Transmission Modes

Two devices communicate with each other by sending and receiving data. The data can flow
between the two devices in the following ways.
1. Simplex
2. Half Duplex
3. Full Duplex
In Simplex, communication is unidirectional

• Only one of the devices sends the data and the other one only receives the data.

Example: A keyboard sends input to a computer; it never gets data back.

Half Duplex

In half duplex both the stations can transmit as well as receive but not at the same time.

• When one device is sending other can only receive and vice-versa (as shown in figure above.)

• Example: Walkie-talkies, where one person talks, and the other listens, one at a time.

Full Duplex

• In Full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time.

Example: A phone call allows both people to talk and listen simultaneously

1. ARPANET: ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the first
packet-switched network, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969. It laid
the foundation for modern Internet technology and was the first network to use TCP/IP,
which became the standard in 1983.
2. Switching Network: A switching network is a system used to route communication data
between devices. It utilizes switches to connect users and can operate using different
types of switching methods, like circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.

Packet-Switched vs. Circuit-Switched Networks

Packet-Switched Network:

 Definition: Data is split into small packets, sent independently, and reassembled at the receiver.
  Features:
1. Dynamic Routing: Each packet finds the best path.
2. Efficiency: Bandwidth is shared among multiple users.
 Example: Internet communication, like emails or browsing.
 Advantages:

o Efficient use of the network.

o Works well for bursty data (e.g., web browsing).
 Disadvantages:
o Delays during reassembly.
o Not ideal for real-time data like calls without extra support.

Circuit-Switched Network:

 Definition: A dedicated communication path is set up before data transfer.

 Features:
1. Continuous Connection: The circuit stays active during communication.
2. Low Latency: Ideal for real-time communication.
 Example: Traditional landline phone calls.
 Advantages:

o Reliable and smooth for real-time data like voice.

o No packet loss.
 Disadvantages:
o Wastes resources if no data is sent.
o Inefficient for irregular or bursty data.

IP ADDRESSING
find the no of network and subnet mask and no of valid ip address ranges and CIDR of this IP
127.30.0.0/17

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Let's break this down for the IP address 127.30.0.0/17:

1. Number of Networks/Subnets:
o In a /17 subnet mask, 17 bits are used for the network portion, and the remaining 15
bits are for hosts.
o Since this is a single network defined by the /17 prefix, there is only 1 network in this
range.

2. Subnet Mask:
 o The subnet mask for a /17 prefix is: 255.255.128.0.
 This is because the first 17 bits are set to 1, and the rest (15 bits) are set to 0.

3. Number of Valid IP Addresses:

o In a /17 network, the number of available IP addresses is calculated by 2152^{15}215
(since 15 bits are available for hosts).
o This gives 32,768 IP addresses.
o However, 2 addresses are reserved (network address and broadcast address), so the
number of valid/usable IP addresses is 32,768−2=32,76632,768 - 2 =
32,76632,768−2=32,766.

4. IP Address Ranges:
o The first address in this network (the network address) is 127.30.0.0.
o The last address (the broadcast address) is 127.30.127.255.
o Therefore, the valid IP address range is from 127.30.0.1 to 127.30.127.254.

5. CIDR Notation:
o The IP address with its subnet is already in CIDR notation: 127.30.0.0/17.

Summary:

 Number of networks: 1
 Subnet mask: 255.255.128.0
 Valid IP addresses: 32,766
 IP address range: 127.30.0.1 to 127.30.127.254
 CIDR: 127.30.0.0/17

You said:
IP Address Ranges: The first address in this network (the network address) is 127.30.0.0. The last address
(the broadcast address) is 127.30.127.255. Therefore, the valid IP address range is from 127.30.0.1 to
127.30.127.254. how to find this explain briefly
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

To find the valid IP address range of a network, follow these steps:

1. Identify the Network Address

The network address is the first address in the given range. In CIDR notation (e.g.,
127.30.0.0/17), the network address is determined by applying the subnet mask to the given IP
address. In this case, 127.30.0.0 is already the network address because it is provided directly in
CIDR format.

