UNIT – 2 Shree Uttar Gujarat BCA College

2.1 Video Display Devices:

The most commonly used display device is a video monitor. The operation of most video monitors based
on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). The following display devices are used:

1. Refresh Cathode Ray Tube

2. Random Scan and Raster Scan
3. Color CRT Monitors
4. Direct View Storage Tubes
5. Flat Panel Display

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional computer monitors and
televisions. The image on CRT display is created by firing electrons from the back of the tube of
phosphorus located towards the front of the screen.

Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are projected on a screen. The color you
view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue and green light.

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Components of CRT:
Main Components of CRT are:

1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a heating filament (heater) and
a cathode. The electron gun creates a source of electrons which are focused into a narrow beam directed
at the face of the CRT.

2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.

3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into a narrow beam.

4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It creates an electric or
magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as it passes through the area. In a conventional CRT, the
yoke is linked to a sweep or scan generator. The deflection yoke which is connected to the sweep
generator creates a fluctuating electric or magnetic potential.

5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated with phosphors. Phosphors
glow when a high-energy electron beam hits them. Phosphorescence is the term used to characterize the
light given off by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an electron beam.

Color CRT Monitors:

The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The phosphors are different colors. There
are two popular approaches for producing color displays with a CRT are:

1. Beam Penetration Method

2. Shadow-Mask Method

1. Beam Penetration Method:

The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-scan monitors. In this method, the CRT screen
is coated with two layers of phosphor, red and green and the displayed color depends on how far the
electron beam penetrates the phosphor layers. This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange
and yellow. A beam of slow electrons excites the outer red layer only; hence screen shows red color only.
A beam of high-speed electrons excites the inner green layer. Thus screen shows a green color.

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Advantages:
1. Inexpensive

Disadvantages:
1. Only four colors are possible
2. Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

2. Shadow-Mask Method:
o Shadow Mask Method is commonly used in Raster-Scan System because they produce a much
wider range of colors than the beam-penetration method.
o It is used in the majority of color TV sets and monitors.

Construction: A shadow mask CRT has 3 phosphor color dots at each pixel position.

o One phosphor dot emits: red light

o Another emits: green light
o Third emits: blue light

This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and a shadow mask grid just behind the
phosphor coated screen.

Shadow mask grid is pierced with small round holes in a triangular pattern.

Figure shows the delta-delta shadow mask method commonly used in color CRT system.

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Working: Triad arrangement of red, green, and blue guns.

The deflection system of the CRT operates on all 3 electron beams simultaneously; the 3 electron beams
are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask, which contains a sequence of holes aligned
with the phosphor- dot patterns.

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When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they activate a dotted triangle, which
occurs as a small color spot on the screen.

The phosphor dots in the triangles are organized so that each electron beam can activate only its
corresponding color dot when it passes through the shadow mask.

Inline arrangement: Another configuration for the 3 electron guns is an Inline arrangement in which the
electron guns and the corresponding red-green-blue color dots on the screen, are aligned along one scan
line rather of in a triangular pattern.

This inline arrangement of electron guns in easier to keep in alignment and is commonly used in high-
resolution color CRT's.

Advantage:
1. Realistic image
2. Million different colors to be generated
3. Shadow scenes are possible

Disadvantage:
1. Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT.
2. Relatively poor resolution
3. Convergence Problem

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Direct View Storage Tubes:

DVST terminals also use the random scan approach to generate the image on the CRT screen. The term
"storage tube" refers to the ability of the screen to retain the image which has been projected against it,
thus avoiding the need to rewrite the image constantly.

Function of guns: Two guns are used in DVST

1. Primary guns: It is used to store the picture pattern.

2. Flood gun or Secondary gun: It is used to maintain picture display.

Advantage:
1. No refreshing is needed.
2. High Resolution
3. Cost is very less

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Disadvantage:
1. It is not possible to erase the selected part of a picture.
2. It is not suitable for dynamic graphics applications.
3. If a part of picture is to modify, then time is consumed.

Flat Panel Display:

The Flat-Panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
requirement compare to CRT.

Example: Small T.V. monitor, calculator, pocket video games, laptop computers, an advertisement board
in elevator.

1. Emissive Display: The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. Examples
are Plasma Panel, thin film electroluminescent display and LED (Light Emitting Diodes).

2. Non-Emissive Display: The Non-Emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from
some other source into graphics patterns. Examples are LCD (Liquid Crystal Device).

