Lecture 7

Magnetic Fields and its Sources

pages (894 - 971)

E D I T E D B Y:
DR. AMJAD ALMUNYIF
Magnetic Fields and Forces
◼ Each magnet, regardless of its
shape, has two poles, called
north (N) and south (S) poles,
like poles (N–N or S–S) repel
each other, and opposite poles
(N–S) attract each other.
◼ A single magnetic pole has
never been isolated. That is,
magnetic poles are always
found in pairs.
◼ Earth itself is a large
permanent magnet.
 Magnetic Fields and Forces

◼ We know the electric field E is an interaction between

charged objects and its surrounds any electric charge.
◼ In addition to containing an electric field, the region
of space surrounding any moving electric charge also
contains a magnetic field B.
◼ A magnetic field also surrounds a magnetic substance
making up a permanent magnet.
 Definition of Magnetic Field

◼ We can represent the magnetic field (B) by draw

the magnetic field lines.

◼ We can define a magnetic field B at some point
in space in terms of the magnetic force FBthat the
field exerts on a charged particle q moving with a
𝑁
v
velocity (Tesla, T=
(𝐶.𝑚/𝑠)
, in SI unit).

FB = qv  B

◼ The magnitude FB of the magnetic force exerted

on the particle is proportional to the charge q and
to the speed 𝒗 of the particle.
 Definition of Magnetic Field
▪ When 𝑣Ԧ makes any angle θ ≠ 0 with 𝑩, the 𝑭𝑩 acts in a
direction perpendicular to both 𝒗 and 𝑩; that is, 𝑭𝑩 is
perpendicular to the plane formed by 𝒗 and 𝑩 (Fig. a).

FB = qv  B

FB = qv  B = qvB sin 

▪ When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic

field vector 𝑩 (i.e., θ =0), the magnetic force FB acting
on the particle is zero.
▪ The magnitude and direction of 𝑭𝑩 depend on the
velocity of the particle and on the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field 𝑩 .
Magnetic Fields and Forces
Example 1
◼ An electron in a television picture tube
moves toward the front of the tube with a
speed of 8.0 x106 m/s along the x axis (see
the figure). Surrounding the neck of the tube
are coils of wire that create a magnetic field
of magnitude 0.025 T, directed at an angle of
600 to the x axis and lying in the xy plane.
Calculate the magnetic force on the electron.
Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying
Conductor
◼ Consider a straight segment of wire of length L and cross-sectional area A,
carrying a current I in a uniform magnetic field B, as shown in the Figure.
◼ The magnetic force 𝑭𝑩 exerted on a charge q moving with a drift velocity 𝒗𝒅 is:

𝑭𝑩 = 𝒒𝒗𝒅 × 𝑩
◼ The total force acting on the wire for the number of charges:

FB = q ( vd  B ) nAL

◼ Where AL: the volume of the segment,

◼ n : the number of charges per unit volume
◼ So, the number of charges in the segment is nAL,
◼ The current I in the wire is: 𝑰 = 𝒒𝒗𝒅 𝒏𝑨
◼ Hence, the total magnetic force on the wire of length L is:
FB = IL  B
Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying
Conductor
FB = IL  B
Now consider an arbitrarily shaped wire segment of uniform cross section in
a magnetic field. The magnetic force exerted on a small segment of vector
length ds in the presence of a field B is

dFB = Ids  B

To calculate the total force 𝐹𝐵 acting on the wire,

we integrate previous equation over the length of
the wire:
b
FB = I  ds  B
a
Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying
Conductor
◼ The magnetic force on a curved
current-carrying wire in a
uniform magnetic field is equal
to that on a straight wire
connecting the end points and
carrying the same current.

