,476 0,1090
Partridge 266.800 26/7 2 0,642 0,0640 0,3452 0,3792 0,0217 0,465 0,1074
Ostrich 300.000 26/7 2 0,680 0,0569 0,3070 0,3372 0,0229 0,458 0,1057
Merlin 336.400 18/1 2 0,684 0,0512 0,2767 0,3037 0,0222 0,462 0,1055
Linnet 336.400 26/7 2 0,721 0,0507 0,2737 0,3006 0,0243 0,451 0,1040
Oriole 336.400 30/7 2 0,741 0,0504 0,2719 0,2987 0,0255 0,445 0,1032
Chickadee 397.500 18/1 2 0,743 0,0433 0,2342 0,2572 0,0241 0,452 0,1031
Ibis 397.500 26/7 2 0,783 0,0430 0,2323 0,2551 0,0264 0,441 0,1015
Pelican 477.000 18/1 2 0,814 0,0361 0,1957 0,2148 0,0264 0,441 0,1004
Flicker 477.000 24/7 2 0,846 0,0359 0,1943 0,2134 0,0284 0,432 0,0992
Hawk 477.000 26/7 2 0,858 0,0357 0,1931 0,2120 0,0289 0,430 0,0988
Hen 477.000 30/7 2 0,883 0,0355 0,1919 0,2107 0,0304 0,424 0,0980
Osprey 556.500 18/1 2 0,879 0,0309 0,1679 0,1843 0,0284 0,432 0,0981
Parakeet 556.500 24/7 2 0,914 0,0308 0,1669 0,1832 0,0306 0,423 0,0969
Dove 556.500 26/7 2 0,927 0,0307 0,1663 0,1826 0,0314 0,420 0,0965
Rook 636.000 24/7 2 0,977 0,0269 0,1461 0,1603 0,0327 0,415 0,0950
Grosbeak 636.000 26/7 2 0,990 0,0268 0,1454 0,1596 0,0335 0,412 0,0946
Drake 795.000 26/7 2 1,108 0,0215 0,1172 0,1284 0,0373 0,399 0,0912
Tern 795.000 45/7 3 1,063 0,0217 0,1188 0,1302 0,0352 0,406 0,0925
Rail 954.000 45/7 3 1,165 0,0181 0,0997 0,1092 0,0386 0,395 0,0897
Cardinal 954.000 54/7 3 1,196 0,0180 0,0988 0,1082 0,0402 0,390 0,0800
Ortolan 1.033.500 45/7 3 1,213 0,0167 0,0924 0,1011 0,0402 0,390 0,0885
Bluejay 1.113.000 45/7 3 1,259 0,0155 0,0861 0,0941 0,0415 0,386 0,0874
Finch 1.113.000 54/19 3 1,293 0,0155 0,0856 0,0937 0,0436 0,380 0,0866
Bittern 1.272.000 45/7 3 1,345 0,0136 0,0762 0,0832 0,0444 0,378 0,0855
Pheasant 1.272.000 54/19 3 1,382 0,0135 0,0751 0,0821 0,0466 0,372 0,0847
Bobolink 1.431.000 45/7 3 1,427 0,0121 0,0684 0,0746 0,0470 0,371 0,0837
Plover 1.431.000 54/19 3 1,465 0,0120 0,0673 0,0735 0,0494 0,365 0,0829
Lapwing 1.590.000 45/7 3 1,502 0,0109 0,0623 0,0678 0,0498 0,364 0,0822
Falcon 1.590.000 54/19 3 1,545 0,0108 0,0612 0,0667 0,0523 0,358 0,0814
Bluebird 2.156.000 84/19 4 1,762 0,0080 0,0476 0,0515 0,0586 0,344 0,0776

* Most used multilayer sizes.

