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module-1-lecture-1

The document outlines the curriculum for Module 1 of the NAP 2019 course, focusing on Galois Theory by D. J. H. Garling. Key topics include group definitions, Lagrange’s Theorem, homomorphisms, normal subgroups, and the First Isomorphism Theorem. Students are assigned readings and problem sets, with instructions on class conduct and submission guidelines.

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2 views

module-1-lecture-1

The document outlines the curriculum for Module 1 of the NAP 2019 course, focusing on Galois Theory by D. J. H. Garling. Key topics include group definitions, Lagrange’s Theorem, homomorphisms, normal subgroups, and the First Isomorphism Theorem. Students are assigned readings and problem sets, with instructions on class conduct and submission guidelines.

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유인웅
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAP 2019, CLASS #1, MAY 06, 2019

ROGER & SYLVIA WIEGAND

This year we have a new book, “Galois Theory”, by D. J. H. Garling. To


download the book, go to the NAP website: http://www.rnta.eu/nap/nap-2019/
and click on “2019 Edition”. Now select “Didactics” and click on “here”. (By the
way, it will be worthwhile for you to browse this website from time to time.)
Warning: Some of the notation in the book is a bit different from standard
usage. We will try to point out such aberations, particularly when we use notation
different from that in the book. One particular point is that the book invariably
uses “f ◦ g” to indicate the composition of two functions; this means that g acts
first, that is, (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)). In particular, when working with permutations,
Garling seems to think that (12)(13) = (132), so (13) acts first. Most people,
however, would assume that (12) acts first, so the product would be (123). We’ll go
along with Garling’s notation, but be aware that in future modules the instructors
may revert to the more standard convention with permutations.
Module 1, taught by Roger Wiegand and Sylvia Wiegand, is proposed to cover
Chapters 1, 3, and 5 of Garling’s book. Technically much of this material is intended
to be review for you, and we do not have time to go into all of it in detail. We will
cover some of the highlights, but you should read all of the material carefully on
your own and bring questions to us, if you have them.
Some items covered in Class #1, May 06, 2019:
• Definition of “group”. Examples: symmetries of the triangle, permutations, Z, +
• Right cosets.
• Lagrange’s Theorem: If G is a group and H ≤ G, then |G| = |H| · |G/H|; proof
• Homomorphisms of groups; isomorphism
• kernel of a homomorphism (“Ker g” denotes the kernel of g). A homomorphism
g is one-to-one if and only if Ker g = {1}.
• Normal subgroups (motivation in terms of forming quotient group), various equiv-
alent formulations:
(1) gHg −1 ⊆ H, ∀g ∈ G.
(2) g −1 Hg ⊂ H, ∀g ∈ G.
(3) gHg −1 = H, ∀g ∈ G.
(4) Hg = gH, ∀g ∈ G.
• Notations:
(1) N is a subgroup of G: N ≤ G.
(2) N is a normal subgroup of G: N C G
• If ϕ : G → H is a homomorphism, then Ker ϕ C G.
• Quotient group G/N when N C G
• The First Isomorphism Theorem (slightly jazzed up): Let N C G, and let ϕ :
G → H be a group homomoprhism. Let π : G  G/N be the map taking g to
the coset N g. Then there is a homomorphism ϕ̄ : G/N → H such that ϕπ = ϕ
if and only if N ⊆ Ker g. In this case the homomorphism is unique and satisfies
1
2 ROGER & SYLVIA WIEGAND

ϕ(N g) = ϕ(g) for every g ∈ G. Moreover, im ϕ = im ϕ, and Ker ϕ = Ker ϕ


N . In
particular, taking N = Ker g, we see that ϕ is an isomorphism from G/ Ker ϕ onto
im ϕ.
Reading assignment, Week 1: pp. 3-13, & 18-27. Week 2: pp. 27-36 & 47-53.
Class procedures
1. You are encouraged to discuss problems with each other and to ask the instruc-
tors and tutors questions about them, but hand in your own version of the solution.
Your write-up should be done entirely on your own.
2. Please don’t browse the internet for solutions to problems.
3. Please ask questions of the teacher in class.
4. Please don’t talk in class, and please put your cell phones away. But, once again,
do ask questions. If something seems unclear please let us know.
5. Read the material to be covered in class both before and after that class.
Problem Set #1 . This assignment must be completed and submitted to Nilu (Dr.
Nilakantha Paudel) by 10 pm Kathmandu time on Monday, 13 May, 2019. To be
sure it gets there, please use both of these email addresses: [email protected]
and [email protected]. If you misplace his email addresses you can recover
them by going to the NAP website and select 2019 Edition / Didactics / Dr. Ni-
lakantha Paudel [Nilu]. Meanwhile, you should figure out the best way to prepare
your solutions so that they can be sent by email. One way is to write them up by
hand, neatly, and scan them to a file. A better solution is to use TeX or LaTeX
to prepare them. (It’s probably worthwhile to learn to use TeX. One can’t get rich
and famous doing math without knowing how to use TeX.)
Problems from the book (pages 7, 9, and 13): numbers 1,3,4,6,12,13, 16, 17 (mod-
ified as indicated below). Be sure to prove all of your assertions in detail.
Problem 17, modified: (a) The problem in the book is a bit tricky, so just do it for
a two-dimensional vector space V over an infinite field K. (b) Show that if K is
the two-element field, then every two-dimensional vector space over K is the union
of three proper subspaces.

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