Unit – I: Android & Its Tools

1. Define Android:

Android is an open-source operating system primarily used for mobile devices such as smartphones,
tablets, smart TVs, and even wearable devices. It is developed and maintained by Google and is based
on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Android allows developers to create applications using Java,
Kotlin, and other programming languages.

2. Define OHA (Open Handset Alliance):

The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a group of technology companies, including Google, hardware
manufacturers, software developers, and mobile network operators, that work together to develop
open mobile standards. The OHA was founded in 2007, and its primary goal is to provide a common
platform for mobile devices to ensure compatibility and innovation.

3. Define Android Ecosystem:

The Android ecosystem refers to all the components that make up Android, including:

 Hardware manufacturers (Samsung, OnePlus, Xiaomi, etc.).

 Developers (who create applications using the Android SDK).

 Users (who download and use apps).

 Google Play Store (where applications are distributed).

 Service providers (who provide network and software services).

4. Why Android?

Android is widely used because of the following reasons:

 Open Source: Free to use and modify.

 Large Developer Community: Many developers contribute to its growth.

 Cross-Platform Compatibility: Runs on various hardware devices.

 Regular Updates: Google frequently improves security and features.

 Customizable: Users can modify the UI and features according to their needs.

5. List & Explain Features of Android:

Some key features of Android include:

 Multi-tasking: Users can switch between multiple apps.

 Multi-Language Support: Available in multiple languages.

 Google Integration: Built-in Google services like Maps, Gmail, and Drive.

 Widgets: Users can add widgets for quick access to apps and services.

6. Draw & Explain Architecture of Android:

The Android architecture consists of five main layers:

1. Linux Kernel: Manages system resources like memory, security, drivers, and networking.

2. Native Libraries: Includes WebKit (browser), SQLite (database), and OpenGL (graphics).

3. Android Runtime: Uses Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) or Android Runtime (ART) to execute
code.

4. Application Framework: Provides APIs for app development.

5. Applications: User-installed and system applications.

7. List All Versions of Android OS:

Android versions are named alphabetically after desserts. Some notable versions are:

 Cupcake (1.5), Donut (1.6), Éclair (2.0/2.1), Froyo (2.2), Gingerbread (2.3)

 Honeycomb (3.x), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0), Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3), KitKat (4.4)

 Lollipop (5.x), Marshmallow (6.x), Nougat (7.x), Oreo (8.x), Pie (9.x)

 Android 10, Android 11, Android 12, Android 13, Android 14

Unit – II: Installation & Configuration of Android

1. List Supporting OS:

Android Studio, the official IDE for Android development, supports:

 Windows (7, 8, 10, 11)

 MacOS (10.10 or later)

 Linux (64-bit distributions)

2. Define Java JDK:

 Compiler (javac) for compiling Java code.

 Java Runtime Environment (JRE) for executing Java applications.

 Debugger (jdb) for debugging Java programs.

3. Define Android SDK and ADT (Android Development Tool):

 Android SDK (Software Development Kit): A collection of tools and libraries required for
developing Android applications. It includes:

o Android Emulator

o Debugging tools

o Documentation

o Sample code

 ADT (Android Development Tool): A plugin for Eclipse that simplifies Android app development
(mostly replaced by Android Studio).

4. Define Android Virtual Devices (AVDs):

AVDs are software-based emulated devices that allow developers to test Android applications on
different screen sizes and hardware configurations.

5. Define DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine):

DVM is a specialized virtual machine that runs Android applications efficiently on mobile devices. It
optimizes performance and memory usage.

6. Differentiate Between JVM & DVM:

Feature JVM (Java Virtual Machine) DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine)

Architecture Stack-based Register-based

Platform Used on desktops & servers Used on Android devices

Optimization Optimized for computers Optimized for mobile memory & battery
7. Define Emulator:

An Android emulator is a virtual device that simulates a real Android device for testing applications.

Unit-III: Components & Layouts

1. Explain Android Directory Structure:

 src/ – Contains Java/Kotlin source code.

 res/ – Stores resources like images, layouts, and strings.

 AndroidManifest.xml – Application configuration file.

 build.gradle – Configuration settings for building the app.

2. Define Components on Screen:

 View Components: TextView, EditText, Button, ImageView.

 Containers: LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, ScrollView.

 User Input Elements: CheckBox, RadioButton, SeekBar.

3. Define Fundamentals of UI Design:

Good UI design includes:

 Consistency: Elements should look and behave consistently.

 Simplicity: Avoid unnecessary complexity.

 Feedback: Provide visual or haptic feedback to user actions.

 Accessibility: Ensure usability for differently-abled users.

4. List & Explain Types of Layouts in Android:

 LinearLayout: Arranges elements in a row or column.

 RelativeLayout: Positions elements relative to each other.

 AbsoluteLayout (deprecated): Positions elements using fixed coordinates.

 TableLayout: Organizes elements in rows and columns.

 FrameLayout: Used for displaying a single view or overlapping views.

1. List and Explain Properties of Views in Android:

 TextView: Displays text on the screen.

 EditText: Allows users to input text.

 Button: Triggers an action when clicked.

 ImageButton: Button with an image.

 ToggleButton: Switches between ON/OFF states.

 RadioButton & RadioGroup: Allows single selection from a group.

 CheckBox: Allows multiple selections.

 ProgressBar: Shows loading progress.

 ListView: Displays a scrollable list.

 GridView: Displays items in a grid format.

 ImageView: Displays an image.

 ScrollView: Enables scrolling.

 TimePicker & DatePicker: Allows users to select time and date.

2. Write a Program to Implement Views:

Here is a basic XML layout implementing views:

xml

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<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent"

android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView android:text="Enter Name" />

<Button android:text="Submit" />

<ProgressBar />

</LinearLayout>