CHAPTER 5: CELLS IN ACTION regions which determines the movement of

molecules
Cell survival | organelles in the cell perform cell Along the concentration gradient | from high
functions for this common goal to low
Plasma membrane (PM)| a boundary that Against the concentration gradient | from low
surrounds eukaryotic cells that separates it from to high
outside Energy | is required in order for active transport
Semipermeable membrane | the cell to occur
membrane is said to be this type of membrane
since tends to regulate only certain substances
that goes into and out of the cell
Selective property | this property of the PM
allows essential molecules to enter, metabolic Diffusion | the movement of molecules from a
intermediates to remain, and waste products to point of higher concentration to a point of lower
exit concentration to attain equilibrium
Molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide | can
breeze straight right into the cell membrane
without being regulated
Dynamic equilibrium | the condition of
continuous movement where there is no overall
change in concentration
Circulatory system | allows transport of oxygen
rich blood throughout the body to diffuse into
cells
Liqiud medium | diffusion can also occur in this
type of medium
Parts of the PM | Factors that affects diffusion of a solute within the
1. Hydrophobic region of tails | water- solvent |
fearing; faces inwards 1. Temperature | higher temperature
2. Hydrophilic region of heads | water- results in faster movement of molecules
loving; faces outwards and diffusion
Water soluble substances | are unable to 2. Pressure | adding pressure like stirring
move easily as they are stopped by the nonpolar results in faster diffusion
tails in the middle 3. Solvent density | the higher the density
Fluid mosaic | the PM is described to be this of the solvent, the slower the diffusion
Fluid | it is described as this since the membrane 4. Concentration gradient | the higher the
exhibits properties of a fluid wherein lipids and concentration gradient, the faster the rate
proteins can move relative to each other within of diffusion
the membrane 5. Solute solubility | the more similar the
Mosaic | diverse protein, carbohydrate, and solute and solvent are (polar to polar;
cholesterol molecules embedded in its structure nonpolar to nonpolar) the faster the rate
Transport proteins | create tunnels, which of diffusion
selectively allow certain substances to enter and Osmosis | the diffusion of water
exit the cell 75% | the percentage of water that makes up an
Cholesterol molecules | prevent fatty-acid tails organism
of the phospholipid bilayer from sticking to each Water | is the main compound inside the
other cytoplasm
Carbohydrates | are attached to protein s that Water potential | is the term used to describe
define the characteristics and identify chemical the movement of water molecules as they
signals undergo osmosis
Three important characteristics that affect Water potential | the difference between the
molecules’ ability to cross the PM | force that pushes water molecules and the force
1. Size | macromolecules or micromolecules exerted by the membrane
2. Charge | polar or nonpolar molecules Water solution with less solute | a more
3. Solubility | lipid-soluble molecules or not dilutes solution; has higher water potential
Molecules can cross the PM in three ways | Water solution with more solute | a more
1. Passive transport concentrated solution; has lower water potential
2. Active Transport Osmotic pressure | the difference in the level of
3. Bulk or Vesicular transport two solutions after osmosis
Concentration gradient | the difference Osmotic pressure | the force that moves water
between the amount of molecules present at two molecules through a semipermeable membrane
Tonicity | the strength of the solution in relation 2. Carrier proteins | undergo temporary
to osmosis binding to the molecule, resulting in
Terms used in comparing two solutions| conformational change that moves the
1. Isotonic molecule through the membrane
2. Hypotonic Peter Agre | discovered aquaporins
3. Hypertonic Aquaporins | water protein channels that allow
Isotonic condition | the cell is placed in the water molecules to rapidly diffuse into an out of
solution with the same concentration of water the cells found in areas with high water influx
and other solutes as its cytoplasm 150 to 200 liters | water reabsorbed from urine
Iso- | means “the same” each day
Hypotonic condition | a cell placed in a solution 13 | number of aquaporins identified
with more water outside the cell than inside its AQP3 | aquaporin in the skin epidermis
cytoplasm responsible for regulation of dryness, elasticity
and other skin functions
Hypo- | comes from the Greek word “under or Active transport | movement of molecules
beneath” against the concentration gradient that requires
Hypotonic solution | the solution outside the energy
cell will enter the cytoplasm causing it to swell Pumps | carrier proteins used in active transport
