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Chapter 7 - Student Booklet

Chapter 7 covers algebraic methods including simplifying algebraic fractions, algebraic long division, and the Factor Theorem. It provides examples and exercises to test understanding of these concepts. Additionally, it discusses different types of proofs such as proof by deduction and proof by exhaustion.

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5 views13 pages

Chapter 7 - Student Booklet

Chapter 7 covers algebraic methods including simplifying algebraic fractions, algebraic long division, and the Factor Theorem. It provides examples and exercises to test understanding of these concepts. Additionally, it discusses different types of proofs such as proof by deduction and proof by exhaustion.

Uploaded by

thesnjk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lower 6 Chapter 7

Algebraic Methods
Chapter Overview
1. Algebraic Fractions
2. Algebraic Long Division
3. Factor Theorem
4. Proof

1
Simplifying Algebraic Fractions

Examples

𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
1. 2.
𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥+1

2𝑥 2 +11𝑥+12 4−𝑥 2
3. 4.
𝑥 2 +9𝑥+20 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8

Exercise 7A Page
138

2
Algebraic Long Division

Examples
1. (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 − 3)

2. (6𝑥 3 + 28𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 15) ÷ (𝑥 + 5)

3
3. (3𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) ÷ (3𝑥 + 2)

Test your understanding


1. (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 1)

2. (3𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 8) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)

4
Examples:
Find the remainder when 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4 is divided by 𝑥 − 1.

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 58𝑥 + 40
Given that 𝑥 − 5 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), find all the solutions of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.

5
Test your understanding
1. Find the remainder when 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 10 is divided by 𝑥 − 4.

2. Divide 8𝑥 3 − 1 by 2𝑥 − 1.

Exercise 7B Page
141
6
The Factor Theorem

Examples
1. Show that (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4.

2. Given that 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 6𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 1, determine the value of 𝑎.

3. Fully factorise 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 9. Hence, sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 9

7
Test your understanding

2. Given that 3𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 3𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 1, determine the value of 𝑎.

8
Extension
1. [MAT 2006 1E] The cubic 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has both (𝑥 − 1) and (𝑥 − 2) has factors. Determine the values
of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

2. [MAT 2009 1I] The polynomial 𝑛2 𝑥 2𝑛+3 − 25𝑛𝑥 𝑛+1 + 150𝑥 7 has 𝑥 2 − 1 as a factor
A) for no values of 𝑛;
B) for 𝑛 = 10 only;
C) for 𝑛 = 15 only;
D) for 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑛 = 15 only.

The remainder theorem states that if 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎), the remainder is 𝑓(𝑎). This similarly
works whenever 𝑎 makes the divisor 0.
(No longer required for A Level)

3. [MAT 2013 1G] Let 𝑛 ≥ 2 be an integer and 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) be the polynomial


𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 2) + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑛)
What is the remainder, in terms of 𝑛, when 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥) is divided by 𝑝𝑛−1 (𝑥)?

Exercise 7C Page
145

9
Proof

Proof by Deduction:
This is the simplest type, where you start from known facts and reach the desired conclusion via deductive
steps.

Examples:
1. “Prove that the product of two odd numbers is odd.”

10
2. “Prove that (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 7) ≡ 3𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 101𝑥 − 70”

3. Prove that if three consecutive integers are the sides of a right-angled triangle, they must be 3, 4 and 5

11
Test your Understanding:
Prove that the sum of the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is 2 more than a multiple of 8.

Extension
[STEP I 2005 Q1] 47231 is a five-digit number whose digits sum to
4 + 7 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 17.
(i) Prove that there are 15 five-digit numbers whose digits sum to 43. You should explain your
reasoning clearly.
(ii) How many five-digit numbers are there whose digits sum to 39?

Exercise 7D Page
149

12
Proof by Exhaustion

Example: Prove that for any integer 𝑥, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1 is an odd integer.

Disproof by counter-example

Example: Disprove the statement:

“For any pair of real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, if 𝑥 > 𝑦 then 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 > 𝑦 2 + 𝑦

[Proof by contradiction covered in Year 2]

13 Exercise 7E Page
152

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