MEE 505 TUTORIALS

 Describe with the help of a neat sketch, the working of a jaw or claw clutch
Solution: The positive clutches are used when a positive drive is required. The
simplex type of a positive clutch is a jaw or claw clutch. The jaw permits one shaft to
drive another through direct contact with interlocking jaws.

a. characteristics of materials used for the lining of the friction surface of a clutch
i. It should have a high and uniform coefficient of friction
ii. It should not be affected by moisture and oil
iii. It should have the ability to withstand high temperatures caused by slippage
iv. It should have high heat conductivity
v. It should have high resistance to wear and scoring

 Determine the maximum, minimum, and average pressure in a plate clutch when the
axial force is 4 kN. The inside radius of the contact surface is 50 mm and the outside
radius is 100 mm. Assume uniform wear.
Solution
Given; w = 4KN, r2 = 500mm, r = 100mm
Maximum pressure
Let Pmax = maximum pressure
Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the inner ratio (r2), therefore
Pmax × r2 = c
c = Pmax × r2 = 50 Pmax
Recall, the total force on the contact surface (w)
w = 2πc(r1-r2)
4000 = 2π x 50Pmax (100-50) = 15710 Pmax
4000
Pmax = = 0.2546 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 Ans
15710

Minimum pressure
Let Pmin = minimum pressure
Since the intensity of pressure is minimum at the outer radius (r1) therefore,
Pmax × r1 = c
 C = 100 Pmin
Recall, the total force on the contact surface
w = 2πc(r1-r2)
4000 = 2π x 50Pmin (100-50) = 31420 Pmin
4000
Pmin = = 0.1273𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 Ans.
31420

Average pressure (Pav)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
Pav = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑤
= 𝜋[(𝑟 )2 −(𝑟 )2 ]
1 2

4000
= 𝜋[(100)2 −(50)2 ] = 0.17N /mm2

 Explain three (3) types of thread used for screws.

i. Square thread: this thread results in maximum efficiency and minimum radial or
bursting pressure on the nut. The square threads employed in screw jacks, presses
and clamping devices
ii. Acme or trapezoidal thread: An acme or trapezoidal is a modification of square
thread. It is used where a split nut is required and where provision is made to take
up wear as in the lead screw of a lathe.
iii. Buttress thread: A buttress thread combines the higher efficiency of square thread and
the ease of cutting and the adaptability to a split nut of acme thread. It is employed as the
thread for light jack screws and vices. b. In power screw design, what are the factors that
thread bearing pressure depends? The bearing pressure depends upon the materials of the
screw and nut, relative velocity, between the nut and screw and the nature of the lubrication.

 Why are square threads preferable to V-threads for power transmission?

Square threads are preferred over V-thread for power transmission because of
following points. 1) Square thread has the greatest efficiency as its profile angle is
zero. 2) It produces minimum bursting pressure on the nut. 3) It has more
transmission efficiency due to less friction.
  A vertical screw with single start square threads of 50 mm mean diameter and 12.5 mm
pitch is raised against a load of 10 kN by means of a hand wheel, the boss of which is
threaded to act as a nut. The axial load is taken up by a thrust collar which supports the
wheel boss and has a mean diameter of 60 mm. The coefficient of friction is 0.15 for
the screw and 0.18 for the collar. If the tangential force applied by each hand to the
wheel is 100 N, find suitable diameter of the hand wheel.

Solution
Given
d = 50mm, P = 12.5mm, W= 10KN = 10 × 103N; D = 60mm or R = 30mm, μ = tanø = 0.15;
μ = 0.18, P1 = 100N
𝑃 12.5
Recall, tan α = 𝜋𝑑 = = 0.08
𝜋𝑑

And the tangential force required at Screw

tan 𝛼+tan ø
P = W tan (α + ø) = W (1−tan 𝛼 tan ø)
0.08+0.15
= 10 x 103 [ 1−0.08 x 0.15] = 2328N

we also know the total torque required to run hand wheel.

