Programming in Java

(BCAC0012)
Introduction to Java
• Java is a programming language and a platform.

• Java is a high level, object-oriented and secure programming

language.
Platform
• Any hardware or software environment in which a program
runs, is known as a platform.

• Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is

called a platform.
Application (Where Java is used)
• According to Sun, 3 billion devices run Java.

• There are many devices where Java is currently used.

• Some of them are as follows:

Cont…
• Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player,
antivirus, etc.

• Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com, etc.

• Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.

Cont…
• Mobile

• Embedded System

• Smart Card
Cont…
• Robotics

• Games, etc.
Types of Java Applications
• There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created
using Java programming:

1) Standalone Application
• Standalone applications are also known as desktop
applications or window-based applications.
Cont…
• These are traditional software that we need to install on every
machine.

• Examples of standalone application are Media player,

antivirus, etc.

• AWT and Swing are used in Java for creating standalone

applications.
Cont…
2) Web Application
• An application that runs on the server side and creates a
dynamic page is called a web application.

• Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts, Spring, Hibernate etc.

technologies are used for creating web applications in Java.
Cont…
3) Enterprise Application
• An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking
applications, etc. is called enterprise application.

• It has advantages of the high-level security, load balancing

etc.

• In Java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.

Cont…
4) Mobile Application
• An application which is created for mobile devices is called a
mobile application.

• Currently, Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile

applications.
Java Platforms / Editions
• There are Following platforms or editions of Java:

1) Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

• It is a Java programming platform.

• It includes Java programming APIs such as java.lang, java.io,

java.net, java.util, java.sql, java.math etc.
Cont…
• It includes core topics like OOPs, String, Regex, Exception, Inner
classes, Multithreading, I/O Stream, Networking, AWT, Swing,
Reflection, Collection, etc.
Cont…
2) Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)
• It is an enterprise platform which is mainly used to develop web
and enterprise applications.

• It is built on the top of the Java SE platform.

• It includes topics like Servlet, JSP, Web Services, EJB etc.

Cont…
3) Java ME (Java Micro Edition)

• It is a micro platform which is mainly used to develop mobile

applications.
History of Java
• James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the
Java language project in June 1991.

• The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

• Initially designed for small, embedded systems in electronic

appliances like set-top boxes.
Cont…
• Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and the
file extension was .gt.

• After that, it was called Oak.

Cont…
• Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a
national tree of many countries like the U.S.A., France,
Germany, Romania, etc.

• In 1995, Oak was renamed as ”Java”.

Cont…
• Why java? Java is an island of Indonesia where the first
coffee was produced (called java coffee).

• Java name was chosen by James Gosling while having coffee

near his office.
Cont…
• Java was developed by James Gosling, who is known as the
father of Java
Java Version History
• Many java versions have been released till now.

• The current stable release of Java is Java SE 10.

Cont…
• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)

• JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)

• J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)

Cont…
• J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)

• J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)

• J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)

• Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)

Cont…
• Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)

• Java SE 8 (18th Mar 2014)

• Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)

• Java SE 10 (20th Mar 2018)

Features of Java
• The features of Java are also known as java buzzwords.

• A list of most important features of Java language is given

below.
Cont…
1. Simple

2. Object-Oriented

3. Portable

4. Platform independent
Cont…
5. Secured

6. Robust

7. Architecture neutral
1. Simple
• According to Sun, Java language is a simple programming
language because:

• Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to

learn it after C++).
Cont…
• Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features,
for example, explicit pointers, operator overloading, etc.

• There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because

there is an Automatic Garbage Collection in Java.
2. Object-oriented
• Java is an object-oriented programming language.

• Everything in Java is an object and it follow the Object-

oriented programming (OOPs) concept.
Cont…
• Basic concepts of OOPs are:

A. Class

B. Object

C. Inheritance
Cont…
D. Polymorphism

E. Abstraction

F. Encapsulation
Cont…
A. Class
• A class is a group of objects which have common properties.

• It is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. It is a

logical entity. It can't be physical.
Cont…
• A class in Java can contain:
• Fields

• Methods

• Constructors

• Blocks

• Nested class and interface

Cont…
B. Object
• An object is an instance of a class.

• An object in Java is the physical because when we are

creating a object then memory will be allocated for object

• Object will be created with the help of new keyword.

Cont…
C. Inheritance
• Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one class inherit
the property of another class.

D. Polymorphism
• Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform
a single action in different ways.
Cont…
• Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and
morphs.

