International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS)

4 (2), 2024, 484-496

Published Online August 2024 in IJSECS (http://www.journal.lembagakita.org/index.php/ijsecs)
P-ISSN : 2776-4869, E-ISSN : 2776-3242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35870/ijsecs.v4i2.2831.

Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks

for Building Interactive Single-Page
Applications
Deyidi Mokoginta *
Electrical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Teknologi Sulawesi Utara, Manado
City, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.
Corresponding Email: [email protected].

Desfita Eka Putri

Informatics Management Study Program, Politeknik LP3I Pekanbaru, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province,
Indonesia.
Email: [email protected].

Fegie Yoanti Wattimena

Information Systems Study Program, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Ottow Geissler Papua,
Jayapura City, Papua Province, Indonesia.
Email: [email protected].

Received: April 7, 2024; Accepted: July 10, 2024; Published: August 1, 2024.

Abstract: The rapid evolution of modern JavaScript frameworks has significantly enhanced the
development of interactive and responsive Single-Page Applications (SPAs). This study compares three
prominent JavaScript frameworks—Angular, React, and Vue.Js—focusing on their application in SPA
development. The research methodology involves a literature review, a comparative analysis of the critical
features of each framework, and a practical implementation to assess their performance, usability, and
flexibility. The findings reveal that each framework exhibits distinct advantages and limitations that affect
their suitability for different project requirements. Angular is characterized by its extensive built-in features
and robust architecture, React by its high flexibility and superior performance, and Vue.js by its user-friendly
approach and development efficiency. These results offer valuable insights for developers in selecting the
most appropriate framework for their specific project needs, ultimately contributing to more efficient and
effective web development.

Keywords: JavaScript Frameworks; Single-Page Applications; Angular; React; Vue.js.

© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

1. Introduction

In the current digital era, the rapid advancement of information and communication technology has
significantly increased the demand for more interactive, responsive, and easily accessible web applications.
Among the solutions that have gained widespread adoption to meet these demands are Single-Page
Applications (SPAs). SPAs are a type of web application that allows for loading a single web page, where
content is asynchronously updated without needing to reload the entire page. This capability offers a smoother
and faster user experience, as interactions and navigation within the application can be performed more
efficiently [1][2]. Modern JavaScript frameworks have become foundational in the development of SPAs. These
frameworks provide a variety of features and tools that facilitate the structured and efficient creation of
complex, feature-rich web applications. The most popular and widely used JavaScript frameworks today are
Angular, React, and Vue.js. Each framework has unique characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks that
influence how developers build and manage SPAs [3].
Angular, developed by Google, is recognized as a comprehensive framework equipped with numerous
built-in features. Utilizing TypeScript, Angular offers a component-based architecture and a robust set of
modules, making it an ideal choice for large-scale applications that require high levels of stability and
scalability, such as enterprise applications and Software as a Service (SaaS) platforms [4][5]. Angular's
structured approach and extensive feature set provide developers with the tools necessary to manage the
complexities of large projects, although it is often perceived as having a steeper learning curve than other
frameworks. On the other hand, React is a JavaScript library developed by Facebook that focuses on building
user interfaces through reusable components. React excels in flexibility and high performance, allowing
developers to integrate it with various libraries and additional tools to create solutions tailored to specific needs
[6][7]. React's declarative approach to UI design and its robust ecosystem and strong community support
have made it a popular choice for many projects, from simple web applications to mobile apps using React
Native. Vue.js, created by Evan You, offers a balanced approach between ease of use and powerful
functionality. Vue.js is known for its excellent documentation and intuitive approach, making it accessible to
novice and experienced developers. It combines the best elements of Angular and React, providing a lighter
and more flexible solution without sacrificing essential features [8][9]. Vue.js is often chosen for projects that
require efficient development while maintaining a high level of functionality, mainly when ease of learning and
implementation is a priority.
Given the importance of selecting the appropriate framework in SPA development, this research aims to
conduct a comparative analysis of Angular, React, and Vue.js within the context of SPA development. The
analysis will evaluate each framework regarding performance, ease of use, flexibility, and community support.
Additionally, this study will include implementing a trial project to assess the practicality and effectiveness of
each framework in real-world development scenarios. The outcomes of this research are expected to contribute
significantly to the web development community, particularly in understanding the strengths and weaknesses
of each JavaScript framework in SPA development. By gaining a deeper understanding of the characteristics
and capabilities of each framework, developers can make more informed and strategic decisions when
selecting the right tool for their projects.
Furthermore, this research serves as a valuable reference for novice developers just beginning to explore
the world of SPA development, offering them clear guidance on choosing the appropriate JavaScript framework
to start their journey. This study also seeks to enrich the existing literature on SPA development and JavaScript
frameworks, offering practical insights that can be applied in real-world development situations. By doing so,
we support the ongoing advancement of the web development industry, contributing to improving the quality
and efficiency of web applications built using modern JavaScript frameworks. Ultimately, this research aspires
to enhance the overall standards of SPA development, ensuring that developers are equipped with the
knowledge and tools necessary to create high-quality, efficient, and user-friendly web applications.

