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MV Protection Relay Training

REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Leonardo Manupassa – Electrification – Service

© Copyright 2022 ABB. All rights reserved. Document ID.: Rev.:

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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Content

– Introduction
– Application examples
– Hardware and options
– Functionality highlights

September 29,
Slide 2
2022
—
REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Introduction
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Introduction

Description Order code explain : HBGDBCADNDC1ANN11G

REG615 is a dedicated protection and control relay H: complete relay
designed for the protection of power generators as well B: IEC
as the interconnection points of the distributed power G: Generator protection and control
D: Generator protection with differential, directional O/C and
generation, both in utility substations and industrial synchro-check
power systems. BC: 7 currents (Io 1/5 A) + 5 voltage
AD: 12 binary input + 10 binary output
Example order code : N: No serial communication
HBGDBCADNDC1ANN11G D: Ethernet 100Base TX (3xRJ45)
C: IEC 61850+Modbus
1 : English
A : Small LCD
N : None
N : None
1 : 48-250 Vdc; 100-240 Vac
1G : Product version 5.0

September 29,
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Introduction

Standard configuration
Standard configuration A – Interconnection protection for distributed power generation
– Main features are low-voltage ride-through protection, directional reactive power undervoltage protection (QU) and the voltage
vector shift protection.
– 4CT + 5VT, and up to 16 BI/10 BO

Standard configuration C – Generator protection with 100% stator earth-fault protection

– Other main features are reverse power and directional overpower, out-of-step, underimpedance, overexcitation and underexcitation
protection
– 4CT + 5VT, and up to 16 BI/10 BO

Standard configuration D – Generator protection with generator differential and directional overcurrent protection and synchro-check
– Other main features are reverse power and directional overpower, out-of-step, overexcitation and underexcitation protection
– 7CT + 5VT, and up to 12 BI/10 BO

September 29,
Slide 5
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Function Availability
Standard configuration IEC 61850 A C D
Protection
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent protection, low
PHLPTOC - 1 1
stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent protection, high
PHHPTOC - 1 1
stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent protection,
PHIPTOC 1 1 1
instantaneous stage
Three-phase directional overcurrent protection, low stage DPHLPDOC 2 - 1TR)

Three-phase directional overcurrent protection, high stage DPHHPDOC 1 - 1TR)

Three-phase voltage-dependent overcurrent protection PHPVOC - 1 1

Non-directional earth-fault protection, high stage EFHPTOC 1 1 1
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage DEFLPDEF 2 2 2

Directional earth-fault protection, high stage DEFHPDEF 1 1 1

Transient /intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF 1 1) - -

Negative-sequence overcurrent protection NSPTOC 2 - -

Negative-sequence overcurrent protection for machines MNSPTOC - 2 2

Residual overvoltage protection ROVPTOV 2 2 2

September 29,
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Function Availability
Standard configuration IEC 61850 A C D
Protection
Three-phase undervoltage protection PHPTUV 2 2 2
Three-phase overvoltage protection PHPTOV 2 2 2
Positive-sequence undervoltage protection PSPTUV 2 2 2
Negative-sequence overvoltage protection NSPTOV 2 2 2
Frequency protection FRPFRQ 6 6 4
Overexcitation protection OEPVPH - 1 1
Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, cables and
T1PTTR 1 - -
distribution transformers
Three-phase thermal overload protection, two time constants T2PTTR - 1 1
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF 1 1 1
Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR 1 1 1
Master trip TRPPTRC 2 3 3
Arc protection ARCSARC 3 3 3
Multipurpose protection MAPGAPC 18 18 18
Stablized and instantaneous differential protection for machines MPDIF - - 1
Third harmonic-based stator earth-fault protection H3EFPSEF - 1 -
Underpower protection DUPPDPR - 2 2

September 29,
Slide 7
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Function Availability
Standard configuration IEC 61850 A C D
Protection
Three-phase undervoltage protection PHPTUV 2 2 2
Three-phase overvoltage protection PHPTOV 2 2 2
Positive-sequence undervoltage protection PSPTUV 2 2 2
Negative-sequence overvoltage protection NSPTOV 2 2 2
Frequency protection FRPFRQ 6 6 4
Overexcitation protection OEPVPH - 1 1
Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, cables and
T1PTTR 1 - -
distribution transformers
Three-phase thermal overload protection, two time constants T2PTTR - 1 1
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF 1 1 1
Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR 1 1 1
Master trip TRPPTRC 2 3 3
Arc protection ARCSARC 3 3 3
Multipurpose protection MAPGAPC 18 18 18
Stablized and instantaneous differential protection for machines MPDIF - - 1
Third harmonic-based stator earth-fault protection H3EFPSEF - 1 -
Underpower protection DUPPDPR - 2 2

