1.

Computer Science:
o Networks and Routing Algorithms: Graph theory is fundamental in designing
computer networks and developing efficient routing algorithms for data
transmission.
o Database Management: Graph databases use graph structures to represent and
query relationships between data entities, offering advantages in data modeling
and querying.
o Algorithm Design: Many algorithms in computer science, such as graph traversal
algorithms (e.g., breadth-first search, depth-first search), rely on graph theory
concepts.
2. Biology:
o Biological Networks: Graph theory helps model and analyze biological networks
like gene regulatory networks, protein-protein interaction networks, and
metabolic pathways. It aids in understanding complex biological processes.
o Phylogenetics: Evolutionary relationships between species are often represented
as phylogenetic trees, which can be analyzed using graph theory techniques.
3. Sociology:
o Social Network Analysis: Graph theory is central to social network analysis. It
studies the structure and dynamics of social networks to understand social
interactions, information flow, and community formation.
4. Transportation Networks:
o Graph theory plays a crucial role in modeling transportation networks, such as
road networks, flight routes, and public transportation systems. It helps optimize
routes, analyze connectivity, and improve efficiency.
5. Chemistry:
o In organic chemistry, graph theory is used to study molecular structures,
chemical reactions, and molecular connectivity.
o It helps analyze molecular graphs, identify isomers, and predict chemical
properties.
6. Operations Research:
o Graph theory is applied to optimization problems, resource allocation, and
scheduling.
o Examples include project scheduling, network flow optimization, and supply
chain management.
7. Electrical Engineering:
o Communication networks, coding theory, and error-correcting codes rely on
graph theory concepts.
o Graphs model data transmission, signal processing, and network reliability.

8. Mathematic
 In mathematics, operational research is the important field. Graph theory provides many
useful applications in operational research. Like:

o Minimum cost path.

Euler circuit
Definition

1.
o An Euler path is a path that travels through every edge of a connected
graph once and only once, starting and ending at different vertices.
o An Euler circuit is an Euler path that starts and ends at the same vertex.

Euler theorem

1.
o Euler’s First Theorem:
 If a graph has any vertices of odd degree, it cannot have an Euler
circuit.
 If a graph is connected and every vertex has an even degree, it
has at least one Euler circuit (usually more).
o Euler’s Second Theorem:
 If a graph has more than two vertices of odd degree, it cannot have
an Euler path.
 If a graph is connected and has exactly two vertices of odd degree,
it has at least one Euler path (usually more).
 Any such path must start at one of the odd-degree vertices and end
at the other one.
o Euler’s Third Theorem:
 The sum of the degrees of all the vertices of a graph equals twice
the number of edges (and therefore must be an even number).
 Therefore, the number of vertices of odd degree must be even.

Applications
1. Network Inspection:
o Euler circuits are useful for checking parking meters along city streets,
patrolling urban areas, or delivering mail efficiently.
o Imagine a mail carrier who wants to cover every street without retracing
any steps. An Euler circuit helps plan an optimal route.
2. Transportation Networks:
o In transportation planning, Euler circuits aid in optimizing routes for
delivery trucks, buses, and other transportation systems.
 o They ensure efficient coverage of roads or flight paths without missing any
segments.
3. Painting and Garbage Collection:
o Painters and garbage collectors can benefit from Euler circuits. For
instance:
 A painter covering every wall in a building without repeating any
section.
 A garbage collector navigating streets to collect trash without
revisiting the same spot.
4. Airplane Pilots and Navigators:
o Euler circuits relate to flight paths and navigation.
o Pilots can plan routes that cover all desired waypoints without
redundancy.
5. Mathematical Problem Solving:
o The famous Königsberg Bridge problem is a classic example. Euler’s
solution showed that it was impossible to cross all seven bridges exactly
once and return to the starting point.
o Euler circuits help solve similar problems involving networks and
connectivity.