2. Research Method

This research methodology employs a descriptive and experimental approach to analyze and compare the
performance, ease of use, and flexibility of three prominent JavaScript frameworks, Angular, React, and Vue.js,
within the Single-Page Application (SPA) development scope. The research method consists of several key
stages: literature review, comparative analysis, experimental implementation, and data analysis. The initial
stage of the research involves an extensive literature review to gather and evaluate existing information related
to Angular, React, Vue.js, and the concept of SPA in general. The literature sources include academic books,

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

peer-reviewed journal articles, technical reports, official framework documentation, and credible online
resources. The primary objective of this literature review is to establish a solid theoretical foundation regarding
the characteristics, features, and architecture of the three frameworks under study.
Moreover, the literature review provides insights into the latest trends in SPA development and the
challenges commonly encountered by developers. This stage ensures the research is grounded in current
knowledge and practices, providing a basis for subsequent analysis [6][4]. Following the literature review, the
research proceeds with a comparative study of Angular, React, and Vue.js. This analysis focuses on several
critical aspects, including architectural design, performance metrics, usability, and community support. The
architectural design analysis examines each framework's foundational structure and design patterns, including
components, state management techniques, and modularity. These elements are crucial for understanding
how each framework facilitates the development of complex web applications [10]. The performance analysis
evaluates the frameworks' efficiency in rendering speed, initial load time, and memory management. Tools
such as Lighthouse and WebPageTest quantify these performance indicators, providing a data-driven basis for
comparison [7].
Usability is assessed by considering the ease with which developers can learn and use each framework.
This includes evaluating the quality of documentation, the availability of teaching resources, and the
intuitiveness of the API. These factors are essential in determining how quickly and effectively developers can
adopt and utilize the frameworks in real-world projects [11]. Flexibility is analyzed by examining the extent to
which each framework can be customized and integrated with other tools and libraries. This aspect is essential
when specific project requirements require additional technologies or unique configurations [12]. The research
methodology includes an experimental component, where a prototype SPA is developed using each of the
three frameworks. This experimental implementation is designed to gather empirical data supporting the
comparative analysis. The prototype application is selected to include standard SPA features such as user
authentication, data management via APIs, and dynamic navigation. The development process involves several
steps. First, the application's structure and user interface are designed, with specific features identified for
implementation. Angular is used to build the first version of the application, focusing on component creation,
service integration, and modular development. The process is then replicated using React, where components
are created, the state is managed using Redux or Context API, and additional libraries are integrated as
needed. Finally, Vue.js is employed to develop the third version of the application, emphasizing component
creation, state management with Vuex, and the integration of necessary tools and libraries [13][14][15].

