BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING

1) Name few blood group systems.

2) Where are the antigens and antibodies present in the blood?

3) Principle of Direct Antiglobulin /Coomb`s test.

4) What is Bombay Blood Group?

5) What is the forward grouping in blood typing?

6) What is reverse grouping in blood typing?

7) What are the methods of detection of blood grouping and Rh typing?

8) What are the advantages of tube testing over the slide method?

9) Name the methods used for tube technique.

10) What is the purpose to use Antiglobulin test?

11) What are the indications for direct and indirect antiglobulin test?

12) Name 3 factors affecting antiglobulin test.

13) What are the false positives in antiglobulin test?

14) What are the false negatives in the antiglobulin test?

15) What is cross matching?

16) What is major cross matching principle?

17) Principle of minor cross matching

18) What are the types of transfusion reaction?

19)What are the immediate immune mediated transfusion reactions?

20) What are the delayed immune mediated transfusion reactions?

21) What are the non immune mediated immediate transfusion reactions?

22) What is the delayed non immune mediated transfusion reaction?

23) What is the factor depleted in the blood component storage?

24) What is TRALI ?

25) What are the immunoglobulins in allergic reactions?

26) What are donor selection criteria?

27) What is the anticoagulant used widely for blood collection?

28) What are the types of blood bags used for blood collection?

29) How is Fresh Frozen Plasma(FFP) prepared?

30) What are the coagulation factors present in cryoprecipitate?

31) What are the screening tests for donor`s blood ?

32) What is the metabolic abnormality which occurs in washed RBC or frozen
washed RBC?
 BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING

1) Name few blood group systems.

Ans: ABO systems, Rh system, Lewis, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Lutheran, M & N, S & S

2) Where are the antigens and antibodies present in the blood?

Ans : Antigens : RBC

Antibodies: Plasma/Serum

3) Principle of Direct Antiglobulin /Coomb`s test.

Ans : The DAT detects sensitized red cells with IgG and / or complement
components C 3b and C 3d in vivo.

4) What is Bombay Blood Group?

Ans: This group is characterized by the absence of A, B and H antigens on the red
cells while the serum contains AntiA, Anti B and Anti H antibodies

5) What is the forward grouping in blood typing?

Ans: It is defined as using known sources of reagent antisera(antibodies) to detect

antigens or individual red cells.

6) What is reverse grouping in blood typing?

Ans : It is defined as using reagent cells with known ABO antigens and testing the
serum of the patient for ABO group antibodies.

7) What are the methods of detection of blood grouping and Rh typing?

Ans: Slide test, Tube technique, Microplate Technique, Gel system, Glass Micro
beads method
8) What are the advantages of tube testing over the slide method?

Ans: 1) It allows longer incubation of antigen and antibody mixture without drying

2) Centrifugation enhances antigen and antibody reaction

3) Weaker antigens and antibodies can be detected

9) Name the methods used for tube technique.

Ans: Sedimentation method, Spin tube method

10) What is the purpose to use Antiglobulin test?

Ans : To detect red cells sensitized with IgG alloantibodies ,IgG autoantibodies
and complement components.

11) What are the indications for direct and indirect antiglobulin test?

Ans: DAT

← - Hemolytic disease of newborn

← - Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia
← - Drug induced hemolytic anaemia
← - Hemolytic transfusion reactions

IAT :

- Compatibiltiy testing
- Screening and detetion of unexpected antibodies in the serum
- Determination of red cell phenotypes
- Detection of D u variant of Rh antigens
←

12) Name any 3 factors affecting antiglobulin test.

Ans : Ratio of serum to cells

Temperature

Incubation time
 Suspending medium

Washing of cells

Time of addition of antihuman globulin -

13) What are the false positives in antiglobulin test?

Ans : - Bacterial contamination of cells

- Saline stored in glass bottle may contain colloidal silica
- Dirty glasswares
- Inadequate Centrifugation
- Autoagglutinable cells
- Contaminating antibodies in AHG reagent

14) What are the false negatives in the antiglobulin test?

Ans : - Inadequate or improper washing of cells
Deterioration of AHG present
← Serum not added in the indirect test
← Inadequate incubation conditions in the indirect test
← Inadequate centrifugation
← Cell suspension either too weak or strong
←
15) What is cross matching?
Ans : Compatibility tests are done to ensure that the particular unit of blood may be
safely transfused to a patient.

16) What is major cross matching principle?

Ans : Reciepient’s serum is crossmatched with donor`s red cells for IgM and IgG
antibodies compatibility.

17) Principle of minor cross matching

Ans : Donor`s serum is crossamtched with recipient`s red cells for IgM and IgG
antibodies compatibility.

18) What are the types of transfusion reaction?

Ans : Immune Mediated and Non Immune Mediated

19) What are the immediate immune mediated transfusion reactions?

Ans : Hemolytic overload, Febrile nonhemolytic, Allergic, Anaphylaxis and
anaphylactoid reactions and Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema

20) What are the delayed immune mediated transfusion reactions?

Ans : Hemolytic, Alloimmunisation ,Post transfusion purpura, Graft Versus Host

Disease

21) What are the non immune mediated immediate transfusion reactions?

Ans : Bacterial Contamination, Circulatory overload, Physical RBC damage

depletion and dilution of coagulation factors and platelets.

22) What is the delayed non immune mediated transfusion reaction?

Ans : Iron overload

23) What is the factor depleted in the blood component storage?

Ans : Factor VIII

24) What is TRALI?

Ans : Transfusion related acute lung injury presents like ARDS

25) What are the immunoglobulins in allergic reactions?

Ans : IgG and IgE

26) What are donor selection criteria?

Ans : - The donor should not be a hypertensive or a diabetic.

- He should not be an asthmatic on steroid therapy

- He should not have had malaria or typhoid in the past 6 months or
jaundice for the past 5 years
 - He should not have had any tooth extraction or dental implantation in the
last 21 days
- The donor should not have been a cardiac patient
- The donor should not have been a epileptic
- He should not have received blood transfusions blood for the past 1 year

27) What is the anticoagulant used widely for blood collection?

Ans : Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine (CPDA)

28) What are the types of blood bags used for blood collection?

Ans : Single. Double or Triple bags

29) How is Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) prepared?

Ans: Prepared from whole blood that is to be frozen at 18*C or below within 6 hrs
of collection

30) What are the coagulation factors present in cryoprecipitate?

Ans : Factor VIII ,Von willebrand factor and Fibrinogen

31) What are the screening tests for donor`s blood?

Ans: Donor`s blood to be screened for HIV, HbsAg, HCV,Syphilis and malaria

32) What is the metabolic abnormality which occurs in washed RBC or frozen
washed RBC?

Ans :Hypokalemia