• The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms.

So polymorphism means many forms.
Cont…
E. Abstraction
• Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and
showing only functionality to the user.
Cont…
F. Encapsulation
• Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code
(Function/method) and data together into a single unit,

• for example, a capsule which is mixed of several medicines.

3. Portable
• Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java
bytecode to any platform.
4. Platform independent
• Java is platform independent because Java code can be run on
multiple platforms,

• for example, Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac/OS, etc.

Cont…
• Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into
bytecode.

• This bytecode is a platform-independent code because it can

be run on multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once and Run
Anywhere(WORA).
5. Secured
• Java is secured because:
• No explicit pointer

• Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox

6. Robust
• Robust simply means strong. Java is robust because:
• It uses strong memory management.

• There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.

Cont…
• There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs on
the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of objects which are not
being used by a Java application anymore.

• All these points make Java robust.

7. Architecture-neutral
• Java is architecture neutral because there are no
implementation dependent features,

• for example, the size of primitive types is fixed.

Cont…
• In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory
for 32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit
architecture.
 C++ vs Java
Comparison Index C++ Java
Platform-independent C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

Multiple inheritance C++ supports multiple Java doesn't support multiple

inheritance. inheritance through class. It can
be achieved by interfaces in
java.

Call by Value and Call by C++ supports both call by value Java supports call by value only.
reference and call by reference. There is no call by reference in
java.
Structure and Union C++ supports structures and Java doesn't support structures
unions. and unions.
Java Bytecode
• Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into
bytecode.

• This bytecode is a platform-independent code because it can

be run on multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once and Run
Anywhere(WORA).
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.

• It is called a virtual machine because it doesn't physically

exist.

• It is a specification that provides a runtime environment in

which Java bytecode can be executed.
Cont…
• JVM, JRE, and JDK are platform dependent because the
configuration of each OS is different from each other.

• However, Java is platform independent.

Cont…
• The JVM performs the following main tasks:
• Loads code

• Verifies code

• Executes code

• Provides runtime environment

JVM Architecture
( Internal architecture of JVM)
• It contains class loader, memory area, execution engine etc.
1) Classloader
• Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load
class files.

• Whenever we run the java program, it is loaded first by the

classloader.
2) Class(Method) Area
• Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the
runtime constant pool, method data, the code for methods.
Cont…
3) Heap
• It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack
• It holds local variables.
Cont…
5) Program Counter Register
• PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java
virtual machine instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack

• It contains all the native methods used in the application.
Cont…
7) Execution Engine
• It contains:
• A virtual processor

• Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

• Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance.

Cont…
8) Java Native Interface
• Java Native Interface (JNI) is a framework which provides an
interface to communicate with another application written in
another language like C, C++, Assembly etc.
JRE

• JRE Stands for Java Runtime Environment.

• It is used to provide the runtime environment.

• It physically exists.
• It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
JDK

• JDK stands for Java Development Kit.

• The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development

environment which is used to develop Java applications
• It physically exists.

• It contains JRE + development tools.

Just In Time (JIT) Compiler
• The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler is a an essential part of the
JRE i.e. Java Runtime Environment.

• It is responsible for performance optimization of java based

applications at run time.
Cont…
• In order to speed up the performance, JIT compiler
communicates with JVM at the execution time in order to
compile byte code sequences into native machine code.

• Basically, when using JIT Compiler, the native code is easily

executed by the hardware.
Cont…
• By doing so, there will be a huge gain in execution speed.
Java Tokens
• A token is the smallest element of a program that is
meaningful to the compiler.
Types of Tokens
• Keywords
• Identifiers
• Literals
• Operators
• Separators
• Comments
Keywords
• These are the pre-defined reserved words of any
programming language.

• Each keyword has a special meaning.

• It is always written in lower case. Java provides the following

keywords:
01. abstract 02. boolean 03. byte 04. break 05. class

06. case 07. catch 08. char 09. continue 10. default

11. do 12. double 13. else 14. extends 15. final

16. finally 17. float 18. for 19. if 20. implements

21. import 22. instanceof 23. int 24. interface 25. long

26. native 27. new 28. package 29. private 30. protected

31. public 32. return 33. short 34. static 35. super

36. switch 37. synchronized 38. this 39. throw 40. throws

41. transient 42. try 43. void 44. volatile 45. while

46. assert 47. const 48. enum 49. goto 50. strictfp
Cont…
• The keywords const and goto are reserved but not used.
Identifiers
• Identifiers are used to name a variable, constant, function,
class, and array.

