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A single-layer feedforward neural network was introduced in the late 1950s by Frank
Rosenblatt. It was the starting phase of Deep Learning and Artificial neural networks. During
that time for prediction, Statistical machine learning, or Traditional code Programming is used.
Perceptron is one of the first and most straightforward models of artificial neural networks.
Despite being a straightforward model, the perceptron has been proven to be successful in
solving specific categorization issues.
What is Perceptron?
Perceptron is one of the simplest Artificial neural network architectures . It was introduced by
Frank Rosenblatt in 1957s. It is the simplest type of feedforward neural network, consisting of a
single layer of input nodes that are fully connected to a layer of output nodes. It can learn the
linearly separable patterns. it uses slightly different types of artificial neurons known as
threshold logic units (TLU). it was first introduced by McCulloch and Walter Pitts in the 1940s.

Basic Components of Perceptron

Mr. Frank Rosenblatt invented the perceptron model as a binary classifier which contains three
main components. These are as follows:

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 o Input Nodes or Input Layer:
This is the primary component of Perceptron which accepts the initial data into the system for
further processing. Each input node contains a real numerical value.
o Wight and Bias:
Weight parameter represents the strength of the connection between units. This is another most
important parameter of Perceptron components. Weight is directly proportional to the strength
of the associated input neuron in deciding the output. Further, Bias can be considered as the line
of intercept in a linear equation.
o Activation Function:
These are the final and important components that help to determine whether the neuron will
fire or not. Activation Function can be considered primarily as a step function.
Types of Activation functions:
o Sign function
o Step function, and
o Sigmoid function

The data scientist uses the activation function to take a subjective decision based on various
problem statements and forms the desired outputs. Activation function may differ (e.g., Sign,
Step, and Sigmoid) in perceptron models by checking whether the learning process is slow or
has vanishing or exploding gradients.

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How does Perceptron work?
In Machine Learning, Perceptron is considered as a single-layer neural network that consists of
four main parameters named input values (Input nodes), weights and Bias, net sum, and an
activation function. The perceptron model begins with the multiplication of all input values and
their weights, then adds these values together to create the weighted sum. Then this weighted
sum is applied to the activation function 'f' to obtain the desired output. This activation function
is also known as the step function and is represented by 'f'.

This step function or Activation function plays a vital role in ensuring that output is mapped
between required values (0,1) or (-1,1). It is important to note that the weight of input is
indicative of the strength of a node. Similarly, an input's bias value gives the ability to shift the
activation function curve up or down.

Perceptron model works in two important steps as follows:

Step-1
In the first step first, multiply all input values with corresponding weight values and then add
them to determine the weighted sum. Mathematically, we can calculate the weighted sum as
follows:
∑wi*xi = x1*w1 + x2*w2 +…wn*xn
Add a special term called bias 'b' to this weighted sum to improve the model's performance.
∑wi*xi + b

Step-2
In the second step, an activation function is applied with the above-mentioned weighted sum,
which gives us output either in binary form or a continuous value as follows:

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Y = f(∑wi*xi + b)

Types of Perceptron Models

Based on the layers, Perceptron models are divided into two types. These are as follows:
1. Single-layer Perceptron Model
2. Multi-layer Perceptron model

Single Layer Perceptron Model:

This is one of the easiest Artificial neural networks (ANN) types. A single-layered perceptron
model consists feed-forward network and also includes a threshold transfer function inside the
model. The main objective of the single-layer perceptron model is to analyze the linearly
separable objects with binary outcomes.
In a single layer perceptron model, its algorithms do not contain recorded data, so it begins with
inconstantly allocated input for weight parameters. Further, it sums up all inputs (weight). After
adding all inputs, if the total sum of all inputs is more than a pre-determined value, the model
gets activated and shows the output value as +1.
If the outcome is same as pre-determined or threshold value, then the performance of this model
is stated as satisfied, and weight demand does not change. However, this model consists of a
few discrepancies triggered when multiple weight inputs values are fed into the model. Hence,
to find desired output and minimize errors, some changes should be necessary for the weights
input.
"Single-layer perceptron can learn only linearly separable patterns."

Multi-Layered Perceptron Model:

Like a single-layer perceptron model, a multi-layer perceptron model also has the same model
structure but has a greater number of hidden layers.
The multi-layer perceptron model is also known as the Backpropagation algorithm, which
executes in two stages as follows:
o Forward Stage: Activation functions start from the input layer in the forward stage and
terminate on the output layer.
o Backward Stage: In the backward stage, weight and bias values are modified as per the
model's requirement. In this stage, the error between actual output and demanded
originated backward on the output layer and ended on the input layer.
Hence, a multi-layered perceptron model has considered as multiple artificial neural networks
having various layers in which activation function does not remain linear, similar to a single
layer perceptron model. Instead of linear, activation function can be executed as sigmoid,
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TanH, ReLU, etc., for deployment.
A multi-layer perceptron model has greater processing power and can process linear and non-
linear patterns. Further, it can also implement logic gates such as AND, OR, XOR, NAND,
NOT, XNOR, NOR.

Advantages of Multi-Layer Perceptron:

o A multi-layered perceptron model can be used to solve complex non-linear problems.
o It works well with both small and large input data.
o It helps us to obtain quick predictions after the training.
o It helps to obtain the same accuracy ratio with large as well as small data.

Disadvantages of Multi-Layer Perceptron:

o In Multi-layer perceptron, computations are difficult and time-consuming.
o In multi-layer Perceptron, it is difficult to predict how much the dependent variable
affects each independent variable.
o The model functioning depends on the quality of the training.

Perceptron Function
Perceptron function ''f(x)'' can be achieved as output by multiplying the input 'x' with the
learned weight coefficient 'w'.
Mathematically, we can express it as follows:
f(x)=1; if w.x+b>0
otherwise, f(x)=0
o 'w' represents real-valued weights vector
o 'b' represents the bias
o 'x' represents a vector of input x values.

Characteristics of Perceptron
The perceptron model has the following characteristics.
1. Perceptron is a machine learning algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers.
2. In Perceptron, the weight coefficient is automatically learned.
3. Initially, weights are multiplied with input features, and the decision is made whether
the neuron is fired or not.
4. The activation function applies a step rule to check whether the weight function is
greater than zero.
5. The linear decision boundary is drawn, enabling the distinction between the two linearly
separable classes +1 and -1.
6. If the added sum of all input values is more than the threshold value, it must have an
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 output signal; otherwise, no output will be shown.
Limitations of Perceptron Model

A perceptron model has limitations as follows:

o The output of a perceptron can only be a binary number (0 or 1) due to the hard limit
transfer function.
o Perceptron can only be used to classify the linearly separable sets of input vectors. If
input vectors are non-linear, it is not easy to classify them properly.

Future of Perceptron
The future of the Perceptron model is much bright and significant as it helps to interpret data by
building intuitive patterns and applying them in the future. Machine learning is a rapidly
growing technology of Artificial Intelligence that is continuously evolving and in the
developing phase; hence the future of perceptron technology will continue to support and
facilitate analytical behavior in machines that will, in turn, add to the efficiency of computers.
The perceptron model is continuously becoming more advanced and working efficiently on
complex problems with the help of artificial neurons.

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