** Data, by permission, from Aluminum Association, Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C., 1982.

Copiado de: J.J.Grainger, W.D.Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994. -1/5-
 TABLE A.4 Inductive reactance spacing factor Xd at 60 Hz* (ohms per mile per conductor)

Separation
Inches
Feet 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 ...... -0,3015 -0,2174 -0,1682 -0,1333 -0,1062 -0,0841 -0,0654 -0,0492 -0,0349 -0,0221 -0,0106
1 0,0000 0,0097 0,0187 0,0271 0,0349 0,0423 0,0492 0,0558 0,0620 0,0679 0,0735 0,0789
2 0,0841 0,0891 0,0938 0,0984 0,1028 0,1071 0,1112 0,1152 0,1190 0,1227 0,1264 0,1299
3 0,1333 0,1366 0,1399 0,1430 0,1461 0,1491 0,1520 0,1549 0,1577 0,1604 0,1631 0,1657
4 0,1682 0,1707 0,1732 0,1756 0,1779 0,1802 0,1825 0,1847 0,1869 0,1891 0,1912 0,1933
5 0,1953 0,1973 0,1993 0,2012 0,2031 0,2050 0,2069 0,2087 0,2105 0,2123 0,2140 0,2157
6 0,2174 0,2191 0,2207 0,2224 0,2240 0,2256 0,2271 0,2287 0,2302 0,2317 0,2332 0,2347
7 0,2361 0,2376 0,2390 0,2404 0,2418 0,2431 0,2445 0,2458 0,2472 0,2485 0,2498 0,2511
8 0,2523
9 0,2666
10 0,2794
11 0,2910
12 0,3015
13 0,3112
14 0,3202
I5 0,3286
16 0,3364
17 0,3438
18 0,3507
19 0,3573
20 0,3635
21 0,3694
22 0,3751
23 0,3805
24 0,3856 At 60 Hz, in Ω/mi per conductor
25 0,3906 Xd = 0.2794 log d
26 0,3953 d= separation, ft
27 0,3999 For three-phase lines
28 0,4043 d= Deq
29 0,4086
30 0,4127
31 0,4167
32 0,4205
33 0,4243
34 0,4279
35 0,4314
36 0,4348

Copiado de: J.J.Grainger, W.D.Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994. -2/5-
 37 0,4382
38 0,4414
39 0,4445
40 0,4476
41 0,4506
42 0,4535
43 0,4564
44 0,4592
45 0,4619
46 0,4646
47 0,4672
48 0,4697
49 0 4722

* From Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, by permission of the ABB Power T & D Company, Inc.

Copiado de: J.J.Grainger, W.D.Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994. -3/5-
 TABLE A.5 Shunt capacitance-reactance spacing factor Xd at 10 Hz (megaohm-miles per conductor)

Separation
Inches
Feet 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 ...... -0,0737 -0,0532 -0,0411 -0,0326 -0,0260 -0,0206 -0,0160 -0,0120 -0,0085 -0,0054 -0,0026
1 0,0000 0,0024 0,0046 0,0066 0,0085 0,0103 0,0120 0,0136 0,0152 0,0166 0,0180 0,0193
2 0,0206 0,0218 0,0229 0,0241 0,0251 0,0262 0,0272 0,0282 0,0291 0,0300 0,0309 0,0318
3 0,0326 0,0334 0,0342 0,0350 0,0357 0,0365 0,0372 0,0379 0,0385 0,0392 0,0399 0,0405
4 0,0411 0,0417 0,0423 0,0429 0,0435 0,0441 0,0446 0,0452 0,0457 0,0462 0,0467 0,0473
5 0,0478 0,0482 0,0487 0,0492 0,0497 0,0501 0,0506 0,0510 0,0515 0,0519 0,0523 0,0527
6 0,0532 0,0536 0,0540 0,0544 0,0548 0,0552 0,0555 0,0559 0,0563 0,0567 0,0570 0,0574
7 0,0577 0,0581 0,0584 0,0588 0,0591 0,0594 0,0598 0,0601 0,0604 0,0608 0,0611 0,0614
8 0,0617
9 0,0652
10 0,0683
11 0,0711
12 0,0737
13 0,0761
14 0,0783
I5 0,0803
16 0,0823
17 0,0841
18 0,0858
19 0,0874
20 0,0889
21 0,0903
22 0,0917
23 0,0930
24 0,0943 At 60 Hz, in MΩ.mi per conductor
25 0,0955 Xd' = 0.06831 log d
26 0,0967 d= separation, ft
27 0,0978 For three-phase lines
28 0,0989 d= Deq
29 0,0999
30 0,1009
31 0,1019
32 0,1028
33 0,1037
34 0,1046
35 0,1055
36 0,1063

Copiado de: J.J.Grainger, W.D.Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994. -4/5-
 37 0,1071
38 0,1079
39 0,1087
40 0,1094
41 0,1102
42 0,1109
43 0,1116
44 0,1123
45 0,1129
46 0,1136
47 0,1142
48 0,1149
49 0,1155

* From Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, by permission of the ABB Power T & D Company, Inc.