• It usually defined by the user.

Cont…
• It uses letters, underscores, or a dollar sign as the first
character.

• Remember that the identifier name must be different from the

reserved keywords.
Cont…
• There are some rules to declare identifiers are:
• The first letter of an identifier must be a letter, underscore or a
dollar sign. It cannot start with digits but may contain digits.

• The whitespace cannot be included in the identifier.

• Identifiers are case sensitive.

Cont…
• Some valid identifiers are:
• PhoneNumber
• PRICE
• radius
•a
• a1
• _phonenumber
• $circumference
• jagged_array
Cont…
• Invalid identifier names include these:
• 2count

• high-temp

• not/ok
Literals
• In programming literal is a notation that represents a fixed
value (constant) in the source code.

• It can be categorized as an integer literal, string literal,

Boolean literal, etc.
Cont…
• It is defined by the programmer.

• Once it has been defined cannot be changed.

Cont…
• Java provides five types of literals are as follows:
• Integer ( Ex: 2, 4)

• Floating Point (Ex: 12.3, 16.8)

• Character (Ex: ‘A’, ‘a’)

• String (Ex: “Ram”, “Hello”)

• Boolean (Ex: true, false)

Separators
• The separators in Java is also known as punctuators.

• Square Brackets []: It is used to define array elements. A

pair of square brackets represents the single-dimensional
array, two pairs of square brackets represent the two-
dimensional array.

• Parentheses (): It is used to call the functions.

Cont…
• Curly Braces {}: The curly braces denote the starting and
ending of a code block.

• Comma (,): It is used to separate two values and parameters.

• Assignment Operator (=): It is used to assign a variable and

constant.
Cont…
• Semicolon (;): It is the symbol that can be found at end of the
statements. It separates the two statements.

• Period (.): It separates the package name form the sub-

packages and class. It also separates a variable or method
from a reference variable.
Java Comments
• The Java comments are the statements that are not executed
by the compiler and interpreter.

• The comments can be used to provide information or

explanation about the variable, method, class or any
statement.
Cont…
• It can also be used to hide program code.
Types of Java Comments
• There are three types of comments in Java.
• Single Line Comment

• Multi Line Comment

• Documentation Comment
1) Java Single Line Comment
• The single line comment is used to comment only one line.

• Syntax:
//This is single line comment
Example:
class CommentExample1
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
int i=10; //Here, i is a variable
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output: 10
2) Java Multi Line Comment
• The multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of
code.

• Syntax:
/*
This
is
multi line
comment
*/
Example:
class CommentExample2
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
/* Let's declare and
print variable in java. */

int i=10;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Output: 10
3) Java Documentation Comment
• The documentation comment is used to create documentation
API.

• To create documentation API, you need to use javadoc tool.

• Syntax:
/**
This
is
documentation
comment
*/
Example:
/** The Calculator class provides methods to get addition and subtraction of given 2 numbers.*/

public class Calculator

{
/** The add() method returns addition of given numbers.*/
public int add(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
}
/** The sub() method returns subtraction of given numbers.*/
public int sub(int a, int b)
{
return a-b;
}
}
Cont…
• Compile it by javac tool:
• javac Calculator.java

• Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

• javadoc Calculator.java

• Now, there will be HTML files created for your Calculator class in the
current directory.
Whitespace
• Java is a free-form language.

• This means that you do not need to follow any special

indentation rules.
Cont…
• For example, Program could have been written all on one
line or in any other strange way you felt like typing it, as long
as there was at least one whitespace character between each
token that was not already delineated by an operator or
separator.

• In java, whitespace is a space, tab, or new line.

Data Types in Java
• Type of the data is called data type.

• Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be
stored in the variable.
Cont…
• There are two types of data types in Java:

• Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean,

char, byte, short, int, long, float and double.

• Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types

include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.
Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Boolean Data Type
• The Boolean data type is used to store only two possible
values: true and false.

• Example: boolean one = false;

Why char uses 2 byte in java and what is \u0000 ?

• It is because java uses Unicode system not ASCII code

system.

• The \u0000 is the lowest range of Unicode system

Unicode System
• Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding
that is capable of representing most of the world's written
languages.

• In unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for

characters.
• lowest value:\u0000
• highest value:\uFFFF
Java Variables
• Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory.