Figure 1. Research Stages

After developing the prototypes, the research analyzes the collected data. This analysis focuses on
evaluating each framework's performance, usability, and flexibility based on the empirical data obtained from
the experimental implementation. Performance metrics such as load time, rendering speed, and memory usage
are measured using tools like Lighthouse and WebPageTest, providing quantitative data that will be compared
across the frameworks. Usability is assessed through developer feedback gathered via surveys or interviews,
which will provide qualitative insights into the ease of learning and using each framework and the effectiveness
of available documentation and learning resources. Flexibility is evaluated by analyzing how well each
framework can be adapted and integrated with other tools and libraries during development. Finally, the
community support for each framework is investigated by examining the size and activity of the developer
community, the availability of plugins and extensions, and the frequency of updates and bug fixes. This analysis
provides an understanding of the long-term viability and support available for each framework, which is a
crucial consideration for developers when choosing a framework for their projects.

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

3. Result and Discussion

3.1 Results
The application design phase aims to establish the core structure and key features of the Single-Page
Application (SPA) before beginning the development process. During this phase, the first step is to identify the
primary features to be implemented, such as user authentication (login/logout), data management via API,
and dynamic navigation between the Home and Login pages. The component structure is also determined at
this stage, where the application will consist of two main components: HomeComponent for the main page
displayed after the user successfully logs in, and LoginComponent for the login page used for user
authentication. Additionally, navigation routes are defined to direct users to the appropriate pages, with the
route "/" designated for the Home page and "/login" for the Login page. The authentication logic is also
designed to manage the user’s login status, ensuring that only authenticated users can access specific pages.
The first step in development using Angular involves setting up the project. This is accomplished by
installing Angular CLI with the command npm install -g @angular/cli, creating a new project using ng new
angular-spa, and running the project with ng serve. The application can then be accessed via
http://localhost:4200. After setting up the project, the next step is to add routing by configuring RouterModule.
This involves adding routes for the Home and Login components in app-routing.module.ts. Subsequently, the
Home and Login components are created using the commands ng generate component home and ng generate
component login. To implement authentication, an AuthService is created to manage user authentication status
with methods for login, logout, and checking if the user is logged in. Finally, navigation logic is added to the
LoginComponent to redirect the user to the Home page after successful login.
Development with React begins by setting up the project using Create React App. This is done with the
command npx create-react-app react-spa, navigating to the project directory with cd react-spa, and running
the project with npm start. The application can be accessed via http://localhost:3000. Next, routing is added
by installing React Router with npm install react-router-dom and configuring routing in App.js. The Home and
Login components are created, with Home.js displaying a "Home Page" message and Login.js implementing
login logic that redirects the user to the Home page upon successful login. For authentication, an authentication
context is created in AuthContext.js, which provides methods for login, logout, and checking the user’s
authentication status. The application is then wrapped with AuthProvider to provide authentication context
throughout the app.

Figure 2. Application Design and Development Stages

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

Development with Vue.js starts with setting up the project using Vue CLI. This is done with the command
npm install -g @vue/cli, creating a new project with vue create vue-spa, and running the project with cd vue-
spa followed by npm run serve. The application can be accessed via http://localhost:8080. Routing is then
added by installing Vue Router using npm install vue-router and configuring routing in src/router/index.js,
adding routes for the Home and Login components. The Home.vue component is created to display a "Home
Page" message, while Login.vue is created to implement login logic that redirects the user to the Home page
after successful login. An authentication service is created in auth.js, which provides methods for login, logout,
and checking the user’s authentication status. Interactive SPAs can be developed using Angular, React, and
Vue.js, each of which requires specific steps for project setup, routing configuration, component creation, and
authentication implementation. Through careful design and systematic implementation, efficient and
responsive SPAs can be developed, offering an optimal user experience. Each framework (Angular, React, and
Vue.js) is capable of producing interactive SPA applications with similar features and appearance. The results
of this development show how each framework can be used to build key components such as Home and Login
pages, implement routing, and manage user authentication. The resulting application has dynamic and
responsive navigation, providing an optimal user experience.
In developing a Single-Page Application (SPA) with Angular, the process begins by creating the main
components, namely HomeComponent and LoginComponent. HomeComponent functions as the main page
displayed after the user successfully logs in, while LoginComponent is the page for user authentication. In
HomeComponent, the home.component.html file contains simple markup that displays a welcome message.
On the other hand, login.component.html in LoginComponent provides a form for entering a username and
password, as well as a login button. Authentication logic is implemented in login.component.ts, where the
AuthService service is used to manage the login status. The login() method in LoginComponent checks whether
the username and password have been entered, then redirects the user to the Home page after a successful
login.