Copiado de: J.J.Grainger, W.D.Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994. -5/5-
Short Transmission Line
effective length less than 80 km (50 miles)
ciflora 2022
Parameters
• Series resistance
• Series inductance
• Shunt capacitance (neglected)
• Shunt conductance (neglected)
Assumptions
• System is Y-connected
• Transmission is balance
Equivalent Circuit
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍

𝑝𝑓𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐼𝑠 − 𝜃𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝐹𝐿

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝑁𝐿
Equivalent Circuit…
where: Phasor diagram
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑆𝑁 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑅𝑁 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑝𝑓𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑝𝑓𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
%𝑉𝐷 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝜃𝑆 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝜃𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍
VR and VD
• Voltage regulation is a measure of how much voltage is dropped
along the length of the transmission line from the sending end to the
receiving end
Example
An overhead, 1-phase transmission line delivers 1100 kW at 13.8 kV at
0.78 pf lagging. The resistance and reactance per wire is 5 ohms and
7.5 ohms respectively. Calculate:
a. Sending end voltage and pf
b. Transmission line efficiency
Example…
• A 3-phase 10 mi distribution feeder 3-336.4 MCM 26/7 strand ACSR
are spaced 3 ft. horizontally on steel tower. It is supplying a load of
5000 kW at 0.8 pf lag 13.2 kV. For 336.4 MCM ACSR, GMR at 60 Hz is
0.0244 ft and resistance at 60 Hz. 50°C is 0.306 ohm/mi. Calculate
a. Impedance of the line
b. Sending end voltage and pf
c. % voltage drop
Example
A 3-phase transmission line 25 km long is supplying power to a small
town that draws 75 A at 86.6% pf lag 69 kV. The substation supplying
the line has an output voltage of 72.25 kV at 85.1% pf lag. Calculate the
resistance and reactance of line.
Example…
A 3-phase transmission line50 miles long has an impedance of 5+j40
ohms per phase. The terminal voltages at both ends are 345 kV and
360 kV. Assume that sending end voltage leads receiving end voltage by
10 degrees. Compute:
a. Real and reactive powers in each end
b. Total line loss, P and Q.
1. During the interview of DOE Undersecretary Gerardo Erguiza this morning, regarding the continuing oil price
increase, he mentioned that the agency is looking into the details of unbundling of energy cost. One of the
provisions of EPIRA is the unbundling of electricity retail tariffs. Explain this provision (maximum of 2 sentences)

Electricity charge is sub categorized into several charges (generation, transmission, distribution, etc.) instead of 1
to 2 categories (electricity cost, price cost adjustment) only

2. Find the GMR of the unconventional conductors shown if the individual strand has a diameter of 2 cm.

𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 9√𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑏 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝒄𝒎
1
𝐷𝑎𝑎 = 𝐷𝑏𝑏 = 𝐷𝑐𝑐 = (1)𝑒 −4 = 0.7788 𝑐𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑏𝑎 = 𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐𝑏 = 2
𝐷𝑎𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐𝑎 = 4
3. Calculate the inductive reactance of a double-circuit, 3-phase, transposed 80-km transmission line as shown if
the radius of each conductor is 1.25 cm.

𝐻 1000 𝑚 𝐻
𝐿 = 0.607𝑥10−6 ( ) = 0.607𝑥10−3
𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚
𝐻
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(60) (0.607𝑥10−3 ) (80 𝑘𝑚) = 18.31 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑘𝑚
A 3-phase short transmission line with an impedance of 2 + j5 ohms supplies the following loads at 8000
V to neutral: an inductive load 3000 kVAR at 0.8 pf, and a capacitive load of 600 kVAR at 0 pf. Calculate
a. sending end voltage and pf
b. line loss
𝜃𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 36.87°
𝑄𝐿
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑃𝑐 = + 0 = 4000 𝑘𝑊
tan 36.87
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑄𝐶 = 3000 − 600 = 2400 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 (𝑖𝑛𝑑. )
𝑄𝑅 2400
𝜃𝑅 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 31°
𝑃𝑅 4000
4000𝑥103
𝐼𝑆 = = 194.4 ∠ − 31 𝐴
3(8000)(cos 31)
or
3000𝑥103
𝐼𝐿 = ∠ − 36.87 = 208.3∠ − 36.87 𝐴
3 (8000) sin 36.87
600𝑥103
𝐼𝑐 = ∠90 = 25∠90 𝐴
3 (8000) sin 90
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑐 = 194.4 ∠ − 31 𝐴

