Electric Circuits (1)

Lecture. 4
- Circuit Variables
- Circuit Elements

- Ohm’s Law
- Kirchhoff’s Law

- DC circuits and sources

- Circuits Connections
- Star and Delta Connections

- DC circuit Analysis
- DC Power Calculations

- AC circuit Analysis
- AC Power Calculations (with power factor).
- Power factor Correction

- Resonant Circuits
- Natural and Forced Response (1st Order/2nd Order/Sinusoidal)
- Balanced 3-phase Circuits
Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis (Loop Analysis)
Mesh = A closed loop path which has no smaller loops inside
Mesh currents are circular currents used for calculation.

Mesh currents are not real currents.

I1 I2

Mesh current (loop current)

Real current is a sum of all mesh currents passing through that point.
Mesh Analysis
Procedure

1. Count the number of meshes. Let the number equal N.

2. Define mesh current on each mesh. Let the values be

I1, I2, I3, …

3. Use Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL) on each mesh,

generating N equations

4. Solve the equations

Example
Use mesh analysis to find the power consumption in the resistor 3 Ω

I1 I2

Mesh current (loop current)

 I1 I2

Loop 1  42  6 I1  3( I1  I 2)  0
9 I1  3I 2  42 Equation 1

Loop 2
3( I 2  I1)  4 I 2  10  0
 3I1  7 I 2  10 Equation 2

I1 = 6A, I2 = 4A, The current that pass through R 3Ω is 6-4 = 2A (downward)

Power = 12 W
Example
Use Mesh analysis to find Vx

I2

I1

I3
  7  1( I1  I 2)  6  2( I1  I 3)  0
I2 3I1  I 2  2 I 3  1 Equation 1
I1
1( I 2  I1)  2 I 2  3( I 2  I 3)  0
I3
 I1  6 I 2  3I 3  0 Equation 2

2( I 3  I1)  6  3( I 3  I 2)  I 3  0
 2 I1  3I 2  6 I 3  6 Equation 3

I1 = 3A, I2 = 2A, I3 = 3A

Vx = 3(I3-I2) = 3V
Supermesh
When there is a current source in the mesh path, we cannot use KVL
because we do not know the voltage across the current source.

We have to use supermesh, which is a combination of 2 meshes to be a

big mesh, and avoid the inclusion of the current source in the mesh path.
Example
Use Mesh analysis to find Vx

I2

I1

I3
 I2

I1

I3

1( I 2  I1)  2 I 2  3( I 2  I 3)  0
 I 1  6 I 2  3I 3  0 Equation from 2nd loop
Supermesh
I2

I1

I3

 7  1( I1  I 2)  3( I 3  I 2)  I 3  0
I1  4 I 2  4 I 3  7 Equation 2

I1  I 3  7 Equation 3
I1 = 9A

I2 = 2.5A

I3 = 2A

Vx = 3(I3-I2) = -1.5V
How to choose between
Node and Mesh Analysis
The hardest part in analyzing circuits is solving
equations. Solving 3 or more equations can be time
consuming.

Normally, we will count the number of equations

according to each method and select the method
that have lesser equations.
Example
From the previous example, if we want to use Nodal Analysis

7V

V1 V2

V3

0V
 I1  15 Equation 1
I2

1( I 2  I1)  2 I 2  3( I 2  I 3)  0
I1  I1  6 I 2  3I 3  0 Equation 2

I3
1
I 3  I1  Vx Equation 3
9
Vx  3( I 3  I 2) Equation 4

I1=15A, I2=11A, I3=17A

Vx = 3(17-11) = 18V
Special Techniques
• Superposition Theorem
• Source Transformation
• Thevenin’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem
Superposition Theorem

In a linear circuit, we can calculate the value of

current (or voltage) that is the result from each
voltage source and current source independently.
Then, the real value is the sum of all current (or
voltage) from the sources.
Linearity
Input and Output have linear relationship

I
Linearity Property (1)
It is the property of an element describing a linear relationship between cause
and effect.
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or directly proportional)
to its input.