𝑑 50
T = P × 2 + μ1 WR = 2328 × + 0.18 × 10× 103 × 30
2

= 58200 + 54000 = 112, 200 mm (1)

Let D = Diameter of the hand wheel in mm

We know that the torque applied to the handwheel
𝐷 𝐷1
T = 2P1 × 𝐷1 = 2 × 100 ×
2 2

T = 100D1 N.mm (2)

Equating equation (i) and (ii)
112,200 = 100D1
D1 = 112200/100 = 1122mm = 1.122m Ans
 Factors upon which the capacity of a brake depends
1. The unit pressure between the barking surfaces
2. The coefficient of friction between the breaking surfaces
3. The peripheral velocity of the break drum
4. The projected area of the friction surfaces
5. The ability of the brake to dissipate heat equivalent to the energy being absorbed.
 Characteristics of material used for brake lining
Solution
1. Low wear rate
2. High pressure resistance
3. High coefficient of friction with minimum fading
4. High heat dissipation capacity
5. Low thermal coefficient of thermal expansion
6. Adequate mechanical strength
7. It should not be affected by moisture and oil
  A vehicle of mass 1200 kg is moving down the hill with a slope of 1:5 at 72 km/h. It is
to be stopped in a distance of 50 m. If the diameter of the tyre is 60 mm, determine the
average braking torque to be applied to stop the vehicle, neglecting all the frictional
energy except for the brake. If the friction energy is momentarily stored in a 20 kg cast
iron brake drum. What is the average temperature rise of the drum? The specific heat
for cast iron may be taken as 520 J/kg0C. Determine, also the minimum coefficient of
friction between the tyre and the road in order that the wheels do not skid, assuming
that the weight is equally distributed among all the four wheels.

Given:
m = 1200kg; slope = 1:5; v = 72 kN/h = 20m/s; h = 50m; d= 600m or r = 300mm == 0.3m,
mb= 20kg; c = 520 J/kg 0C 2 Marks
average braking torque to be applied to stop the vehicle we know that kinetic energy of the
vehicle,
1
Ek = ½ mv2 = 2 x 1200 (20)2 = 240000N

and the potential energy of the vehicle

1
Ep = mgh x slope = 1200 x 9.81 x 50 x 5 = 117, 720N.m

:. Total energy of the vehicle of the energy absolute by the brake

E = Ex + Ep = 240000 + 117720 = 357720N.m
Since the vehicle is to be stopped in determine of 50m, therefore tangential braking force
required.
354.920
Ft = = 7154.4𝑁
50

Recall,
Average braking torque to be applied to stop the volume.
T6 = Ft x r = 7154.4 x 0.3 = 2146.32 N.m Ans.
Average temperature rises of the drum
Let ∆r – Average temperature rise of the drum in that absolute by the brake drum
H = Energy absorbed by the brake drum
= 357720N.m = 357.720 J
Similarly, the hent absorb by the break drum (Hg)
:. 357720 = m6 x c x ∆∆t = 20 x 520 x ∆t = 10400∆t
357720
∆t = = 34.40c Ans
10400
Minimum coefficient of friction between tyre and road, and RN = normal force between the
contact surface.
This is equal to the weight of the vehicle
= m.g = 1200 x 9.91 = 11772N
Ft = μRN
7154.4 = μ x 11771 => μ = 0.6 Ans.

 A shaft rotating at constant speed is subjected to variable load. The bearings supporting
the shaft are subjected to stationary equivalent radial load of 3 kN for 10% of time and
2 kN for 20% of time, 1 kN for 30% of time and no load for remaining time of cycle.
If the total life expected for the bearing is 20 × 106 revolutions at 95% reliability.
Calculate dynamic load rating of the ball bearing.
Solution
Given:
W1 = 3 kN; n1 = 0.1, W2 = 2 kN; n2 = 0.2n, W3 = 1 kN
n3 = 0.3n; W4 = 0; n4 = (1- 0.1- 0.2- 0.3)
n4 = 0.4n; L95 = 20 x 106
let L90 = Life of the bearing corresponding to reliability of 90 percent
L95 = Life of the bearing corresponding to reliability of 95 percent = 20 x 106 rev.
Recall,
1 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 1
𝑅95 0.95 1.17
L95/L90 = [ ]
1 1.17 =[ 1 ] = 0.54
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑅90 0.90