September 29,
Slide 8
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Function Availability
Standard configuration IEC 61850 A C D
Protection
Reverse power/directional overpower protection DOPPDPR 2 3 2
Three-phase underexcitation protection UEXPDIS - 1 1
Three-phase underimpedance protection UZPDIS - 1 -
Out-of-step protection OOSRPSB - 1 1
Interconnection functions
Directional reactive power undervoltage protection DQPTUV 1 - -
Low-voltage ride-through protection LVRTPTUV 3 - -
Voltage vector shift protection VVSPPAM 1 - -
Power Quality
Current total demand distortion CMHAI 1 1 1
Voltage total harmonic distortion VMHAI 1 1 1
Voltage variation PHQVVR 1 1 1
Voltage unbalance VSQVUB 1 1 1
Control
Circuit-breaker control CBXCBR 1 1 1
Disconnector control DCXSWI 2 2 2

September 29,
Slide 9
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Function Availability
Standard configuration IEC 61850 A C D
Control
Earthing switch control ESXSWI 1 1 1
Disconnector position indication DCSXSWI 3 3 3
Earthing switch indication ESSXSWI 2 2 2
Synchronism and energizing check SECRSYN 1 - 1
Condition monitoring and supervision
Circuit-breaker condition monitoring SSCBR 1 1 1
Trip circuit supervision TCSSCBR 2 2 2
Current circuit supervision CCSPVC 1 - -
Fuse failure supervision SEQSPVC 1 1 1
Runtime counter for machines and devices MDSOPT 1 1 1
Measurement
Disturbance recorder RDRE 1 1 1
Load profile record LDPRLRC 1 1 1
Fault record FLTRFRC 1 1 1
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU 1 1 2
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI 1 1 1
Residual current measurement RESCMMXU 1 1 1

September 29,
Slide 10
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Function Availability
Standard configuration IEC 61850 A C D
Measurement
Three-phase voltage measurement VMMXU 2 1 2
Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU 1 2 1
Sequence voltage measurement VSMSQI 1 1 1
Three-phase power and energy measurement PEMMXU 1 1 1
RTD/mA measurement XRGGIO130 (1) (1) (1)
Frequency measurement FMMXU 1 1 1
5) 6)
IEC 61850-9-2 LE sampled value sending SMVSENDER (1) (1) (1)
IEC 61850-9-2 LE sampled value receiving (voltage
SMVRCV (1) (1) (1)
sharing) 5) 6)
Other
Minimum pulse timer (2 pcs) TPGAPC 4 4 4
Minimum pulse timer (2 pcs, second resolution) TPSGAPC 1 1 1
Minimum pulse timer (2 pcs, minute resolution) TPMGAPC 1 1 1
Pulse timer (8 pcs) PTGAPC 2 2 2
Time delay off (8 pcs) TOFGAPC 4 4 4
Time delay on (8 pcs) TONGAPC 4 4 4
Set-reset (8 pcs) SRGAPC 4 4 4

September 29,
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Application Examples
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REG615
Generator Protection and Control

Application Examples (1)

– Wind power plant connected to the grid using
standard configuration A
– Standard configuration A includes voltage vector shift,
low-voltage ride-through and reactive power
undervoltage protection. In addition, frequency,
voltage and power-based protection are used.
– The relays are equipped with optional arc protection,
enabling fast and selective arc protection throughout
the switchgear.

September 29,
Slide 13
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REG615
Generator Protection and Control

Application Examples (2)

– Combined heat and power/hydro power plant
connected to the grid using standard configuration A
– Standard configuration A includes voltage vector shift,
low-voltage ride-through and reactive power
undervoltage protection. In addition, frequency,
voltage and power-based protection are used.
– The relays are equipped with optional arc protection,
enabling fast and selective arc protection throughout
the switchgear.

September 29,
Slide 14
2022
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REG615
Generator Protection and Control

Application Examples (3)

Diesel/gas generators connected in parallel with a
common step-up transformer using standard
configuration C
Several generator units connected in parallel
– Individually high-resistance earthed units
– Small earth-fault current: typically 3…5 A
Standard configuration C includes overcurrent (including
voltage-dependent) and frequency, voltage and power-
based protection, as well as residual current-based earth-
fault protection for the generator. In addition, under
excitation and thermal overload protection are used.