 Network Address: 127.30.0.0

2. Identify the Subnet Mask

For a /17 subnet mask, the first 17 bits are for the network, and the remaining 15 bits are for
hosts. This translates to the subnet mask:

 Subnet Mask: 255.255.128.0

This tells us how many bits are reserved for the network and how many for hosts. The 128 in the
third octet (255.255.128.0) tells us that half of the third octet is for the network.

3. Calculate the Number of IP Addresses in the Range

A /17 network has 15 bits reserved for hosts (32 total bits - 17 bits for the network = 15 bits for
hosts). The total number of IP addresses is:

 215=32,7682^{15} = 32,768215=32,768

Out of these 32,768 addresses:

 The first IP is the network address.

 The last IP is the broadcast address.

4. Calculate the Broadcast Address

The broadcast address is the last address in the network, used to send data to all devices on that
network.

To find the broadcast address:

 Start from the network address (127.30.0.0).

 Add the total number of IP addresses minus 1 (32,768 - 1 = 32,767) to the network address.

In this case:

 Start at 127.30.0.0.
 Add 32,767 (this includes the network and broadcast addresses).

The broadcast address is 127.30.127.255.

5. Identify the Valid IP Address Range

The valid range is between the network address (excluding it) and the broadcast address
(excluding it).

 First valid address: Network address + 1 = 127.30.0.1

 Last valid address: Broadcast address - 1 = 127.30.127.254

Summary of Steps:
 1. Network address: 127.30.0.0
2. Subnet mask: 255.255.128.0
3. Total IP addresses: 32,768
4. Broadcast address: 127.30.127.255
5. Valid range: 127.30.0.1 to 127.30.127.254

This range contains all the usable IP addresses between the network and broadcast addresses.

You said:
192.168.0.5 and for this

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

For the IP address 192.168.0.5, we need more information about the subnet to determine the
network range (CIDR notation or subnet mask). Let's assume a commonly used subnet mask of
255.255.255.0 (which is a /24 network). Here's how to find the network and valid IP range.

1. Identify the Network Address

A /24 subnet mask means that the first 24 bits are for the network, and the remaining 8 bits are
for hosts. This results in a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.

To find the network address, we apply the subnet mask to the IP address:

 IP address: 192.168.0.5
 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

The network address is 192.168.0.0. This is because the last octet of the subnet mask is 0,
meaning all hosts in this range share the same network.

 Network Address: 192.168.0.0

2. Subnet Mask

The subnet mask in this case is 255.255.255.0. This mask means there are 256 total IP addresses
in the range.

3. Calculate the Number of IP Addresses

In a /24 network:

 There are 8 bits for hosts (32 total bits - 24 bits for the network = 8 bits for hosts).
 The total number of IP addresses is 28=2562^8 = 25628=256.

Out of these:
  The first address is the network address.
 The last address is the broadcast address.

4. Calculate the Broadcast Address

The broadcast address is the last address in the network. Since there are 256 addresses in a /24
network, we can add 255 to the network address:

 Broadcast Address: 192.168.0.255

5. Identify the Valid IP Address Range

The valid IP range is between the network address (excluding it) and the broadcast address
(excluding it):

 First valid address: 192.168.0.1 (network address + 1)

 Last valid address: 192.168.0.254 (broadcast address - 1)

Summary:

 Network address: 192.168.0.0

 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
 Total IP addresses: 256
 Broadcast address: 192.168.0.255
 Valid range: 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254

In this case, 192.168.0.5 is one of the valid IP addresses within the range of 192.168.0.1 to
192.168.0.254.

You said:
now give me questions of ip and and ask these 5 questions line wise

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Here are 5 questions related to IP addressing:

1. What is the network address for the IP 192.168.1.10 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0?
2. How many valid IP addresses are available in a /24 network?
3. What is the broadcast address for the network 172.16.5.0/16?
4. Calculate the valid IP address range for the IP 10.0.0.1/8.
5. How many hosts can be supported in a /20 network?

These can be answered one line at a time for practice.

You said:
1) 192.168.1.0
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Correct! The network address for 192.168.1.10 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 is indeed
192.168.1.0.

Now for the next question:

2. How many valid IP addresses are available in a /24 network?

You said:
254

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Correct! A /24 network provides 254 valid IP addresses (since 28=2562^8 = 25628=256, and
we subtract 2 for the network and broadcast addresses).

