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Atta Midsem Merged

The document discusses various concepts related to heat transfer, focusing on convection, Nusselt number, and boundary layers. It highlights the differences in heat and momentum transfer in fluids with varying Prandtl numbers and the significance of viscous dissipation in high-speed flows. Additionally, it covers practical applications, including calculations for heat transfer coefficients and drag forces in fluid dynamics scenarios.

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avighuge0007
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10 views58 pages

Atta Midsem Merged

The document discusses various concepts related to heat transfer, focusing on convection, Nusselt number, and boundary layers. It highlights the differences in heat and momentum transfer in fluids with varying Prandtl numbers and the significance of viscous dissipation in high-speed flows. Additionally, it covers practical applications, including calculations for heat transfer coefficients and drag forces in fluid dynamics scenarios.

Uploaded by

avighuge0007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEAT TRANSFER

[CH21204]

January 10, 2025


Convection
Nusselt Number

Nusselt number represents the


enhancement of heat transfer
through a fluid layer as a result of
convection relative to conduction
across the same fluid layer.
Velocity Boundary Layer
Thermal Boundary Layer
• Prandtl numbers of gases are about 1, which indicates that both momentum and
heat dissipate through the fluid at about the same rate.
• Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr << 1) and very slowly in oils (Pr >> 1)
relative to momentum.
• Consequently, the thermal boundary layer is much thicker for liquid metals and
much thinner for oils relative to the velocity boundary layer.
HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

January 29, 2025


Local and Average Convection Coefficients
The velocity and temperature gradients at the wall, and thus the wall shear
stress and heat transfer rate, are much larger for turbulent flow than they are for
laminar flow.
DIFFERENTIAL CONVECTION EQUATIONS:

Conservation of Mass Equation:

steady two-dimensional flow of a fluid with constant density


DIFFERENTIAL CONVECTION EQUATIONS:

Conservation of Momentum Equation:

x-momentum equation
Boundary layer approximations When gravity effects and other body forces are
negligible and the boundary layer approximations
are valid, applying Newton’s second law of motion
on the volume element in the y-direction gives the y-
momentum equation:

The velocity components in the free stream region of


a flat plate are:

the velocity and temperature gradients normal to


the surface are much greater than those along the
surface.
The net energy convected by the fluid out of the control volume =
The net energy transferred into the control volume by heat conduction

viscous dissipation function

• Viscous dissipation may play a dominant role in high-speed flows, especially


when the viscosity of the fluid is high (like the flow of oil in journal
bearings).

• This manifests itself as a significant rise in fluid temperature due to the


conversion of the kinetic energy of the fluid to thermal energy.

• Viscous dissipation is also significant for high-speed flights of aircraft.


HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

January 30, 2025


• Obtain relations for the velocity and temperature distributions in the oil
• Determine the maximum temperature in the oil and the heat flux from oil to each plate

1. Steady operating conditions exist.


2. Oil is an incompressible substance with constant properties.
3. Body forces such as gravity are negligible.
4. The plates are large so that there is no variation in the z-direction.
This is parallel flow between two plates, and thus v = 0.

the x-component of velocity does not change in the flow direction


(i.e., the velocity profile remains unchanged)
Frictional heating due to viscous dissipation in this case is significant because of the
high viscosity of oil and the large plate velocity.
laminar flow over an isothermal flat plate
HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

February 07, 2025


Reynolds analogy & Chilton–Colburn analogy

Pr = 1
Modified Reynolds analogy or Chilton–Colburn analogy:

Colburn j-factor
A 2-m 3-m flat plate is suspended in a room, and is subjected to
air flow parallel to its surfaces along its 3-m-long side. The free
stream temperature and velocity of air are 20˚C and 7 m/s. The
total drag force acting on the plate is measured to be 0.86 N.

Calculate the average convection heat transfer coefficient.


Friction & Pressure Drag
• The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction is called drag.
• The components of the pressure and wall shear forces in the normal
direction to flow tend to move the body in that direction, and their sum is
called lift.

• The part of drag that is due directly to


wall shear stress is called the skin friction
drag (or just friction drag) since it is
caused by frictional effects.
• The part that is due directly to pressure P
is called the pressure drag (also called
the form drag because of its strong
dependence on the form or shape of the
body).
For parallel flow over a flat plate, the pressure drag is zero, and thus the drag
coefficient is equal to the friction coefficient and the drag force is equal to the
friction force.

The pressure drag is proportional to the difference between the pressures acting
on the front and back of the immersed body, and the frontal area. Therefore, the
pressure drag is usually dominant for blunt bodies, negligible for streamlined
bodies such as airfoils, and zero for thin flat plates parallel to the flow.
smooth, free-stream turbulent free
Flat Plate with Unheated Starting Length
Uniform Heat Flux

isothermal plate case


HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

February 13, 2025


Engine oil at 60°C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate whose
temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the total drag force and the
rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.
The local atmospheric pressure in a place at an elevation of 1610 m is 83.4 kPa. Air at this
pressure and 20°C flows with a velocity of 8 m/s over a 1.5 m X 6 m flat plate whose
temperature is 140°C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows
parallel to the (a) 6-m-long side and (b) the 1.5-m side.
A 15-cm X 15-cm circuit board dissipating 15 W of power uniformly is cooled by air,
which approaches the circuit board at 20°C with a velocity of 5 m/s. Disregarding
any heat transfer from the back surface of the board, determine the surface
temperature of the electronic components (a) at the leading edge and (b) at the end
of the board. Assume the flow to be turbulent since the electronic components are
expected to act as turbulators.
HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

February 14, 2025


Flow Across Cylinders And Spheres
eering
me of judgment, it is realistic to expect the time of
etween one and two hours.
Flow Flow
direction direction
↑ ↑
 

OSS TUBE BANKS


ks
n heat
is commonly encountered in practice in heat
splants,
the condensers and evaporators of power plants,
moves
ditioners. In such equipment, one fluid moves
he
dicular
other moves over the tubes in a perpendicular

placed
involves a tube bank, the tubes are usually placed
yewhen
shell-and-tube heat exchanger), especially when
ee tubes
fluid flows through the space between the tubes
angers,
umerous types of shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
red
der in
theChap. 13. In this section we will consider the
er
d more
a tube bank, and try to develop a better and more
ving
the performance
a of heat exchangers involving a

han
a sin-
be analyzed by considering flow through a sin-
not
he results
the by the number of tubes. This is not the
pattern
s, however, since the tubes affect the flow pattern
stream,
em, as and thus heat transfer to or from them, as
When a flat plate is subjected to uniform heat flux:

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