Discharge Display. It consists of an array of small lights. Lights are fluorescent in nature. The essential
components of the plasma-panel display are:

1. Cathode: It consists of fine wires. It delivers negative voltage to gas cells. The voltage is released
along with the negative axis.
2. Anode: It also consists of line wires. It delivers positive voltage. The voltage is supplied along
positive axis.
3. Fluorescent cells: It consists of small pockets of gas liquids when the voltage is applied to this
liquid (neon gas) it emits light.

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4. Glass Plates: These plates act as capacitors. The voltage will be applied, the cell will glow
continuously.

The gas will slow when there is a significant voltage difference between horizontal and vertical wires. The
voltage level is kept between 90 volts to 120 volts. Plasma level does not require refreshing. Erasing is
done by reducing the voltage to 90 volts.

Each cell of plasma has two states, so cell is said to be stable. Displayable point in plasma panel is made
by the crossing of the horizontal and vertical grid. The resolution of the plasma panel can be up to 512 *
512 pixels.

Discharge Display. It consists of an array of small lights. Lights are fluorescent in nature. The essential
components of the plasma-panel display are:

1. Cathode: It consists of fine wires. It delivers negative voltage to gas cells. The voltage is released
along with the negative axis.
2. Anode: It also consists of line wires. It delivers positive voltage. The voltage is supplied along
positive axis.
3. Fluorescent cells: It consists of small pockets of gas liquids when the voltage is applied to this
liquid (neon gas) it emits light.
4. Glass Plates: These plates act as capacitors. The voltage will be applied, the cell will glow
continuously.

The gas will slow when there is a significant voltage difference between horizontal and vertical wires. The
voltage level is kept between 90 volts to 120 volts. Plasma level does not require refreshing. Erasing is
done by reducing the voltage to 90 volts.

Each cell of plasma has two states, so cell is said to be stable. Displayable point in plasma panel is made
by the crossing of the horizontal and vertical grid. The resolution of the plasma panel can be up to 512 *
512 pixels.

Figure shows the state of cell in plasma panel display:

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Advantage:
1. High Resolution
2. Large screen size is also possible.
3. Less Volume
4. Less weight
5. Flicker Free Display

Disadvantage:
1. Poor Resolution
2. Wiring requirement anode and the cathode is complex.
3. Its addressing is also complex.

LED (Light Emitting Diode):

In an LED, a matrix of diodes is organized to form the pixel positions in the display and picture definition is
stored in a refresh buffer. Data is read from the refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are
applied to the diodes to produce the light pattern in the display.

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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

Liquid Crystal Displays are the devices that produce a picture by passing polarized light from the
surroundings or from an internal light source through a liquid-crystal material that transmits the light.

LCD uses the liquid-crystal material between two glass plates; each plate is the right angle to each other
between plates liquid is filled. One glass plate consists of rows of conductors arranged in vertical direction.
Another glass plate is consisting of a row of conductors arranged in horizontal direction. The pixel position
is determined by the intersection of the vertical & horizontal conductor. This position is an active part of
the screen.

Liquid crystal display is temperature dependent. It is between zero to seventy degree Celsius. It is flat and
requires very little power to operate.

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Advantage:
1. Low power consumption.
2. Small Size
3. Low Cost

Disadvantage:
1. LCDs are temperature-dependent (0-70°C)
2. LCDs do not emit light; as a result, the image has very little contrast.
3. LCDs have no color capability.
4. The resolution is not as good as that of a CRT.

2.2 Random Scan and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Display:
Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line image on the
CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line segments. Each line segment is
drawn on the screen by directing the beam to move from one point on the screen to the next, where its x
& y coordinates define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the first line and
design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process is shown in fig:

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Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic
displays.

Advantages:

1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to be
drawn.
2. Produce smooth line drawings.
3. High Resolution

Disadvantages:

1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Raster Scan Display:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a rectangular box called Raster
on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in
our house are based on Raster Scan Method. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel
position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80
frames per second.

Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements
or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing.
When the beam starts from the top left corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to
the top left side called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to bottom call as
horizontal retracing shown in fig:

Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan

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1. Interlaced Scanning
2. Non-Interlaced Scanning

In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to which
fading of display of object may occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first
of all odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even number
of lines are located.

For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For interlaced
display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.