• In other words, it is a name of memory location.

• A variable is a container which holds the value.

Cont…
• A variable is assigned with a data type.

• It is a combination of "vary + able" that means its value can

be changed.
Declaration of a Variable
• Syntax: datatype variablename ;

• Example: int data;

Initialization of a Variable
• Syntax: datatype variablename = value ;

• Example: int data = 10;

Types of Variables
• There are three types of variables in Java:
• local variable

• instance variable

• static variable
1) Local Variable
• A variable declared inside the body of the method, block and
constructor is called local variable.

• You can use local variable only within that method, block and
constructor in which it is declared.
Cont…
• A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.
2) Instance Variable
• A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of
the method, block and constructor is called instance variable.

• It is not declared as static.

Cont…
• It is called instance variable because its value is instance
(object) specific and is not shared among instances (objects).
3) Static variable
• A variable which is declared as static is called static variable.

• It can not be local.

Cont…
• You can create a single copy of static variable and share
among all the instances (object) of the class.

• Memory allocation for static variable happens only once

when the class is loaded in the memory.
 Example
class A
{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method()
{
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class
Java Constant
• Constant is a value that can not be changed after assigning it.

• In Java, to declare any variable as constant, we use final

modifiers (keyword).
Syntax to declare a constant :
• final datatype variablename = value;

• Example: final double PRICE=432.78;

Example
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
final int b =60;
System.out.println(b);
}
}
Type Casting in Java
• Convert a value from one data type to another data type is
known as type casting.
Types of Type Casting
• There are two types of type casting:
• Widening Type Casting

• Narrowing Type Casting

Widening Type Casting
• Converting a lower data type into a higher one is
called widening type casting.

• It is also known as implicit conversion or upcasting.

• It is done automatically.
Cont…
• It takes place when:
• Both data types must be compatible with each other.

• The target type must be larger than the source type.

• byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
Example
class A
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
int x = 7;
//automatically converts the integer type into long type
long y = x;
//automatically converts the long type into float type
float z = y;
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(y);
System.out.println(z);
}
}
Output
7
7
7.0
Narrowing Type Casting
• Converting a higher data type into a lower one is
called narrowing type casting.

• It is also known as explicit conversion or down casting.

• It is done manually by the programmer.

Cont…
• If we do not perform casting then the compiler reports a compile-time
error.

• double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
Example
class A
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
double d = 166.66;
//converting double data type into long data type
long l = (long)d;
//converting long data type into int data type
int i = (int)l;
System.out.println(d);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println(l);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Output
166.66
166
166
Java Command Line Arguments
• The java command-line argument is an argument i.e. passed
at the time of running the java program.

• The arguments passed from the console can be received in the

java program and it can be used as an input.
Simple example of command-line argument in java

class A
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
System.out.println(a[0]);
}
}
Compile
javac A.java

run
java A 10

Output
10
Java Arrays
• Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements
which has contiguous memory location.

• Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar

data type.
Cont…
• Additionally, The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous
memory location.

• Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at

the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.
Cont…
• Unlike C/C++, we can get the length of the array using the length
member.
Advantages
• Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized.

• Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

Disadvantages
• Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It
doesn't grow its size at runtime.

• To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java which

grows automatically.
Types of Array in java
• There are two types of array.
• Single Dimensional Array

• Multidimensional Array
Single Dimensional (1-D) Array in Java
• An Array that will contain only one subscript is called Single
Dimensional Array.
Syntax to Declare 1-D Array in Java
• dataType arrayname[]; (or)

• dataType[] arrayname; (or)

• dataType []arrayname;
Example
• int a[];
Instantiation of 1-D Array in Java
• Syntax:
• arrayname =new datatype[size];

• Example:
• a=new int[3];
Declaration and instantiation in one line
• Example:
• int a[] = new int[3];
Example of Java 1-D Array
class Testarray
{
public static void main(String a1[])
{
int a[]=new int[5]; //declaration and instantiation
a[0]=10; //initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++) //length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
Declaration, Instantiation and
Initialization of Java 1-D Array
• We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together.