September 29,
Slide 15
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REG615
Generator Protection and Control

Application Examples (4)

Medium-sized generator application using standard configuration
C and D
Two REG615 generator protection relays:
– One for generator protection with 100% stator earth-fault
protection (C)
– One for generator differential protection (D)
Standard configuration C includes overcurrent (including voltage-
dependent), underimpedance and frequency, voltage and power-
based protection, as well as 3rd harmonic-based stator earth-fault
protection. In addition, underexcitation and thermal overload
protection are used.
Standard configuration D adds generator differential protection
and provides independent backup protection for the generator.

September 29,
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REG615
Generator Protection and Control

Application Examples (5
Generator in block connection with a transformer using
standard configuration C and RET615 transformer
differential protection relay
– One single-phase voltage transformer connected to the
generator neutral for residual overvoltage protection
– Phase-to-earth voltages connected to the generator
protection relay on the terminal side
Standard configuration C includes overcurrent (including
voltage-dependent), underimpedance and frequency,
voltage and power-based protection, as well as residual
overvoltage-based earth-fault protection for the
generator. In addition, under- and overexcitation
protection are used.

September 29,
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Hardware and options
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Hardware and Options

Analog Input Module (X120)

– Four analog current inputs (std. conf. A & C)
– (I0 ,IL1, IL2, and IL3), user selectable 1 A or 5 A
– I0 optionally user selectable 0.2/1 A
– Four binary inputs (common ground), thresholds
selectable
– Seven analog current inputs (std. conf. D)
– (I0.A ,IL1.A, IL2.A, IL3.A ,IL1.B, IL2.B and IL3.B), user selectable 1
A or 5 A
– I0 optionally user selectable 0.2/1 A
– Both for ring and pin type wire terminals

– Max. wire 1 × 6 mm2 or 2 × 2.5 mm2

September 29,
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Hardware and Options

Analog Input or Sensor Module (X130)

Analog input module
– 4 analog voltage inputs
– 1 reference voltage input (U12B) used in std conf A and
D
– 1 voltage input (UoB) used in std conf C for 3rd
harmonic based stator E/F
Options
– 2 RTD inputs and 1 mA input
– Alternatively 4 binary inputs

September 29,
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REG615 – Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Stabilized Differential Protection

– The generator stator winding failure protection is a
unit protection function.
– Internal faults are rare but often serious making
differential protection an important protection
function.
– The stability is enhanced by DC constraint, which
decreases the sensitivity temporarily to avoid trip on
external faults.
– CT saturation-based blocking prevents unnecessary
tripping due to magnetizing inrush currents.

September 29,
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Stabilized Differantial Protection

– The magnitude of a stator earth-fault current
decreases as the fault location moves from the stator
terminal towards the neutral point of the generator.
– An undetected earth fault close to the neutral point
may develop into an interturn fault or a phase-to-phase
fault.
– If an undetected earth fault close to the neutral point
bypasses the high-impedance grounding and another
earth fault occurs at the terminal, the consequences
will be catastrophic.

September 29,
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Out-of-step Protection (1/2)

– Detects the loss of synchronism (out-of-step condition) between the generator and the rest of the power system
– In the out-of-step condition, the mismatch of mechanical power input and electrical power output of the generator
causes a power swing that cannot be stabilized by finding a new stable equilibrium operation point (new stable
power angle) according to the system configuration.
– Reasons for the out-of-step condition:
– Power system faults (the most typical reason)
– Sudden large change in load conditions
– Problem in field excitation system causing under excitation
– The generator should be disconnected in case of lost synchronism that can cause severe mechanical and thermal
stress for the generator and its prime mover.
– The protection must be able to distinguish between the stable and unstable power swings.
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Out-of-step Protection (2/2)

The protection uses two impedance measurement elements
known as inner and outer blinders on mho characteristics with
timers.
The mho characteristics are divided into two zones.
Operating principle based on impedance trajectory, examples
– A – swing, stabilized
– B – pole slip
– C – fault situation
The number of pole slips before tripping can be selected with a
setting.
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Reverse Power/Directional Overpower Protection Non

Operating
operating
area
area
– Protects against excessive power flow in the set
operating direction P
– The directional overpower protection prevents the
generator from delivering an excessive power beyond
its capacity.
Forward active overpower characteristics
– The reverse power protection is intended for the prime
Q
mover such as diesel engines or turbines.
Non
– Can occur when the energy supply to the prime mover Operating
operating
area
area
is cut off while the generator is still online
P