Home Component (home.component.html)

html
Copy code
<h1>Welcome to the Home Page</h1>
<p>This is the home page content.</p>
Login Component (login.component.html)
html
Copy code
<h1>Login</h1>
<form (ngSubmit)="login()">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" [(ngModel)]="username" name="username">

<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" [(ngModel)]="password" name="password">

<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
Login Component (login.component.ts)
typescript
Copy code
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { Router } from '@angular/router';
import { AuthService } from '../auth.service';

@Component({
selector: 'app-login',
templateUrl: './login.component.html'
})
export class LoginComponent {
username: string;
password: string;

constructor(private authService: AuthService, private router: Router) {}

login() {
if (this.username && this.password) {
this.authService.login();
this.router.navigate(['/']);
}
}
}

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

Developing with React involves creating two main components: Home and Login. The Home component
(Home.js) displays a welcome message to the user after they have successfully logged in. The Login
component (Login.js) provides a form for entering a username and password, and uses an authentication
context (AuthContext) to manage the login state. In Login.js, the local state is used to store user input, and
the handleLogin method checks this input before calling the login function from the AuthContext and
redirecting the user to the Home page. React Router is used to manage the navigation route between the
Home and Login pages.

Home Component (Home.js)

jsx
Copy code
import React from 'react';

const Home = () => (

<div>
<h1>Welcome to the Home Page</h1>
<p>This is the home page content.</p>
</div>
);

export default Home;

Login Component (Login.js)
jsx
Copy code
import React, { useState, useContext } from 'react';
import { useHistory } from 'react-router-dom';
import { AuthContext } from './AuthContext';

const Login = () => {

const [username, setUsername] = useState('');
const [password, setPassword] = useState('');
const { login } = useContext(AuthContext);
let history = useHistory();

const handleLogin = () => {

if (username && password) {
login();
history.push('/');
}
};

return (
<div>
<h1>Login</h1>
<form onSubmit={(e) => { e.preventDefault(); handleLogin(); }}>
<label htmlFor="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" value={username} onChange={(e) =>
setUsername(e.target.value)} />

<label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" value={password} onChange={(e) =>
setPassword(e.target.value)} />

<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
</div>
);
};

export default Login;

In developing a SPA using Vue.js, two main components are created: Home and Login. The Home component
(Home.vue) contains a template that displays a welcome message to the user after logging in. The Login
component (Login.vue) includes a form for user authentication, where the user can enter a username and
password. This input data is managed using Vue's reactivity with v-model. The login method in the Login
component checks the user's input and, if valid, redirects the user to the Home page using
this.$router.push('/'). The authentication service (auth.js) manages the login state, providing methods for
logging in, logging out, and checking if the user is already logged in.