Next question:

3. What is the broadcast address for the network 172.16.5.0/16?

You said:
172.16.255.255

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Correct! The broadcast address for the 172.16.5.0/16 network is 172.16.255.255.

Next question:

4. Calculate the valid IP address range for the IP 10.0.0.1/8.

You said:
10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Correct! The valid IP address range for 10.0.0.1/8 is from 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.254.

Final question:

5. How many hosts can be supported in a /20 network?

You said:
12

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Actually, the number of hosts in a /20 network is larger.

In a /20 network, you have 12 bits for the host portion (since 32−20=1232 - 20 = 1232−20=12
bits for hosts). The total number of possible IP addresses is 212=40962^{12} = 4096212=4096.
However, subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast addresses, the number of valid hosts is:

 4096 - 2 = 4094 valid hosts.

So, a /20 network can support 4094 hosts.

You said:
oh you ask me for no of valid ip addresses

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Yes! The question was asking for the number of valid IP addresses (or valid hosts) in a /20
network.

So the correct answer is 4094 valid IP addresses.

Would you like more questions on IP addressing?

You said:
yes

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Here are 5 more questions related to IP addressing:

1. What is the subnet mask for the CIDR notation /22?

2. Given the IP address 192.168.10.5 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128, what is the network
address?
3. How many valid IP addresses can be assigned in a /30 network?
4. What is the broadcast address for the network 10.1.1.0/24?
5. If the IP address is 172.31.0.1/12, what is the valid IP address range?

Feel free to answer them one by one!

You said:
255.255.252.0

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

That’s correct! The subnet mask for the CIDR notation /22 is 255.255.252.0.

Next question:

2. Given the IP address 192.168.10.5 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128, what is the network
address?

You said:
192.168.10.127

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

It looks like there was a small mistake. The correct network address for 192.168.10.5 with a
subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 (which is a /25) is 192.168.10.0.

Here’s how to find it:

 The subnet mask 255.255.255.128 divides the last octet into two equal parts:
o The first half covers addresses from 192.168.10.0 to 192.168.10.127 (network range).
o The second half covers addresses from 192.168.10.128 to 192.168.10.255.

Next question:

3. How many valid IP addresses can be assigned in a /30 network?

You said:
2

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

That's correct! A /30 network has 4 IP addresses total (since 22=42^2 = 422=4), but two are
reserved (one for the network address and one for the broadcast address), leaving 2 valid IP
addresses that can be assigned.

Next question:

4. What is the broadcast address for the network 10.1.1.0/24?

You said:
10.1.1.255

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Correct! The broadcast address for the network 10.1.1.0/24 is 10.1.1.255.

Final question:

5. If the IP address is 172.31.0.1/12, what is the valid IP address range?

You said:
172.0.0.1 to 172.240.255.254
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

It looks like there was a small error in your range. The valid IP address range for 172.31.0.1/12 is
actually:

 First valid IP address: 172.31.0.1 (the first usable IP after the network address).
 Last valid IP address: 172.31.255.254 (the last usable IP before the broadcast address).

So, the correct valid IP address range is 172.31.0.1 to 172.31.255.254.

To clarify:

 The network address for 172.31.0.0/12 is 172.16.0.0.

 The broadcast address for this subnet is 172.31.255.255.

If you'd like to try more questions or need further clarification, just let me know!

You said:
but there are 20 bits for host partition

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

You're absolutely right! In the case of 172.31.0.1/12, we do indeed have 20 bits for the host
portion, since:

 The CIDR notation /12 indicates that 12 bits are used for the network, leaving 20 bits for hosts
(32 total bits - 12 bits for the network = 20 bits for hosts).

Correct Calculation of the Valid IP Address Range:

 1. Network Address: 172.16.0.0 (the first address in the range).
2. Broadcast Address: To find this, you take the highest address in the 172.31.x.x range:
o The last address will be 172.31.255.255.

Valid IP Address Range:

 First Valid IP: 172.16.0.1

 Last Valid IP: 172.31.255.254

So the valid IP address range is indeed:

 172.16.0.1 to 172.31.255.254

Thank you for pointing that out! Would you like to go through more questions or any specific
topics?