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Acids, Base and Salts Handout

The document provides an overview of acids, bases, and salts, detailing their properties, reactions, and the concept of neutralization. It explains the behavior of strong and weak acids, the characteristics of bases and alkalis, and introduces indicators for distinguishing between acidic and alkaline solutions. Additionally, it outlines methods for preparing soluble and insoluble salts through various chemical reactions.

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Fathima Saidah
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34 views4 pages

Acids, Base and Salts Handout

The document provides an overview of acids, bases, and salts, detailing their properties, reactions, and the concept of neutralization. It explains the behavior of strong and weak acids, the characteristics of bases and alkalis, and introduces indicators for distinguishing between acidic and alkaline solutions. Additionally, it outlines methods for preparing soluble and insoluble salts through various chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

Fathima Saidah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Acids, bases, and salts

Acids: A substance that produces H+ ion when dissolve in water/acids are proton donor

Properties of Acids

• Acids have pH values of below 7, have a sour taste (when edible) and are corrosive
• Acids are substances that can neutralise a base, forming a salt and water
• When acids are added to water, they form positively charged hydrogen ions (H+)
• The presence of H+ ions is what makes a solution acidic

Example: Hydrochloric Acid


HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Typical reactions of acids


1.Acids and metals
Only metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with dilute acids.
When acids react with metals they form a salt and hydrogen gas:
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
The name of the salt is related to the name of the acid used, as it depends on the anion within
the acid.
2.Acids with bases
• Metal oxides and metal hydroxides (alkalis) can act as bases
• When they react with acid, a neutralisation reaction occurs
• In all acid-base neutralisation reactions, salt and water are produced
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
3.Acids with metal carbonates
Acids will react with metal carbonates to form the corresponding metal salt, carbon dioxide and water:
Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Weak and Strong Acids


1. Strong acids: completely dissociated in aqueous solution producing lots of H+ ions
e.g: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
2. Weak acids: partially dissociated in aqueous solution producing few H+ ions
e.g: CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

Bases: A substance that produces OH- ion when dissolve in water/bases are proton Accepter
Properties of Bases & Alkalis

• Bases have pH values of above 7


• A base which is water-soluble is referred to as an alkali
• In basic (alkaline) conditions red litmus paper turns blue, methyl orange indicator
turns yellow and thymolphthalein indicator turns blue
• Bases are substances which can neutralise an acid, forming a salt and water
• Bases are usually oxides or hydroxides of metals
• When alkalis are added to water, they form negative hydroxide ions (OH–)
• The presence of the OH- ions is what makes the aqueous solution an alkali
Example: Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Typical reactions of bases


1.Bases and acids
When bases react with an acid, a neutralisation reaction occurs.
Acids and bases react together in a neutralisation reaction and produce a salt and water:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
2.Alkalis and ammonium salts

• Ammonium salts undergo decomposition when warmed with an alkali


• Even though ammonia is itself a weak base, it is very volatile and can easily be displaced
from the salt by another alkali
• A salt, water and ammonia are produced

Example: NH4Cl + NaOH →NaCl + H2O + NH3

• This reaction is used as a chemical test to confirm the presence of the ammonium ion
(NH4+)
• Alkali is added to the substance with gentle warming followed by the test for ammonia gas
using damp red litmus paper
• The damp litmus paper will turn from red to blue if ammonia is present

Indicators
• Two colour indicators are used to distinguish between acids and alkalis.
• Many plants contain substances that can act as indicators and the most common one
is litmus which is extracted from lichens.
• Synthetic indicators are organic compounds that are sensitive to changes in acidity and
appear different colours in acids and alkalis
• Thymolphthalein and methyl orange are synthetic indicators frequently used in acid-alkali
titrations.
•

Neutralisation Reactions
When acids are added to water, they form positively charged hydrogen ions (H+)
The presence of H+ ions is what makes a solution acidic
When alkalis are added to water, they form negative hydroxide ions (OH–)
The presence of the OH– ions is what makes the aqueous solution an alkali
The pH scale is a numerical scale which is used to show how acidic or alkaline a solution is, in other
words it is a measure of the amount of ions present in the solution
A neutralisation reaction occurs when an acid reacts with an alkali
When these substances react together in a neutralisation reaction, the H+ ions react with the OH– ions
to produce water
For example, when hydrochloric acid is neutralised a sodium chloride and water are produced:

The net ionic equation of acid-alkali neutralisations, and what leads to a neutral solution, since water
has a pH of 7, is:
H+ + OH– ⟶ H2O
pH scale
pH is the concentration of H+ ions per dm3 of solution
Universal indicator solution is used to determine the pH of a substance by matching the color
change to the pH color chart.

Types of Oxides
• Metal oxides are basic, e.g. Copper oxide and Calcium oxide
• Non-metal oxides are acidic, e.g. sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide
• Aluminium and zinc form amphoteric oxides, e.g. zinc oxide
• Oxides that react with neither acids nor bases are neutral, e.g. nitrous monoxide and
carbon monoxide.
Preparation of Salts
Soluble Salts
Method A: Soluble Salts from Excess Insoluble Bases (metal, metal oxide, carbonates)
1. Warm acid (increases the speed of reaction)
2. Add an excess reactant + stir
3. Filter mixture
4. Transfer to evaporating basin
5. Heat using a Bunsen burner
6. Leave to cool until crystallisation point
7. Wash crystals with distilled water
8. Dry crystals on filter paper.
Method B: Titration
1. Place a known volume of alkali into a conical flask using a volumetric pipette.
2. Add indicator (e.g. thymolphthalein)
3. Titration: add acid using a burette until the endpoint has reached
4. Record the volume of acid added
5. Repeat without indicator
6. Transfer to evaporating basin
7. Heat with Bunsen burner
8. Leave to cool until crystallisation point
9. Wash crystals with distilled water
10. Dry crystals on filter paper
Insoluble Salts
Precipitation: Insoluble Solid forms between two aqueous solutions.
1. Mix two soluble salts
2. Filter to remove the precipitate
3. Wash the precipitate with distilled water
4. Leave to dry

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