◼ The net magnetic force acting

on any closed current loop in a
uniform magnetic field is zero
 Sources of the Magnetic Field
The three main sources to produce a magnetic field are:
•Electromagnet.
•Permanent magnet.
•Current-carrying conductor.
The Biot–Savart Law
Biot savart law states that “ magnetic field
(dB) due to a current-carrying conductor at a
distance point is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance (𝒓𝟐 ) between the
conductor and point, and the magnetic field
is directly proportional to the current (I) and
length element of the conductor (ds),
current flowing in the conductor”.
 Sources of the Magnetic Field

𝐼 𝑑𝒔 × 𝑟Ƹ
𝑑𝑩α
𝑟2
The Biot–Savart Law

𝜇° 𝐼 𝑑𝒔 × 𝑟Ƹ
𝑑𝑩 =
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝜇° 𝐼 𝑑𝒔 × 𝑟Ƹ
𝑩= න
4𝜋 𝑟2 𝜇° = 4 × 10−7 𝑇. 𝑚/𝐴
 Sources of the Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field Surrounding a Thin, Straight Conductor

0 I
B=
2 a
The Magnetic Force between Two
Parallel Conductors
◼ Parallel conductors carrying
currents in the same
direction attract each other.
◼ Parallel conductors carrying
currents in opposite
directions repel each other.
FB = IL  B
 0 I 2  0 I1 I 2
F1 = I1lB2 = I1l  = l
 2 a  2 a
 Ampère’s Law

∵The circumference of the circular path = 2𝜋𝑟, 𝑎 = 𝑟

𝜇° 𝐼 𝜇° 𝐼
∵𝐵= ∴ ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐵 ර 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇° 𝐼
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑟
 
The line integral of B  ds around any closed path equals 0I, where
I is the total steady current passing through any surface bounded by
the closed path.
 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

◼ A solenoid is a long wire wound

in the form of a helix

𝑁
where 𝑛 = is the number of turns
𝑙
per unit length.
Magnetic Flux

• We know that the electric field is

non uniform over the surface
and given by: Φ𝐸 = ‫𝐸 ׬‬. 𝑑𝐴

• So, the Magnetic flux is:

 B =  B  dA
 Magnetic Flux

• If the magnetic field is parallel to the plane,

as in Figure (a), then θ= π/2 = 1.57 =90°
and the flux through the plane is zero.

• If the field is perpendicular to the plane, as

in Figure (b), then θ= 0 and the flux
through the plane is BA (the maximum
value).

 B = BA cos 
 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
◼ The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero.

Figure (a): The magnetic field lines of a bar Figure (b): The electric field lines
magnet form closed loops. Note that the net surrounding an electric dipole begin on the
magnetic flux through a closed surface positive charge and terminate on the
surrounding one of the poles (or any other negative charge. The net electric flux
closed surface) is zero. through a closed surface surrounding one of
the charges is not zero.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Figure (a): When a magnet is moved toward
a loop of wire connected to a sensitive
ammeter, the ammeter deflects as shown,
indicating that a current is induced in the
loop.
Figure (b): When the magnet is held
stationary, there is no induced current in
the loop, even when the magnet is inside the
loop.
Figure (c): When the magnet is moved away
from the loop, the ammeter deflects in the
opposite direction, indicating that the
induced current is opposite that shown in
part (a).
Changing the direction of the magnet’s
• A current is set up even though no motion changes the direction of the
batteries are present in the circuit! current induced by that motion.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

◼ An electric current can be

induced in a circuit ( the
secondary circuit in our
setup) by a changing
magnetic field.
◼ An induced emf (ε) is
produced in the secondary Figure: Faraday’s experiment. When the
circuit by the changing switch in the primary circuit is closed, the
Ammeter needle deflects in one direction and
magnetic field. then returns to zero. When the switch is
opened, the needle deflects in the opposite
direction and again returns to zero. Finally,
the ammeter reads zero when there is either a
steady current or no current in the primary
circuit.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

◼ The emf (ε) induced in a

circuit is directly proportional
to the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux through the
circuit

∴Faraday’s law of induction:

𝑑Φ𝐵 A coil consisting of N loops all of the same area:
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
End of the Phys 202 course.