Advantages:
1. Realistic image
2. Million Different colors to be generated
3. Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:
1. Low Resolution
2. Expensive

Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Raster Scan

1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depend on the picture.

6. Only screen with view on an area is displayed. 6. Whole screen is scanned.

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7. Beam Penetration technology come under it. 7. Shadow mark technology came under this.

8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing

9. It is restricted to line drawing applications 9. It is suitable for realistic display.

2.3 Raster Graphics and Vector Graphics

Raster Graphics
Raster images use bit maps to store information. This means a large file needs a large bitmap. The larger
the image, the more disk space the image file will take up. As an example, a 640 x 480 image requires
information to be stored for 307,200 pixels, while a 3072 x 2048 image (from a 6.3 Megapixel digital
camera) needs to store information for a whopping 6,291,456 pixels. We use algorithms that compress
images to help reduce these file sizes. Image formats like jpeg and gif are common compressed image
formats. Scaling down these images is easy but enlarging a bitmap makes it pixelated or simply blurred.
Hence for images that need to scale to different sizes, we use vector graphics.
File extensions: .BMP, .TIF, .GIF, .JPG

Vector Graphics
Making use of sequential commands or mathematical statements or programs which place lines or
shapes in a 2-D or 3-D environment is referred to as Vector Graphics. Vector graphics are best for
printing since it is composed of a series of mathematical curves. As a result vector graphics print crisply
even when they are enlarged. In physics: A vector is something that has a magnitude and direction. In
vector graphics, the file is created and saved as a sequence of vector statements. Rather than having a
bit in the file for each bit of line drawing, we use commands which describe a series of points to be
connected. As a result, a much smaller file is obtained.
File extensions: SVG, EPS, PDF, AI, DXF

Differences between Vector and Raster graphics

The main difference between vector and raster graphics is that raster graphics are composed of pixels,
while vector graphics are composed of paths. A raster graphic, such as a gif or jpeg, is an array of pixels
of various colors, which together form an image.

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2.4 Concepts of various objects :

1. Point

2. Line

3. Circle

4. Ellipse

5. Polygon

The process of converting is also called as rasterization. The algorithms implementation varies
from one computer system to another computer system. Some algorithms are implemented
using the software. Some are performed using hardware or firmware. Some are performed using
various combinations of hardware, firmware, and software.

Pixel or Pel:

The term pixel is a short form of the picture element. It is also called a point or dot. It is the
smallest picture unit accepted by display devices

Pixels are also defined as the smallest addressable unit or element of the screen. Each pixel can
be assigned an address as shown in fig:

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Different graphics objects can be generated by setting the different intensity of pixels and
different colors of pixels. Each pixel has some co-ordinate value. The coordinate is represented
using row and column.

P (5, 5) used to represent a pixel in the 5th row and the 5th column. Each pixel has some
intensity value which is represented in memory of computer called a frame buffer. Frame Buffer
is also called a refresh buffer. This memory is a storage area for storing pixels values using which
pictures are displayed. It is also called as digital memory. Inside the buffer, image is stored as a
pattern of binary digits either 0 or 1. So there is an array of 0 or 1 used to represent the picture.
In black and white monitors, black pixels are represented using 1's and white pixels are
represented using 0's. In case of systems having one bit per pixel frame buffer is called a bitmap.
In systems with multiple bits per pixel it is called a pixmap.

Straight Line

A straight line may be defined by two endpoints & an equation. In fig the two endpoints are
described by (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). The equation of the line is used to determine the x, y coordinates
of all the points that lie between these two endpoints.

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Defining a Circle

Circle is an eight-way symmetric figure. The shape of circle is the same in all quadrants. In each
quadrant, there are two octants. If the calculation of the point of one octant is done, then the
other seven points can be calculated easily by using the concept of eight-way symmetry. The
center point is called the center of the circle and the fixed distance is called its circumference.
The longest distance from one end of the circle to the other end is called the diameter of circle.
A line segment within a circle that touches two points on the circle is called a chord. Thus,
diameter of circle is the longest chord.

For drawing, circle considers it at the origin. If a point is P1(x, y), then the other seven points will
be

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Ellipse:

The ellipse is a geometrical shape on a plane where the sum the distances from any
point on the curve to two fixed point points within the curve is constant. These two
points are called the foci points of the ellipse. The ellipse is also a symmetric figure
like a circle but is four-way symmetry rather than eight-way.

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