‫‪Programming C++‬‬

‫م‪.‬د‪ .‬حسين أحمد علي الويس‬

‫ﺟﺎمﻌﺔ كركوك‬

‫كليﺔ علوم الحﺎسبﺎت وتكنلوﺟيﺎ المﻌلومﺎت‬

‫قسم تكنلوﺟيﺎ المﻌلومﺎت‬

‫‪91‬‬
 Functions
• Most computer programs that solve real-world problems include hundreds and even
thousands of lines.

• Experience has shown that the best way to develop and maintain a large program is
to construct it from smaller pieces or modules, each of which is more manageable
than the original program.

• This technique is called divide and conquer.

• A Function : is a self-contained block of statements that perform a specific

task.
• using a function is something like hiring a person to do a specific job for
you.

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 In Real Life
In Programming

Task 4
Task 1
Function ( )
Function ( )

Task 3
Task 2
Function ( ) Function ( )
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 Why to use Functions ?
• Functions allows to write more manageable units of code.
• Writing functions avoids rewriting the same code over and over.
• Easy maintenance for programs.

Important Tips

1- Don’t try to cram the entire logic in one function. It is a very bad style of
programming.

2- Instead, break a program into small units and write functions for each of these
isolated subdivisions.

3- Don’t hesitate to write functions that are called only once.

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 Calculate and print out The
sum and the Average of 3
student marks.

Task 4
Task 1
Print_out ( )
Get_Marks( )

Task 3
Task 2
Calc_sum( ) Calc_Average ( )
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 Functions
Function Definition

return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )

{
Lines of code to be return-value-type:
executed Is the data type for the
… returned value from the
… function to the calling
… program. It is Mandatory, if
(Body) no returned value expected
Parameter-List : Is a list of
} , we use keyword Void.
data values supplied from
the calling program as
input to the function. It is
Optional

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 Function Types
1. Built in Functions (Ready Made).
• For Example : Math Library Functions <cmath> Like

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 Built in Functions
To correctly use the built in functions we must know well its header (prortotype).

return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )

int abs (int number) ;

double pow (double base, double exponent) ;

Double floor (double number);

Double sqrt (double number);

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#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int i = -5 ;
double x = 5.0;
double y = 2.0;
double z = 5.21;

cout << "The absolute value of i is " << abs (i) << "\n \n";

cout << "The power of x to the power y is " << pow (x,y) << "\n \n";

cout << "The Floor for Z is " << floor (z) <<"\n \n";

cout << "The Ceil for Z is " << ceil (z) <<"\n \n";
}
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 Function Types
2. User Defined Functions ( Tailored by Programmers).
Working with user defined functions is done in three steps :

1- Function declaration (Prototype , in C++ written before Main ( ) ).

2- Function Definition (Body, in C++ written After Main ( ) ).

3- Invoking Function (Calling, From The Main ( ) ).

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 Building Functions
1- Function Declaration (Written before The main( ) )

return-value-type function-name( Formal parameter-list )

2- Function Definition (Written after The main( ) )

Formal Parameter-List Actual
: Parameter-List : Is a
return-value-type
Is a list of input list of Formal
parameters
function-name( input parameter-list
parameters )
{ with their data types . without their data types .
Lines Int
of code to be( int x );Cout << abs ( i );
abs
executed
}

3- Invoking Function ( From The main( ) )

Function name ( Actual Parameter- List );

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 User-Defined Functions
• Value-returning functions: have a return type
– Return a value of a specific data type using the return statement
– the returned value can be used in one of the following scenarios:
• Save the value for further calculation
Int result;
Result = sum ( x , y );

• Use the value in some calculation

Result = sum(x , y) /2;

• Print the value

Cout << sum(x , y);

• Void functions: do not have a return type

– Do not use a return statement to return a value
 Flow of Execution
• Execution always begins at the first statement in the function main

• Other functions are executed only when they are called

• Function prototypes appear before any function definition

– The compiler translates these first

• The compiler can then correctly translate a function call

 Flow of Execution (cont'd.)
• A function call results in transfer of control to the first statement in the
body of the called function

• After the last statement of a function is executed, control is passed back

to the point immediately following the function call

• A value-returning function returns a value

– After executing the function the returned value replaces the function
call statement
• For Example : write a program that ask the user to Enter 2 integer numbers
and print out the larger of them.
int larger (int num1 , int num2);
int main ()
{
int n1 , n2 , result;
cout <<"Please Enter 2 integer numbers \n";
cin >>n1 >> n2;
result = larger(n1,n2);
cout <<" The Larger number is " << result<<"\n";
}

int larger (int num1 , int num2)

{
int max;
if (num1 >= num2)
max = num1;
else
max = num2;
return max;
}
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For Example: Write a program to calculate the Area and volume for a sphere.

– The area of sphere = 4 * PI * Radius * Radius .

– The Volume of sphere = 4/3 * PI * Radius * Radius * Radius .
– Note : PI = 3.14

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For Example : write a program that ask the user to Enter 3 integer numbers
and print out their sum and Average.

int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3);

float average (int num1,int num2, int num3 );
int main ()
{
int n1 , n2 , n3 ;
cout <<"Please Enter 3 integer numbers \n";
cin >>n1 >> n2 >> n3;
cout <<" The sum of the 3 number is " << sum (n1, n2,n3) <<"\n";
cout <<" The average of the 3 number is " << average (n1, n2,n3) <<"\n";
}
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3)
{
return num1+num2+num3;
}

float average (int num1, int num2, int num3 )

{
return sum (num1 , num2 , num3)/3;
} 107
 Function Parameter’s Default Value
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3 = 90);

int main( )
{
int n1 , n2 ;
cout <<"Please Enter 3 integer numbers \n";
cin >>n1 >> n2 ;
cout <<" The sum of the 3 number is " << sum (n1, n2) <<"\n";
}
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3 = 90)
{
return num1+ num2+ num3;
}

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 Function Parameters Types
• Value parameter: Reference parameter:

– The value parameter has its own copy of the data

– During program execution, The value parameter manipulates the data

stored in its own memory space. So , the actual parameter not Affected
with any change.

void swap( int x, int y )

{ y
x
int temp;
10 20
temp= x;
x = y; Temp
x = temp;
}
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 Function Parameters Types
• Reference parameter:

– A reference parameter stores the address of the corresponding actual parameter

– During program execution to manipulate data, The address stored in the

reference parameter directs it to the memory space of the corresponding actual
parameter

• Reference parameters are useful in three situations:

– Returning more than one value

– Changing the actual parameter

– When passing the address would save memory space and time

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 Function Parameters Types

void swap( int &x, int &y )

{
int temp;
temp= x;
x = y;
x = temp;
}

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