𝑉𝑆𝑁 = 8000∠0 + 194.4∠ − 31(2 + 𝑗5) = 8856.5∠4

𝑉𝑠 = √3(8856.5) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑽
𝑝𝑓𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠|−31 − 4| = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝒍𝒂𝒈
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3𝐼𝑠 2 𝑅 = 3(194.4)2 (2) = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟕 𝒌𝑾

An 18 km 60 Hz 3-phase transmission line of conductor resistance of 0.3792 ohms/mi, inductive

reactance of 1- ft spacing of 0.465 ohms/mi, and inductive reactance spacing factor of 0.2012 ohms/mi
are equilaterally spaced with 1.6 m between centers. The line delivers 2500 kW at 11 kV to a balanced
load. Determine the percent regulation if the load has 90% leading pf.
𝑉𝑆𝑁 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 + 𝐼𝑠 𝑍
2500
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 = = 145.79 ∠ cos −1 0.9 = 145.79 ∠25.84 𝐴
√3(11)(0.9)
𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑅 = 0.3792 = 4.24 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑖
𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖
𝑋𝐿 = (0.465 + 0.2012) ( ) (18 𝑘𝑚) = 7.45 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑖 1.609 𝑘𝑚
11𝑥103
𝑉𝑆𝑁 = ∠0 + 145.79 ∠25.84(4.24 + 𝑗7.45) = 6553.52 ∠10.97
√3
𝑉𝑠 = √3(6553.52 ) = 11.35 𝑘𝑉
11.35 − 11
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥100 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖%
11

A 3-phase 60 Hz line has flat horizontal spacing. The conductors have an outside diameter of 3.28 cm
with 12 m between conductors. Determine the capacitive reactance of the line in ohms if its length is
125 mi.
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √12(12)(24) = 15.12 𝑚
0.0328
𝑟= = 0.0164 𝑚
2
1 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖
𝑋𝑐 = ( ) = 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟎. 𝟑 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
125 𝑚𝑖 1609 𝑚
2𝜋𝜖𝑜
2𝜋(60) ( )
15.12
𝑙𝑛
0.0164
Medium Transmission Line
effective length less than 81-240 km (150 miles)
ciflora 2022
Parameters
• Series resistance
• Series inductance
• Shunt capacitance
• Shunt conductance (neglected)
Representation
• Nominal T-circuit Representation
• Nominal π-circuit Representation
Nominal T-Circuit Representation
𝑍𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 + 𝐼𝑅
2
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑌

𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑐

𝑍𝐿
𝑉𝑆𝑁 = 𝑉𝐶 + 𝐼𝑠
2

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝐹𝐿

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝑁𝐿

𝑉𝑆𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑁𝐿 =
𝑍𝑌
1+
2
Example
A 3-phase transmission line has the following data: length is 96 km,
conductors are spaced 2.5 m horizontally. It is supplying a balance load
drawing 200 A at 0.85% pf lagging, 230 kV line-to-line and 60 Hz. The line
uses 500 MCM ACSR, GMR of 0.0311 ft and the resistance at 60 Hz 50°C is
0.206 ohm/mi and the outside radius is 0.452 in. Assuming that the
capacitance are lumped at the middle of the line and that the wire
temperature is 50°C. Calculate
a. Sending end current
b. Sending end voltage
c. %VR
d. Efficiency
Nominal π-Circuit Representation 𝑉𝐶𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁
𝑌
𝐼𝐶𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁
2

𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝐶𝑅
𝑉𝐶𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶𝑅 + 𝐼𝑧 𝑍