Turgor pressure | the pressure exerted by water that uses energy to move molecules against the
molecules on the plant vacuole concentration gradient
Turgidity | the exertion of water molecules in the Sodium-potassium pump | transports sodium
plant cell wall and potassium ions in and out of nerve cells
Cell lysis | cell membrane is broken down; does Active transport | is needed in nerve and
not happen in plant cells since the cell wall does muscle cells because potassium ions tend to
not permit move toward the cell
Hypertonic solution | a solution that causes 3 Na ions in, 2 K ions out | active transport of
cells to shrink and lose their shape as a result of Na and K ions
water loss since the concentration is higher inside Saturation | all membrane transport proteins are
the cytoplasm being used
Hyper- | comes from a Greek word which means Properties of active transport |
“above” 1. Energy is needed in the form of ATP
Crenation | comes from the Latin word crenatus 2. Transport proteins are highly specific
which means wrinkled to the type of molecules they can
Crenation | when RBCs are placed inside a transport across the membrane
hypertonic solution, they undergo this process 3. The rate of transport reaches a
Glucose, amino acids, and ions | cannot easily maximum when all membrane
cross the PM by simple diffusion and osmosis transport proteins are being used
Facilitated diffusion | the movement of (saturation)
molecules across the cell membrane with the 4. Membrane transport proteins are
help of membrane transport proteins sensitive to inhibitors that can cause
Properties of Facilitated Diffusion | them not to function
1. Concentration gradient is not Macromolecules | cannot enter and exit the cell
required because it cannot transport through carrier proteins
molecules from low to high Endocytosis | large molecules enter the cell by
concentration this process, wherein the membrane bends
2. Energy is not needed inwards or invaginates forming a vesicle
3. Transport proteins are specific to the containing the macromolecule to be transported
type of molecules they can transport Types of endocytosis |
across the membrane 1. Phagocytosis
4. The rate of transport reaches a 2. Pinocytosis
maximum when all membrane 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
transport proteins are used up Phagocytosis | or cell eating, is a process by
(saturation) which the cell takes in large particles or solids
5. Membrane transport proteins are infolding of the cell membrane to form endocytic
sensitive to inhibitors that can cause vesicles.
them not to function Pseodopodia | (pseudo – false; podia – feet) how
Membrane transport proteins in FD | it engulfs macromolecule
1. Channel Proteins | contains tunnels or White blood cells | exhibits phagocytosis to
openings that serve as passageways for capture and kill bacteria
molecules Lysosomes | when the endocytic vesicle fuses
with these, digestion occurs
Pinocytosis | or cell drinking, is a process of
taking in fluids into the cell by the invagination of
the cell membrane
Cells lining the intestines and plant root
cells | use pinocytosis to ingest liquid substances
Receptor-mediated endocytosis | the plasma
membrane becomes indented and forms a pit.
The pit lined with receptor proteins picks specific
molecules from the surroundings
Metabolites, hormones, proteins | enter the
cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis
Hyponatremia | insufficient water in the blood
due to too much water intake
CHAPTER 6: WHAT’S INSIDE THE CELLS Magnesium | essential component of bones,
teeth, and chlorophyll
Matter | is anything that occupies space and has Iron | carrier of oxygen in the blood
mass Chromium | essential for cells to break down
Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma | 4 states of matter sugar into useable energy
Ancient Greek philosophers | believed that John Dalton | concluded that each element is
existing materials on Earth are composed with composed of identical particles called atoms
more than one material Atoms | a term that comes from the Greek word
Elements | pure substances that cannot be atomos meaning indivisible
broken down into another substance Proton (+) Electron (-) Neutron (N) |
118 | number of elements present on Earth subatomic particles
91 | number of naturally occurring elements on Chemical bonds | attractive forces that appear
Earth to be like an energy glue so two atoms can
25 | number of elements essential for life achieve stability
7 major elements in the body that makes up 98 Three kinds of bonds in biological systems |
to 99 % of the body weight | 1. Ionic bond
1. Carbon 2. Covalent Bond
2. Hydrogen 3. Hydrogen Bonds
3. Oxygen Ionic bonds | formed between ions resulting
4. Nitrogen from gaining or losing one or more electrons
5. Phosphorus Ions | are formed because they are more stable
6. Sulfur when the outermost energy level is full
7. Calcium Calcium ions | are necessary for muscle
