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10 Derivatives 3

The document covers the derivatives of basic functions, including constant functions, power functions, and rules for differentiation such as the constant multiple rule, sum rule, and difference rule. It also discusses finding tangent and normal lines, as well as derivatives of exponential functions. Additionally, it provides examples of calculating derivatives and finding points with horizontal tangents.

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armydeniz.04
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13 views10 pages

10 Derivatives 3

The document covers the derivatives of basic functions, including constant functions, power functions, and rules for differentiation such as the constant multiple rule, sum rule, and difference rule. It also discusses finding tangent and normal lines, as well as derivatives of exponential functions. Additionally, it provides examples of calculating derivatives and finding points with horizontal tangents.

Uploaded by

armydeniz.04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derivatives of Basic Functions

The derivative of a constant function


d
(c) = 0
dx

d
(x) = 1
dx

If n is any real number, then


d n
(x ) = n x n−1
dx

Differentiate the following functions:


d 7
I
dx (x ) = 7x 6
I d ( 12 ) = d −2 ) − 2 x −3 = − x23
dx x dx (x =
√
3 2 2 1
d d 2 2
I
dx ( x 2) = dx (x )
3 = 3 x 3 −1 = 3 x−3
Derivatives of Basic Functions

The normal line is perpendicular to the tangent.


1
If the tangent has slope m, then the normal line has slope − m .

√
Find equations for the tangent and normal line to x x at (1, 1).
d √ d 1.5 3√
f 0 (x) = (x x) = (x ) = 1.5x .5 = x
dx dx 2
The slope of the tangent at (1, 1) is 32 . Hence the tangent is
3 3 1
y −1= (x − 1) y= x−
2 2 2
The slope of the normal at (1, 1) is −1/ 23 = − 23 . Hence the
normal is
2 2 5
y − 1 = − (x − 1) y =− x+
3 3 3
Derivatives of Basic Functions

Constant Multiple Rule


If c is a constant and f is differentiable, then
d d
[c f (x)] = c · f (x)
dx dx

Sum Rule
If f and g are differentiable, then
d d d
[f (x) + g(x)] = f (x) + g(x)
dx dx dx

Difference Rule
If f and g are differentiable, then
d d d
[f (x) − g(x)] = f (x) − g(x)
dx dx dx
Derivatives of Basic Functions
Compute the following derivative:
d
(12x 5 − 10x 3 − 6x + 5)
dx
d d d d
= 12 (x 5 ) − 10 (x 3 ) − 6 (x) + (5)
dx dx dx dx
= 12 · 5x 4 − 10 · 3x 2 − 6 · 1 + 0 = 60x 4 − 30x 2 − 6

The motion of a particle is given by:


I s(t) = 2t 3 − 5t 2 + 3t + 4 (t is in seconds, and s(t) in cm)
Find the acceleration function, and the acceleration after 2s.
d
v (t) = s(t) = 6t 2 − 10t + 3 in cm/s
dt
d
a(t) = v (t) = 12t − 10 in cm/s2
dt
The acceleration after 2s is 14cm/s2 .
Derivatives of Basic Functions

Find the points of f (x) = x 4 − 6x 2 + 4 with horizontal tangent.

Horizontal tangent means that the slope (the derivative) is 0:


d
f (x) = 4x 3 − 12x = 4x(x 2 − 3)
dx
√ √
Thus f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 0 or x = 3 or x = − 3.
√ √
Thus the corresponding points are (0, 4), ( 3, −5), (− 3, −5).
y (0, 4)

0 x

√ √
(− 3, −5) ( 3, −5)
Derivatives of Basic Functions
Sum Rule
If f and g are differentiable, then
d d d
[f (x) + g(x)] = f (x) + g(x)
dx dx dx

Proof.
d [f (x + h) + g(x + h)] − [f (x) + g(x)]
[f (x) + g(x)] = lim
dx h→0 h
[f (x + h) − f (x)] + [g(x + h) − g(x)]
= lim
h→0 h
 
f (x + h) − f (x) g(x + h) − g(x)
= lim +
h→0 h h
f (x + h) − f (x) g(x + h) − g(x)
= lim + lim
h→0 h h→0 h
d d
= f (x) + g(x)
dx dx
Derivatives of Exponential Functions

We compute the derivative of f (x) = ax :


f (x + h) − f (x) ax+h − ax
f 0 (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
ax · ah − ax a h−1 ah − 1
= lim = lim ax = ax · lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

Note that
ah − 1
lim = f 0 (0)
h→0 h

For f (x) = ax we have


f 0 (x) = f 0 (0) · ax

Note that slope is proportional to the function itself.


Derivatives of Exponential Functions

For f (x) = ax we have


f 0 (x) = f 0 (0) · ax

Using the calculator we can estimate that:


2h − 1
for a = 2 f 0 (0) = lim ≈ 0.69
h→0 h
3h − 1
for a = 3 f 0 (0) = lim ≈ 1.10
h→0 h

There is a number a between 2 and 3 such that f 0 (0) = 1:

eh − 1
e is the number such that lim =1
h→0 h
The function ex is the only exponential with slope 1 at (0, 1).
Derivatives of Exponential Functions

d x
(e ) = ex
dx

d x
(a ) = ln a · ax
dx

At what point on the curve ex is the tangent parallel to y = 2x?


Let f (x) = ex
f 0 (a) = ea = 2
Thus a = ln 2, that is, the point is (a, ea ) = (ln 2, 2).
Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Let f (x) = ex − x. Find f 0 and f 00 .


f 0 (x) = ex − 1 f 00 (x) = ex

f y

-1 0 1 x
f0
-1

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