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

Home Component (Home.vue)

vue
Copy code
<template>
<div>
<h1>Welcome to the Home Page</h1>
<p>This is the home page content.</p>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: 'Home'
};
</script>
Login Component (Login.vue)
vue
Copy code
<template>
<div>
<h1>Login</h1>
<form @submit.prevent="login">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" v-model="username">

<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" v-model="password">

<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
</div>
</template>

<script>
export default {
name: 'Login',
data() {
return {
username: '',
password: ''
};
},
methods: {
login() {
if (this.username && this.password) {
this.$router.push('/');
}
}
}
};
</script>

Figure 3. SPA Application Architecture Diagram

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

The Single-Page Application (SPA) application architecture consists of two main parts: the client side
(browser) and the server side. On the client side, there are several important components that function to
provide an interactive and responsive user experience. The first component is the Router, which is responsible
for managing navigation between pages in the application without having to reload the entire page. The Home
Component functions as the main page that is accessed after the user has successfully logged in, while the
Login Component is the login page used for user authentication. Authentication Service/Context is a service
that manages the user's authentication status. This service provides methods for logging in, logging out, and
checking whether the user is logged in. In addition, the API Service is used to interact with the backend,
allowing data retrieval and delivery without having to reload the page. On the server side, the architecture
includes the Backend Application, which provides API endpoints (such as REST API or GraphQL) to interact
with the client. This Backend Application is responsible for handling the application's business logic and
communicating with the Database. The database stores all application data, including user information and
other important data. The interaction between the client side and server side is done through the API Service,
which sends data requests to the Backend Application and receives appropriate responses. The Authentication
Service on the client side interacts with the API Service to verify user credentials during the login process and
manages the authentication status. With this architecture, SPA applications can provide a fast and seamless
user experience. Navigation between pages occurs dynamically without the need to reload the entire page,
and data is efficiently fetched and sent through the API, ensuring that users get the latest information quickly.
The Backend Application manages the business logic and ensures that data in the database is always consistent
and secure. This architecture allows the development of interactive, responsive, and accessible web
applications, better meeting the needs of modern users. The next stage is testing the performance, usability,
and flexibility of three leading JavaScript frameworks—Angular, React, and Vue.js—in developing Single-Page
Applications (SPA). Angular's performance testing shows a longer initial load time compared to React and
Vue.js. This is due to the larger bundle size due to the many built-in features. However, Angular has a good
rendering speed after the initial load is complete, thanks to the optimizations made by this framework.
However, for applications that require fast initial loading, Angular may not be the best choice. React has faster
initial loading times than Angular, especially when using techniques like code splitting and lazy loading. React’s
rendering speed is also very good, thanks to its efficient virtual DOM approach. React enables the development
of high-performance applications, especially when it comes to fast and responsive user interactions. Vue.js
performed very well in this test. Vue.js’ initial loading time is almost on par with React, and its rendering speed
is very competitive. Vue.js also supports various optimization techniques like lazy loading and code splitting,
making it an excellent choice for applications that require high performance.
On the Ease-of-Use scale, Angular has a steeper learning curve due to its complexity and use of TypeScript.
While Angular’s documentation is very comprehensive and thorough, novice developers may find it difficult to
grasp basic concepts such as dependency injection and modularity. However, once you get the hang of the
basics, Angular provides a very robust and consistent structure for developing large applications. React is
easier to learn than Angular, especially for developers who are already familiar with JavaScript. React’s
component-based approach and virtual DOM make it intuitive and flexible. React’s documentation is excellent
and there are many learning resources, tutorials, and an active community to support it. However, developers
will need to understand additional ecosystems such as Redux for more complex state management. Vue.js is
known to be the easiest framework to learn among the three frameworks. Vue.js’ documentation is very clear
and easy to follow, and provides many practical examples. The declarative and reactive approach used by
Vue.js makes it intuitive for developers of all experience levels. Vue.js also offers easy integration with existing
projects, making it an excellent choice for novice developers and small to medium projects.
In terms of Flexibility, Angular provides many built-in features such as routing, form handling, and state
management. This makes Angular a great fit for large projects that require many out-of-the-box features.
However, its flexibility is a bit limited because Angular has a very opinionated architecture and strict structure.
React is very flexible and can be easily integrated with various additional libraries and tools. React's extensive
ecosystem allows developers to choose and combine the tools that best suit their needs. This flexibility makes
React a great fit for a wide range of projects, from simple to complex applications. Vue.js offers a balance
between built-in features and flexibility. While not as comprehensive as Angular in terms of built-in features,
Vue.js still provides essential tools such as Vue Router and Vuex. The flexibility of Vue.js allows developers to
use various plugins and extensions as per the project's needs. Vue.js is also easy to integrate with existing
projects, giving it an added advantage in terms of flexibility.
In terms of Community Support, the Angular community is very large and active, with many contributions
from developers and companies. The documentation and learning resources are very comprehensive.
However, due to its complexity, developers often need to rely on the community to solve specific problems.