Reverse active overpower characteristics

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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Underpower Protection
– Protects the generator from very low power output
conditions
– Steam turbines become easily overheated if the steam
flow becomes too low or ceases to flow through the
turbine.
– Hydro turbines of Kaplan type may be damaged due to
the turbine blade surfing on the water and setting up
axial pressure on the bearing.
– Diesel engines may be damaged due to insufficient
lubrication.
– With parallel-connected generators, disconnecting the
low-load generator and allowing the remaining
generators to feed the network is more economical.
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Voltage-controlled overcurrent protection

– Typically used for a system with a directly connected
generator
– In case of a short circuit, the sustained fault current of
the generator can fall well below the full-load current.
The sustained fault current is determined by the
generator’s synchronous reactance.
– The start value of the voltage-controlled overcurrent
protection is proportional to the terminal voltage,
allowing detection of this type of fault not necessarily
detected by the normal overcurrent protection.
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Voltage Vector Shift Protection

– Detects islanding of distributed generation units from the grid
based on voltage vector shifts (VVS) to further ensure grid
stability and reliability and thus avoid grid collapse.
– Measures the duration of the voltage cycle.
– When the duration of the measured voltage cycle is shorter or
longer than the previous one, the distributed generation unit
will be islanded from the grid.
– VVS is blocked when some of the measured voltages drops
below or increases above the chosen threshold values. Immune
to steady-state frequency variations.
– Usually combined with other loss of mains protection
functions, such as frequency gradient protection, for
maximized stability.
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Frequency Protection
– Overfrequency
– Underfrequency
– Frequency rate-of-change
– Four to six frequency protection stages are available
– The operation mode can be selected individually for
each stage
– The operation mode can also based on a combination of
frequency limit and frequency rate-of-change

September 29,
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Fuse Failure Supervision

– Detects failures between the voltage measurement
circuit and the relay
– Failures are detected by the negative- sequence based
algorithm or by the delta voltage and delta current
algorithm
– The fuse failure supervision activates an alarm and
blocks voltage-dependent protection functions from
unintended operation

September 29,
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Synchronism and Energizing Check

Ensures that the voltage, phase angle and frequency on
either side of an open circuit breaker satisfy the
conditions for safe interconnection of two networks
The energizing check supports the different conditions
with live or deadline and with live or dead bus
Continuous or command based activation
Synchronous and asynchronous modes
– Synchronous mode default
– The asynchronous mode enables the estimation of the
most favorable CB closing moment

September 29,
Slide 32
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Frequency Adaptivity and Generator Start-up Protection

During the generator start-up and shut-down phases, low frequency and low voltage conditions exist simultaneously.
– In case of an internal failure in such condition, the fault current can be even lower than the nominal current.
– Internal failures must be detected also before the generator is connected into the network and even before it is
magnetized.
Frequency adaptivity enables sensitive and selective protection also during the generator start-up and shut-down
phases.
– Frequency is continuosly measured from the voltage inputs, current and voltage based protection and measuring
accuracy is then optimized according to the actual network frequency.
– Frequency adaptive measurements are operational in range of 10...75 Hz at 50 Hz and 12...90 Hz at 60 Hz.
A wide peak-to-peak overcurrent protection mode is available in the PHLPTOC function to detect overcurrent as low as
2 Hz.
Low fault frequency makes the protection operate times slower.
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Arc-fault Protection (option)

Continuously supervises the CB, cable and busbar
compartment of metal-enclosed switchgear
Increases personnel safety during maintenance work
Reduces material damage
Minimizes system downtime
Automatic reference level adjustment based on
background-light intensity
Operate time typically:
– 12 ms (current and light)
– 10 ms (light only)
– 4…6 ms shorter with HSO
Possibility to block the function or change operation
mode via a binary input
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REG615 - Generator Protection and Control
Functionality Highlights

Control functions
– REG615 features in addition to the circuit-breaker control.
– Two control blocks for the control of motor-operated disconnectors or circuit-breaker trucks and their position
indications
– A control block for the control of motor-operated earthing switch and its position indication.
– Devices can be controlled via the protection relay’s local HMI or a remote control system.
– Dedicated push buttons for opening and closing of the primary devices.
– Generator circuit breaker closing is not connected in the standard configurations C and D as the closing is expected from
the external synchronizer.
– The single-line diagram indicates the position of the primary devices.
– Forcing of local/remote switch to local position via a binary input (prohibiting remote control during for example
maintenance).
– Interlocking schemes are configured using PCM600.
– Synchronism and energizing check (std. conf. A and D)