• Example:
• int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
Example

class Testarray1
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization

//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) //length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
For-each Loop for Java Array
• The Java for-each loop prints the array elements one by one.
The syntax of the for-each loop is given below:
for(datatype variablename:arrayname)
{
//body of the loop
}
Example
//Java Program to print the array elements using for-each loop
class Testarray1
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
int arr[]={33,3,4,5};
//printing array using for-each loop
for(int i : arr)
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Multidimensional Array in Java
• An Array that will contain more than one subscript is called Multi
Dimensional Array.
Types of Multidimensional Array
• 2-D Array

• 3-D Array

• n-D Array
2-D Array
• An Array that will contain two subscript is called Two Dimensional
Array.
Syntax to Declare 2-D Array in Java
• dataType[][] arrayname; (or)

• dataType [][]arrayname; (or)

• dataType arrayname[][];

• Example
• int a[][] ;
Instantiation of 2-D Array in Java
• Syntax:
• arrayname =new datatype[rowsize][columnsize];

• Example:
• a=new int[3][3];
•
Declaration and instantiation in one line
• Example:
• int a[][] = new int[3][3];
Example to initialize 2-D Array in Java
• arr[0][0]=1;
• arr[0][1]=2;
• arr[0][2]=3;
• arr[1][0]=4;
• arr[1][1]=5;
• arr[1][2]=6;
• arr[2][0]=7;
• arr[2][1]=8;
• arr[2][2]=9;
Declaration, Instantiation and
Initialization of Java 2-D Array
• We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together.

• Example:
• int a[][]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
Example of 2-D Array
class A
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
System.out.print(arr[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Java String
• Generally, String is a sequence of characters.

• But in Java, string is an object that represents a sequence of characters.

• The java.lang.String class is used to create a string object.

How to create a string object?
• There are two ways to create String object:
• By string literal

• By new keyword
1) String Literal
• Java String literal is created by using double quotes.

• Example:
• String s="welcome";
Cont…
• Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string
constant pool" first.

• If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled

instance is returned.

• If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created
and placed in the pool.
Cont…
• Example:
• String s1="Welcome";

• String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance

Why Java uses the concept of String literal?

• To make Java more memory efficient (because no new

objects are created if it exists already in the string constant
pool).
2) By new keyword
• Example:
String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

• In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool)
heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string
constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-
pool).
Immutable String in Java
• In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply
means unmodifiable or unchangeable.

• Once string object is created its data can't be changed but a

new string object is created.
Example
class A
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}
}

Output:Sachin
Why string objects are immutable in java?

• Because java uses the concept of string literal.

• Suppose there are 3 reference variables,all referes to one object

"sachin".

• If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be

affected to all the reference variables. That is why string objects are
immutable in java.
Java String class methods
• The java.lang.String class provides many useful methods to perform
operations on sequence of char values (String).
Cont…
1. char charAt(int index): returns char value for the particular
index.
Example
public class CharAtExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name="javatpoint";
char ch=name.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index
System.out.println(ch);
}
}
Output: t
Cont…
2. int length(): returns string length.
Example:
public class LengthExample
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s1="javatpoint";
System.out.println(s1.length());//10 is the length of javatpoint string
}
}
Output:
10
Cont…
3. String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex): returns
substring for given begin index and end index.
Example
public class SubstringExample
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s1="javatpoint";
System.out.println(s1.substring(2,4));//returns va
}
}
Output:
va
Cont…
• String toLowerCase(): returns a string in lowercase.
Example
public class StringLowerExample
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s1="JAVATPOINT HELLO stRIng";
System.out.println(s1.toLowerCase());
}
}

Output:
javatpoint hello string
Cont…
• String toUpperCase(): returns a string in uppercase.
Example
public class StringUpperExample
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s1="hello string";
System.out.println(s1.toUpperCase());
}
}

Output:
HELLO STRING
String Concatenation in Java
• There are two ways to concat string in java:
• By + (string concatenation) operator

• By concat() method
1) String Concatenation by +
(string concatenation) operator
• Java string concatenation operator (+) is used to add strings.
Example 1
class TestStringConcatenation1
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s="Sachin"+"Tendulkar";
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Output: SachinTendulkar
Example 2
class TestStringConcatenation2
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s=50+30+"Sachin"+40+40;
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Output: 80Sachin4040
Cont…
• Note: After a string literal, all the + will be treated as string
concatenation operator.
2) String Concatenation by concat() method
• The String concat() method concatenates the specified string to the end
of current string.

• Syntax:
• public String concat(String another)
Example
class TestStringConcatenation3
{
public static void main(String a[])
{
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Tendulkar";
String s3=s1.concat(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
}
}
Output: SachinTendulkar