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Chapter 3

The document explains various number systems including Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal, detailing their symbols and bases. It covers conversion methods between these systems, emphasizing positional notation and providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it outlines the steps for converting numbers from one base to another and summarizes the conversion methods in a table format.

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6 views3 pages

Chapter 3

The document explains various number systems including Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal, detailing their symbols and bases. It covers conversion methods between these systems, emphasizing positional notation and providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it outlines the steps for converting numbers from one base to another and summarizes the conversion methods in a table format.

Uploaded by

ebisa.deb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Number System

A number system is a set of symbols used for counting


There are various number systems
Ex. Decimal, Binary, octal-decimal, hexadecimal etc.

a) The Decimal Number System


The Decimal number system is based on the ten different digits (or symbols)
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
We say it is a base ten number system

b) The Binary number system


Binary number system is based on the two different digits; 0 and 1;

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Octal number System (base 8) (Oct)
 It uses 8 symbols 0-7 to represent numbers;

c) Hexadecimal number system (16) (hex)


 It uses 16 symbols to represent numbers.
 These symbols are 0,1,…9,A,B,C,D,E,F

EBCDIC:
Pronounced as “Eb-see-dick” and stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal
InterchangeCode.

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

ASCII-7
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Conversion from one Base to Another


The values that numbers have with a given number systems are largely determined by
their positional notation. Positional notation means that the position of one symbol
relative to other symbols in a given number system determines the value of that symbol.
For example, the symbols 1 & 7 can represent either 17 or 71 depending upon their
relative position to one another.
The decimal number 135 may be expanded as:

1
(135) 10 = 1*102+3*101+5*100
 The subscript 10 is used to indicate 135 is in base 10 number system.
 The number 10 in binary is not the same as 10 in decimal because the value of 1
in the binary is not the same as the value of the 1 in the decimal.

The binary number 1101 may be expanded as


(1101)2 =1*23+1*22+0*21+1*20 = 8+4+0+1
= (1*8)+(1*4)+(0*2)+(1*1) = 1310
*A number X1 X2 X3 …Xn in base M can be expanded as
(X0 X1 X2 X3 …..Xn)M=X0*mn-1+X1*mn-2X2*mn-3+ …Xd-1*m1+Xnm0 in base 10

Conversion from decimal (base 10) to other base (base M)


To convert a decimal number X to a number in base m, divide X by m, store the
remainder, again divide the quotient by M, store the remainder, and continue until the
quotient is 0. And concatenate (collect) the remainders starting from the last up to the
first.
Ex.1 Convert 5610 to base two (binary) EX. 3. Convert 3010 to base sixteen
X=56 M=2 (hexadecimal)
5610 =1110002 3010=1E16
EX.2 Convert 7810 to base eight (Octal) Convert 1610 to base sixteen
7810=1168 (hexadecimal)
1610=1016

Conversion from base M to base 10 (decimal)


To convert a number X consists of digits X 1 X2 X3 …Xn in base m to decimal; simply
expand the number with base M. That is
(X1X2X3…Xn) m =X1*mn-1+X2*mn-2 +X3*mn-3+...+ Xi*mn-i+… Xn-1m1+Xn*m0
=Y10
Example 3. convert (101)8 to decimal =65
1. Convert (1001001)2 to decimal=73 4. convert (A1B) 16 to decimal= 2587
2. convert (234)8 to decimal =156 5. covert (101)16 to decimal =257

Conversion from binary (base2) to Octal (base 8) or


hexadecimal (base16) and vice versa
To convert a number in binary to octal group three binary digits together starting from
the last digit (right) and if there are no enough digits add zeros to the front end (left)
and find the corresponding Octal of each group.
Example. Convert 1001001 to octal Convert 101101001 to octal
1001001=001,001,001 101101001 =101,101,001
= 1118 =5518

2
To convert binary to hexadecimal group four binary digits together starting from right
and if there are no enough digits add zeros at the left.
EX. Convert 111100100 to hexadecimal Conver 000111001111 to Hexadecimal
111100100 =0001 1110 0100 111001111 =0001 1100 1111
=1 14 4 =1 12 15
=1 E 4 =1 B F
= 1E416 =(1BF)16
To convert from Octal to binary, convert each octal digit to its equivalent 3 bit binary
starting from right.
EX. Convert (675) eight to binary Convert 231eight to binary
675eight =110 111 101 231eight = 010 011 001
=110111101two =10011001two
To convert from Hexadecimal to binary convert each hex. Digit to its equivalent 4-bit
binary starting from right.
Ex. Convert 23416 to binary Convert 2AC to binary
23416 = 0010 0011 0100 2AC16 =0010 1010 1100
= 10001101002 =10101011002

Conversion from Octal to hexadecimal and vice versa


To convert from Octal to hexadecimal, first we have to convert to binary and the binary
to hexadecimal. To convert from hexadecimal to Octal, first we have to convert to binary
and then the binary to Octal.
EX.1. Convert 2358 to hexadecimal Convert 1A to Octal
2358=010 011 101 1A=0001 1010
=0000 1001 1101 =000 011 010
= 0 9 13 =0 3 2
=9D16 =328

Summary of conversion from one base to another base


From base To base Method
2 10 Expand binary number in powers of 2
10 2 Factor the decimal number by 2
2 8 Group 3 binary digits together
8 2 Each Octal digit is converted to 3 binary digits
2 16 Group 4 binary digits together
16 2 Each hexadecimal digit is converted to 4 binary digits
8 10 Go from 8…….2…….10
10 8 Go from 10 … ..2……..8
16 10 Go from 16 …….2…….10
10 16 Go from 10 …….2…….16
8 16 Go from 8 …….2…….16
16 8 Go from 16 …….2…….8

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