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

React has a very large and active community, supported by Facebook and many large companies. There are
many third-party libraries, tutorials, and resources available. An active community helps developers solve
problems and share knowledge. Although the Vue.js community is smaller than Angular and React, it is very
active and supportive. Vue.js documentation is excellent and there are many tutorials and examples to help
developers. Vue.js developers often find strong support from the community, especially in open-source
projects.
Based on the results of this study, each JavaScript framework has its own advantages and disadvantages in
SPA development. Angular is suitable for large projects with complex needs and many built-in features. React
is ideal for flexible UI development and integration with various libraries. Vue.js offers an easy-to-learn and
easy-to-use solution, suitable for novice developers and projects that require fast and efficient development.
The selection of the right framework should be based on the specific needs of the project to be developed. By
understanding the characteristics and capabilities of each framework, developers can make more informed
and strategic decisions in choosing the right tool for their projects. This study is expected to provide useful
guidance for developers in determining the framework that best suits their needs.

Figure 4. Comparison of JavaScript Frameworks

The comparison chart shows the key aspects of the three leading JavaScript frameworks—Angular,
React, and Vue.js. In terms of performance, React has the fastest initial load time followed by Vue.js and
Angular, while the rendering speed of React and Vue.js is superior to Angular. Angular uses more memory
than the other two frameworks. In terms of ease of use, Vue.js has the lowest learning curve, making it easier
to learn, while Angular has a steeper learning curve. Angular and Vue.js have excellent documentation,
followed by React, and all frameworks have ample learning resources, with React slightly ahead. In terms of
flexibility, Angular offers a lot of built-in features, but React is more flexible when it comes to integration with
additional libraries. React and Vue.js are very flexible in integration, while Angular is slightly more limited,
although all frameworks exhibit high modularity. Community support also plays a significant role; React has
the largest and most active community, followed by Angular and Vue.js. Plugin availability is very high in
React, followed by Angular and Vue.js, and all frameworks are updated frequently, with React slightly ahead
in update frequency. By understanding this comparison, developers can make more informed decisions in
choosing the framework that best suits their project needs.

3.2 Discussion
Based on the results of this study, each JavaScript framework has advantages and disadvantages that must
be considered based on the project's specific needs to be developed. Angular is a framework that offers rich
built-in features and a robust architecture, making it very suitable for large projects with complex needs.
Angular uses TypeScript, which helps develop more structured and maintainable applications. Features like
dependency injection, form handling, and built-in modularity make it ideal for large-scale and enterprise
applications [16]. However, the steep learning curve and longer initial load time compared to other frameworks