Homogeneity (scaling) property

v=iR → kv=kiR

Additive property

v1 = i1 R and v2 = i2 R
→ v = (i1 + i2) R = v1 + v2 22
Implementation
When calculating the effect of a source, the other sources
will be set to zero.

• For voltage sources, when set as 0V (SC) , it will be

similar to short circuit
• For current sources, when set as 0A (OC) , it will be
similar to open circuit
Superposition Theorem (1)

It states that the voltage across (or current through) an element

in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or
currents through) that element due to EACH independent
source acting alone.

The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear

circuit with more than one independent source by calculating
the contribution of each independent source separately.

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Example

1V 1V

1Ω 1Ω I1 1Ω I2
I total

2V 2V

I1 = 1A

I2 = 2A

I total = 1+2 = 3A
Example

1A 1A
1Ω 1Ω I1 1Ω I2
I total

2V 2V

I1 = 1A

I2 = 0A

I total = 1+0 = 1A
Example
Find voltage Vx
 (3 || 4) (12 / 7)
Vx( 42V )   42   42
6  (3 || 4) 6  (12 / 7)
 9.333V
 (6 || 3) 2
Vx(10V )   10   10
(6 || 3)  4 24
 3.333V
Example:
We consider the effects of 8A and 20V one by one,
then add the two effects together for final vo.

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Superposition Theorem
Steps to apply superposition principle

1. Turn off all independent sources except one

source. Find the output (voltage or current)
due to that active source using nodal or
mesh analysis.

2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent

sources.

3. Find the total contribution by adding

algebraically all the contributions due to the
independent sources. 31
Superposition Theorem
Two things have to be keep in mind:

1. When we say turn off all other independent

sources:
 Independent voltage sources are replaced
by 0 V (short circuit) and
 Independent current sources are replaced
by 0 A (open circuit).

2. Dependent sources are left intact because

they are controlled by circuit variables.

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Superposition Theorem
Example

Use the superposition theorem to find v in the

circuit shown below.

3A is discarded by
open-circuit

6V is discarded by
short-circuit

* answer v = 10V 33
Source Transformation (1)

• An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i

characteristics are identical with the
original circuit.
• It is the process of replacing a voltage
source vS in series with a resistor R by a
current source iS in parallel with a resistor
R, or vice versa.

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Source Transformation (2)
+ + • The arrow of the
current source is
directed toward
the positive
-
(a) Independent source transform
- terminal of the
voltage source.

+ + • The source
transformation is
not possible when
R = 0 for voltage
- - source and R = ∞
(b) Dependent source transform for current source.

35
Source Transformation (3)
Example

Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

*answer io = 1.78A
36
Thevenin’s Theorem (1)

It states that a linear two-terminal

circuit (Fig. a) can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit (Fig. b) consisting
of a voltage source VTH in series with
a resistor RTH,

where

• VTH is the open-circuit voltage at the

terminals.

• RTH is the input or equivalent resistance at

the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.

37
Thevenin’s Theorem (2)
Example
6W 6W
Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the
equivalent circuit to the left of the
terminals in the circuit shown 4W RTh

below. Hence find i.

(a)

6W

+
2A 6W 4W VTh
2A


(b)

38
* answer VTH = 6V, RTH = 3W, i = 1.5A
Norton’s Theorem (1)
It states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit of a current
source IN in parallel with a resistor RN,

Where

• IN is the short circuit current through

the terminals.

• RN is the input or equivalent resistance

at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.

The Thevenin’s and Norton equivalent circuits are related by a

source transformation. 39
Maximum Power Transfer (1)

If the entire circuit is replaced by its

Thevenin equivalent except for the load,
the power delivered to the load is:

2
 VTh 
P  i 2 RL    RL
 RTh  RL 

For maximum power dissipated in RL,

Pmax, for a given RTH,
and VTH,
2
V
RL  RTH  Pmax  Th
4 RL The power transfer profile with different RL

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