Carbon | the main composition of organic movement
compounds Chloride ions | are needed for transmission of
Hydrogen | the major source of fuel in nerve impulses
production of energy Covalent Bonds | occurs when atoms share
Oxygen | essential part of water molecule and their outermost shell electrons
organic compounds Electronegativity | attraction between shared
Nitrogen | key element in proteins electrons
Phosphorus | major component of nucleic acids Nonpolar molecules | equal sharing of electrons
and energy rich compounds between them
Sulfur | part of some amino acids and vitamins Polar covalent molecule | non equal sharing of
Calcium | major component of bones and acts as electrons causing one to pull on the other
biological signals in the body Compounds | two or more elements that are
Other elements found in living systems I small chemically bonded
amounts Mixture | two or more elements physically mixed
1. Sodium together
2. Potassium Inorganic compounds | compounds with no
3. Iodine carbon with the exception of carbon dioxide
4. Molybdenum Organic compounds | compounds that contain
5. Magnesium carbon
6. Iron Hydrogen bonds | weak covalent bonds
7. Selenium between a hydrogen atom and another atom
8. Vanadium Water’s polarity and hydrogen bonding | it is
9. Boron through these that water’s life sustaining
10.Chromium properties are made possible
11.Fluorine 45-95% | composition of water in organisms
12.Silicon Water | most abundant inorganic compound
13.Chlorine inside the protoplasm
14.Manganese 75-85% | composition of water in the protoplasm
15.Cobalt Characteristics of water in living systems |
16.Copper 1. Water is a biological solvent
17.Zinc 2. Water molecules stick to each other
Sodium and Potassium | essential for nerd and surfaces
function 3. Water has high surface tension
Iodine | acts as a thermostat and regulates body 4. Water has high heat capacity
temperature 5. Water has high heat of vaporization
Molybdenum | needed by plants to incorporate 6. Water has high heat of fusion
nitrogen into a biologically useful substance 7. Water is a medium where chemical
and physical processes take place
 8. Water serves as a moisturizer of 6.5 to 7.5 | pH of the cell’s environment
surfaces 7.35 to 7.45 | pH of normal blood
9. Water is a lubricant Biological buffers | control the pH in living
10.Water is a good cushion organisms
Cohesion | the property of water to stick to one Buffer | a mixture of a weak acid with its
another through its hydrogen atoms corresponding base
Adhesion | property of water to cling to surfaces Acid-base pair of carbonic acid and
Hydrogen ion (+) and hydroxide ion (-) | bicarbonate | buffer in the human blood
produced when compounds break spontaneously Electrolytes | a compound that can be an acid,
into ions when dissolved in water base, or salt that are important for cells normal
Ionization | the process involved in spontaneous functioning and chemical processes
ion formation Cations | move to positively charged electrodes
Potential of hydrogen ions (pH) scale | Anions | move to negatively charged electrodes
describes the acidity of substances and measures Sodium chloride | example of an electrolyte in
hydrogen ion concentration the body
Acids | compounds that release hydrogen ions Major electrolytes |
into solutions 1. Bicarbonate
Characteristics of acids | 2. Phosphate
1. Sour taste 3. Sulfate
2. Turn the litmus paper to red 4. Calcium
Common acids | 5. Potassium
1. Ascorbic acid 6. Magnesium
2. Acetic acid Voltage | what electrolytes maintain
3. Citric acid Electrical impulses | what electrolytes carry in
4. Carbonic acid nerve and muscle cells
5. Hydrochloric acid Sports drinks | drinks with high electrolyte
Bases | substances that accept hydrogen ions or concentration
releases hydroxide ions Important electrolytes in the body and their
Characteristics of bases | functions |
1. Bitter taste 1. Bicarbonate
2. Slippery 2. Calcium
3. Turn litmus paper to blue 3. Chloride
Common bases | 4. Magnesium
1. Sodium hydroxide 5. Phosphate
2. Ammonium hydroxide 6. Potassium
3. Magnesium hydroxide 7. Sodium
4. Laxatives Free Radicals | atoms with odd or unpaired
5. Antacids valence electrons formed at the presence of
Bases produced in the body | oxygen
1. Pancreas – sodium bicarbonate Antioxidant | can donate their valence electrons
2. Liver – bile to unstable free radicals without them being
Salt | a compound from the combination of a unstable
positive ion other than hydrogen and a negative *refer to book na lungs for functions
ion other than hydroxide
Ph level of body parts |
1. Saliva – 6.7-7.5
2. Brain – 7.1
3. Gastric secretion – 1.0-3.5
4. Heart – 7.0-7.4
5. Bile – 7.8
6. Liver – 6.0-7.4
7. Capillary blood – 7.35-7.4
8. Arterial blood – 7.4-7.45
9. Pancreatic secretion – 8.0-8.3
10.Venous blood – 7.3-7.35
11.Urine – 4.5-8.0
12.Small intestine secretion – 7.5-8.0
13.Bone – 7.4
14.Skeletal muscle – 6.9-7.2
Neutral pH | must be maintained for normal
functioning
CHAPTER 7

Trans Fats | first ever humanmade fat in food