L90 = L95⁄0.54 = (20 x 106)/0.54 = 37 x 106

From the literature,
Equivalent radial load,

n1(W1)3 + n2(W2)3 + n3(W3)3 + n4(W4)3

W= n1+ n2+ n3+ n4

0.1n ×27 + 0.2n ×9 + 0.3n ×1 + 0.4n ×0

= 0.1n+ 0.2 + 0.3n+ 0.4n
 = (2.7 + 1.6 + 0.3 + 0)1/3
W = 1.663KN

We also know that dynamic load rating

1
𝐿 37 ×106 1
𝐶 = (10906 )𝑘 = 1.663 )3
106

(Note, K = 3 for ball bearing)

= 5.54 kN Ans

a. The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to the following scale:
Along x-axis crank angle is taken with a scale as 1 mm = 10 and y-axis, turning moment
is taken with a scale 1 mm = 10 Nm. The area above and below the mean turning
moment line, taken in order are -400, +800, -340, +900, and -650 mm2. Determine (a)
the mass of the flywheel
b. Dimension of the rim if width is twice of the thickness. Assume diameter of flywheel
rim is 300 mm, density of wheel rim material = 700 kg/m3, CS = 0.3%

Solution: +800 +900

T(N.m)

-650
-400 mean
-340

Crank angle, degree

Turning moment diagram

Conversion from given scale

𝜋
1mm = 10 N.m and 1mm =10 = 180 radian
𝜋
1mm on turning moment diagram = 10 x 180 = 0.1745N.m
Let at A, energy be E
From given data
Energy at B = E – 400
Energy at C = E – 400 + 800 = E + 400
Energy at D = E + 400 – 340 = E + 60
Energy at E = E + 60 + 900 = E + 960
Energy at F = E + 960 – 650 = E + 310
Hence, the maximum energy = E + 960
the minimum energy = E – 40
:. Maximum fluctuation of Energy
∆E = E2 – E1 = (E + 960) – (E - 400)
= 1360 mm2
= 1360 x 0.1745 = 237.32 N.m
The maximum fluctuation of energy is also obtained from, ∆E = mR2w2Cs
Where m = mass, and R= radius of flywheel
150 2 0.3
237.32 = m x (1000) 𝑥 (300)2 𝑥 100

:. M = 39.06kg
Cross-section of rim
Let t be the thickness and b be the width = 2t
Cross-sectional area A = b x t = 2t2
Recall
- Mass of rim = Mran = A x (2πR) x P
150
39.06 = 2t2 x 2π x (1000) 𝑥 700

t = 0.0544m ≈ 54.4mm
t ≈ 55mm
t = 55 x 2 = 110mm

Establish a formula for the frictional torque transmitted by a cone clutch

Solution
T = Torque transmitted by the clutch
P = Intensity of axial pressure with which the contact surfaces are held together
r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of friction faces,
r = Mean radius of the friction faces,
µ = Coefficient of friction
Area of the contact surface or friction surface = 2πr.dr
Therefore, Normal or axial force on the ring,
δw = Pressure × Area = p × 2πr.dr
and the frictional force on the ring acting tangentially at radius r,
Fr = µ × δw = µ.p × 2πr.dr
The frictional torque acting on the ring,
Tr = Fr × r = µ.p × 2πr.dr × r = 2πr.dr = 2π µ.p. r2.d