𝑉𝑆𝑁 = 𝑉𝐶𝑆
𝑌
𝐼𝐶𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶𝑆
2
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐼𝐶𝑆

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝐹𝐿

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝑁𝐿

𝑉𝑆𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑁𝐿 =
𝑍𝑌
1+
2
Example
A 3-phase transmission line has the following constant: impedance per
wire is 15+j20 ohms, shunt susceptance at the middle of the line is
0.0025 mhos from line to neutral, receiving end voltage is 69 kV and
the receiving kVA is 25000 at 80% pf lag. Calculate:
a. %VR
b. Efficiency
Long Transmission Line
effective length more than 240 km (150 miles)
ciflora 2022
Parameters
• Series resistance
• Series inductance
• Shunt capacitance
• Shunt conductance
Representation

Voltage Equation
𝑉𝑆𝑁 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 cosh 𝑍𝑌 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝐶 sinh 𝑍𝑌

Current Equation
𝑉𝑅𝑁
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌 + sinh 𝑍𝑌
𝑍𝐶

where 𝑍𝐶 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑧
𝑍𝐶 = 𝑌
Example
A 3-phase 175 miles long transmission line is supplying a balance load
of 150 MW at 80% pf lagging 230 kV. The line has the following
constants: x=0.6 ohms/mi, r=0.204 ohms/mi, y=6 micro S/mi. Find
sending end voltage.
Transmission line as 2-port network
• Represented by 4-terminal network
with ABCD constants
• The ABCD parameters of a
transmission line give the relationship
of the input voltage and currents to
the output voltage and currents.
• ABCD parameters simplify complex
calculations when transmission lines
are cascaded.
• ABCD parameters are dependent on 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅
the length of a transmission line. 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅
ABCD Constants for Transmission Lines (per phase)
Line Equiv. Circuit A B C D
Length
Short Series Impedance 𝟏 𝒁 𝟎 𝟏
Medium Nominal π 𝒁𝒀 𝒁 𝒁𝒀 𝒁𝒀
𝟏+ 𝒀 𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
Nominal T 𝒁𝒀 𝒁𝒀 𝒀 𝒁𝒀
𝟏+ 𝒁 𝟏+ 𝟏+
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
Long Distributed 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒁𝒀 𝒁𝑪 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒁𝒀 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒁𝒀 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒁𝒀
𝒁𝑪
Example
For a 3-phase long transmission line Zc= 406.4∠-5.48 Ω, Vr=215 kV and
Ir=335.7 A at unity pf. Evaluate the ABCD constants and calculate the
sending end voltage if Y=3.2 μS
Electrical Fault
ciflora 2022
Electrical Fault
• deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states
• under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines
carry normal voltages and currents which results in safer operation of
the system
• when a fault occurs, it causes excessively high currents to flow which
causes damage to equipment and devices
Causes
• Lightning
• Heavy winds
• Trees falling across lines
• Vehicles colliding with towers or poles
• Aircraft colliding with lines
• Vandalism
• Line breaks due to excessive loading
Types
Open Circuit Fault (also called series fault)
Short Circuit Fault (also called shunt fault)
• conductors of the different phases come into contact with each other
with a power line, power transformer or any other circuit element
due to which the large current flow in one or two phases of the
system.
• divided into the symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault.
Symmetrical Fault
• The faults which involve all the • Three phase fault
three phases
• Uncommon, but most severe

• Three phase to ground fault

Unsymmetrical Fault
• Line to Line
• gives rise to unsymmetrical
current, i.e., current differing in
magnitude and phases in the
three phases
• Single Line to Ground
• Double Line to Ground
Calculations
𝑆 = 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
Assumption Y-connection, 𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿

𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑥 103
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐴𝑚𝑝
3𝐾𝑉𝐿

𝐾𝑉𝑥 103
𝑉𝑃 𝐾𝑉 2
3
𝑍𝑃 = = 3 = 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑃 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑥 10 𝑀𝑉𝐴
3𝐾𝑉𝐿
Calculations…
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐾𝑉 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 103
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
3𝐾𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
2
%𝑍𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐾𝑉𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑝𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =
100% 𝐾𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
Example
Calculate the fault current at point F if a 3 phase fault occurs at point F
Exercise
Calculate the fault current at point F if a 3 phase fault occurs at point F