Query - Database / ANSI SQL using MySQL
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
- CREATE: Used to create tables, databases, indexes, and other objects.
- ALTER: Used to modify existing database structures.
- DROP: Deletes tables, databases, indexes, etc.
- TRUNCATE: Removes all records from a table without logging individual row
deletions.
- RENAME: Changes the name of an existing database object.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
- SELECT: Retrieves data from a database.
- INSERT: Adds new records to a table.
- UPDATE: Modifies existing records in a table.
- DELETE: Removes records from a table.
3. DCL (Data Control Language)
- GRANT: Provides specific privileges to users.
- REVOKE: Removes privileges from users.
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language)
- COMMIT: Saves all changes made by the transaction.
- ROLLBACK: Reverts changes made by the transaction.
- SAVEPOINT: Creates a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back.
5. Understanding Constraints and Their Types
- NOT NULL: Ensures a column cannot have a NULL value.
- UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.
- PRIMARY KEY: Uniquely identifies each record in a table.
- FOREIGN KEY: Ensures referential integrity between tables.
- CHECK: Ensures that all values in a column satisfy a condition.
- DEFAULT: Sets a default value for a column if no value is provided.
6. SQL Operators
- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
- Comparison Operators: =, !=, <>, >, <, >=, <=
- Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT
- Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
7. SQL Functions
- Aggregate Functions: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()
- String Functions: CONCAT(), LENGTH(), UPPER(), LOWER(), SUBSTRING()
- Date Functions: NOW(), CURDATE(), DATE_FORMAT()
- Numeric Functions: ROUND(), CEIL(), FLOOR(), ABS()
- Conversion Functions: CAST(), CONVERT()
8. Clauses in SQL
- WHERE: Filters records based on conditions.
- GROUP BY: Groups records with identical values.
- HAVING: Filters groups based on conditions.
- ORDER BY: Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.
- LIMIT: Restricts the number of records returned.
9. Joins and Their Types
- INNER JOIN: Returns matching rows from both tables.
- LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the
right table.
- RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the
left table.
- FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is a match in either table.
- SELF JOIN: A table joins itself.
- CROSS JOIN: Returns the Cartesian product of both tables.
10. Sub-Queries
- A query nested inside another query.
- Used with SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
- Can return single or multiple values.
11. Views and Indexes
- View: A virtual table based on a query result.
- Created using CREATE VIEW statement.
- Index: Improves database performance by allowing faster data retrieval.
- Created using CREATE INDEX statement.