 5 Advantages of gear drives

i. It transmits exact velocity
ii. It may be used to transmit large power
iii. It may be used for small centre distances of shafts
iv. It has high efficiency
v. It has compact layout
 Disadvantages of gear drives
i. It is expensive
ii. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operations
iii. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it
 State classification of gears and give three (3) examples on each the classification.
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts. Examples: a. Parallel, b. intersecting c. non-
intersecting and non-parallel
2. According to the peripherical velocity of the gears. Example: Low velocity, b. medium
velocity c. high velocity
3. According to the type of gearing. Examples: External gearing b. Internal gearing c. Rack and
pinion
4. According to the position of teeth on the gear surface. Examples: a. Straight b. inclined c,
curved

 Explain five (5) different causes of gear tooth failures

1. Bending failure: When the dynamic load acting on the gear tooth is greater than the beam
strength of the gear tooth, then the gear tooth will break.
2. Putting: the failure occurs when the surface contact stresses are higher than the endurance
limits of the material.
 3. Scoring: the excessive heat is generated when there is an excessive surface pressure
4. Abrasive wear: Foreign particles in the lubricants such as dirt, dust etc. enter between the
tooth and damage the form of tooth.
5. Corrosive wear: The corrosion of the tooth surfaces is mainly caused due to the presence of
corrosive elements such as additives present in the lubricating oil.

 The following particulars of a single reduction spur gear are given:

Gear ratio = 10:1; Distance between centres = 660mm appropriately; pinion transmits
500 kW at 1800 r.p.m. involute teeth of standard proportions (addendum = module)
with pressure angle of 22.50; permissible normal pressure between teeth = 175N per
mm of width. Find:
(a) the nearest standard module, if no interference is to occur
(b) the number of teeth on each wheel;
(c) the necessary width of the pinion; and
(d) the load on the bearings of the wheels due to power transmitted.

Solution:
Given:
𝑇𝐺 𝐷
G= = 𝐷𝐺 = 10; L = 66 mm, P = 500 kW = 500 x 103 W; Np = 1800 r.p.m; ϕ= 22.50; WN
𝑇𝑝 𝑝

= 175N/mm width
a. Nearest standard module if no interference is to occur
Let m = required module
Tp = Number of teeth on the opinion
TG = Number of teeth on the gear
Dp = pitch circle diameter of the pioneer and
Dn = pitch circle diameter of the gear
Minimum number of teeth on the pinion in order to avoid interference,
2𝐴𝑤
Tp = 1 1
𝐺[√1+ ( +2)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅−1]
𝐺 𝐺

Aw = fraction by
2 𝑥1 2
which the standard = 1 1 = 0.15
10[√1+10(10+2)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 22.5 −1]
addendum for the
wheel should be
multiplied
 = 13.3 = 14
TG = G x Tp = 10 x14 = 140 Aw = 1 module
𝐷𝐺 𝐷𝑝 𝐷𝑜 10𝐷𝑝 𝑇𝐺
Recall, L= + = + = 5.5Dp = 1.0
2 2 2 2 𝑇𝑝
660
660 = 5.5Dp => Dp = = 120mm
5.5

Since Dp = m .Tp
𝐷𝑝 120
m= = = 8.6mm
𝑇𝑝 4

since the nearest standard value of the module is 8mm therefore we should take m = 8mm. Ans

b. Number of teeth on each wheel

𝐷𝑝 120
Tp = = = 15 Ans.
𝑚 8

and number of teeth on the gear

TG = G x Tp = 10 x 15 = 150 ans.
c. Necessary width of the pinion
Torque acting on the pinion
𝑝 𝑥 60 500 x 103 x 60
T= = = 2652Nm
2𝜋𝑁𝑃 2𝜋 𝑥 1800
𝑇 2652
Tangential load, WT = 𝐷𝑝 = 0.12⁄ = 44200N
⁄ 2
2

and normal lead on the tooth (Dp is taken in metre)

𝑊𝑟 44200
WN = = cos 22.5 = 47840N
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑

Since the normal pressure between teeth is 175N per mm of width, therefore necessary width
478400
of pinion, b = = 273.4mm Ans load on the bearings of the wheels
175

recall,
load on the bearing, due to the power transmitted,
Wq = WN.sinϕ
= 47840 x sin 22.50
= 18308N
= 18.308KN Ans.