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

can be a barrier for novice developers or projects that require fast initial load times [17]. Angular performs
well in scenarios where long-term stability and scalability are top priorities [6]. React offers high flexibility and
excellent performance, making it an ideal choice for various projects. With a component-based approach,
React allows for developing reusable and more maintainable UIs. React's extensive ecosystem, with many
additional libraries and tools such as Redux for state management, will enable developers to create solutions
that fit their needs [11]. However, developers need to understand additional ecosystems to manage more
complex states, which can add to the difficulty of using it [18]. React's high flexibility also means that
developers have more freedom in choosing the right tools, but this also requires a deeper understanding of
the various options available [13]. Vue.js stands out in terms of ease of use and competitive performance.
Vue.js is known for its excellent documentation and intuitive approach, making learning accessible for
developers of all experience levels to learn [19]. The flexibility offered by Vue.js allows for easy integration
with existing projects, making it an excellent choice for projects with fast and efficient development [8]. Vue.js
combines the best elements of Angular and React, providing a lighter solution without sacrificing essential
features [20]. Vue.js is well-suited for small to medium-sized projects, where rapid development and ease of
use are top priorities [9].
Community support plays a vital role in the success of a framework. Angular and React have large and
active communities, providing developers with many resources, plugins, and support [21]. The official
documentation and various online tutorials and articles help developers solve problems and improve their
skills. Although the Vue.js community is smaller than Angular and React, its community activity and
commitment remain strong, providing developers with the needed help and resources [4]. The selection of
the proper framework should be based on an analysis of the project's needs, including scale, complexity, and
the priority of performance and ease of use. Angular is well-suited for large and complex projects with a need
for rich built-in features. With its excellent flexibility and performance, React is ideal for a wide range of
projects requiring custom UI development. Vue.js, with its ease of use and flexibility, is well-suited for small
to medium-sized projects requiring fast and efficient development [3]. By understanding the characteristics
and capabilities of each framework, developers can make more informed and strategic decisions, ensuring the
success of their SPA development projects. This study is expected to provide helpful guidance for developers
in determining the framework that best suits their needs and driving innovation and efficiency in the web
development industry.

4. Related Work

Research on modern JavaScript frameworks for Single-Page Applications (SPA) development has recently
become a hot topic. Several previous studies have explored various aspects of Angular, React, and Vue.js,
providing valuable insights for developers in choosing the proper framework. They found that React offers the
fastest initial load time and high flexibility, while Angular provides many built-in features that facilitate the
development of large applications. Vue.js was identified as an easy-to-learn and easy-to-use framework
suitable for novice developers and small to medium-sized projects. Research on using JavaScript frameworks
in web application development, especially Single-Page Applications (SPA), has proliferated and has become
the attention of many academics and industry practitioners in recent years. Frameworks such as Angular,
React, and Vue.js are the primary choice for developers due to their ability to build dynamic, interactive, and
responsive applications. Each of these frameworks brings a different approach in terms of architecture,
performance, and usability, thus influencing the choice of framework based on the project's specific needs. A
study by Kaluža et al. (2018) highlights a comparison between three significant frameworks: Angular, React,
and Vue.js. The study emphasizes that Vue.js shows higher efficiency in developing single-page applications
(SPAs) and multi-page applications (MPAs) by combining the best aspects of Angular and React. Vue.js is
known for its adaptability in various development scenarios, allowing developers to balance performance and
code complexity [3]. Vyas (2022) continues the discourse with an in-depth comparative analysis of Vue.js,
React, and Angular. The study identifies that each framework has unique characteristics that can be optimized
based on project needs [6].
For example, with its rich built-in features, Angular is more suitable for large-scale projects, whereas React's
modular approach is more flexible for acquisition and requires more specific UI development. Vue.js, on the
other hand, Vue.js offers excellent documentation and ease of integration, making it a solid choice for projects
with limited resources [6]. Diniz-Junior et al. (2022) examined the performance of JavaScript-based rendering
technologies such as Angular, React, and Vue.js in the context of SPAs. In their case study, Vue.js
demonstrated superiority in DOM manipulation speed compared to React and Angular. However, React

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

provided the best interactive time, making it ideal for applications that demand high interactivity [8]. Saini et
al. (2023) reviewed the latest technologies in full-stack web development, emphasizing JavaScript integration
across the software stack through frameworks such as Angular, React, and Vue.js. The study highlighted how
such integration, primarily through Node.js, has transformed traditional approaches to web development,
enabling more efficient and modular development [18].
In an exploration by Purohit et al. (2023), the role of Angular in modern web application development is
explained in detail. With its complex yet stable architecture, Angular is highly effective for enterprise
applications that require high scalability and modularity. This study highlights Angular's advantages in handling
large and complex applications, where stability and consistency are essential [16]. Javeed (2019) focuses on
performance optimization techniques for ReactJS, examining common challenges in application development,
such as unnecessary component re-rendering and handling large datasets. This study provides practical
insights into optimizing the performance of React applications in production, which is crucial for developers
who want to maximize the efficiency of their applications [11]. A study by Baida et al. (2020) compares the
performance of Angular and Vue.js in-game application development, which requires high efficiency in memory
usage and rendering speed. Their findings suggest that Vue.js is superior in memory efficiency, while Angular
offers better control over application structure and modularity [20].
Li & Zhang (2021) in their study reviewed how Vue.js is used in front-end development for SPAs. They
highlighted the advantages of the MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) architecture adopted by Vue.js, which
supports more structured application development and facilitates future code maintenance [19]. Novac et al.
(2021) compared application development using Angular and Vue.js, highlighting the advantages and
disadvantages of each framework in terms of integration, performance, and development complexity. The
study concluded that Vue.js is more suitable for projects with limited budgets and fewer development
resources, while Angular is ideal for applications that require powerful built-in features and complex module
management [9]. Shukla (2023) examines the future of JavaScript as a full-stack programming language,
emphasizing how Angular, React, and Vue.js have become vital pillars in modern web development. The study
shows that modularity, ease of use, and strong community support are essential factors contributing to the
widespread adoption of these three frameworks [4]. Angular, React, and Vue.js have emerged as critical
frameworks in modern web application development, each with unique strengths and challenges. This diverse
research provides valuable guidance for developers in selecting the framework that best suits their specific
project needs. By gaining a deeper understanding of the performance, scalability, ease of use, and community
support of each framework, developers can make more informed and strategic decisions, ultimately
contributing to the success of their web development projects.

5. Conclusion

This research thoroughly analyzes and compares three prominent JavaScript frameworks—Angular,
React, and Vue. Js—in developing Single-Page Applications (SPAs). Each framework presents distinct strengths
and limitations that should be evaluated in light of the specific demands of a project. React and Vue.js are
particularly strong regarding initial load time and rendering speed, making them well-suited for applications
requiring swift responsiveness and efficient memory usage. Despite having a longer initial load time due to its
extensive feature set, Angular delivers solid performance once the application is fully loaded. Vue.js is notable
for its gentle learning curve, making it an excellent option for developers new to the field and for projects that
require rapid development cycles. With its comprehensive architecture and TypeScript integration, Angular is
highly effective for large-scale enterprise applications but may be more challenging to learn. React offers a
balanced approach, being relatively straightforward to learn while maintaining a high degree of flexibility,
supported by extensive documentation and a robust community. React and Vue.js provide high levels of
flexibility, allowing for seamless integration with various libraries and tools, which is advantageous for creating
tailored solutions. Angular, while more rigid due to its opinionated structure, offers a comprehensive set of
built-in features that facilitate the development of complex applications. React benefits from the largest and
most active community, ensuring abundant resources, frequent updates, and a wide range of plugins. Angular
also enjoys strong community support, particularly in the context of enterprise applications. Vue.js although
supported by a smaller community, Vue.js is known for its highly active and engaged user base, especially
within the open-source sector.
In conclusion, the selection of a JavaScript framework should be driven by the specific requirements and
goals of the project. Angular is well-suited for enterprise-level applications that demand a strong structure and
comprehensive built-in features. React is ideal for projects emphasizing performance, flexibility, and strong

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Developing Modern JavaScript Frameworks for Building Interactive Single-Page Applications

community support. Vue.js is recommended for those prioritizing ease of use and rapid development,
particularly for small to medium-sized projects. This study aims to assist developers in making informed and
strategic decisions regarding selecting JavaScript frameworks, ultimately advancing web development
practices and contributing to creating high-quality, efficient SPAs.

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Copyright © 2024 IJSECS International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS), 4 (2) 2024, 484-496