Scribd
Upload
2 views

Lecture 1

The document outlines the course structure and assessment methods for CH 334: Chemical Processes Control, including a final exam, midterm, laboratory, and oral assessments. It details the overall aims and intended learning outcomes, focusing on the application of mathematical and computational tools in chemical process dynamics and control. Additionally, it discusses the importance of process control, types of controllers, control terminology, and the use of Laplace transforms in solving differential equations related to control systems.

Uploaded by

eng.msstu1990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture 1

The document outlines the course structure and assessment methods for CH 334: Chemical Processes Control, including a final exam, midterm, laboratory, and oral assessments. It details the overall aims and intended learning outcomes, focusing on the application of mathematical and computational tools in chemical process dynamics and control. Additionally, it discusses the importance of process control, types of controllers, control terminology, and the use of Laplace transforms in solving differential equations related to control systems.

Uploaded by

eng.msstu1990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 71

CH 334: CHEMICAL PROCESSES CONTROL

Dr/ Mohamed Salah


[email protected]

2025
Assessment Method Mark Week Exam Time

Final Exam (written) 120 16th 3 hrs

Midterm written Exam (Term Work) 40 8th 1.5 hrs

End of term laboratory exam (Lab) --- 15th Committee

End of term Oral exam --- 15th Committee

20
Tutorial and report assessment (Term Work) weekly ---

According to the
Quizzes/reports/presentation (Term Work) 20 ---
schedule

Total Mark 200


OVERALL AIMS OF COURSE:

• This course provides the fundamental background for


understanding and controlling the dynamics of
chemical processes.
• Through it the students acquire the ability to apply
mathematical and computational tools and engineering
knowledge to formulate and solve process dynamics
problems and to design appropriate control schemes to
regulate chemical processes.
3
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES OF
COURSE (ILOS)
• Intellectual Skills
• Integrate processing steps into a sequence and apply analysis technique such as energy and
mass balance.

• Employ scientific evidence based methods in solving chemical engineering problems.

• Identify and control the impact that Chemical engineering has on society from an
environmental, economic, social and cultural point of view, taking into account technical
risk assessment.

24 February 2022 CH 422 Chemical Process Control 4


INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES OF
COURSE (ILOS)
Professional and Practical Skills
• Perform complete mass and energy balances for
chemical engineering plants.
• Identify major problems and conduct troubleshooting
in petrochemical engineering plants.
• Be able to read and comprehend different P&I of
different processes.
• Determine the characteristics and performance of
measurement and control systems.
24 February 2022 CH 422 Chemical Process Control 5
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES OF
COURSE (ILOS)

General and Transferable Skills


• Avoiding work-related accidents and unnecessary risk-
taking in a work environment.
• Setting realistic, clearly-defined goals with a specific
time-frame, where progress can be measured and
success judge unambiguously.

24 February 2022 CH 422 Chemical Process Control 6


CH 331 Chemical Process Control

Reference book
7

"Process Systems Analysis and Control" Steven E.


LeBlanc, Donald R. Coughanowr, Mc Graw Hill, NY,
2009.
WHY PROCESS CONTROL?
Automatic control of a process offers many advantages, including:
➢Enhanced process safety

➢Satisfying environmental constraints

➢Meeting ever-stricter product quality specifications

➢More efficient use of raw materials and energy

➢Increased profitability
CONTROL OBJECTIVE

Control system are used to maintain process condition at their desired


values by manipulating certain process variables to adjust the variables of
interest.
Example 1
❑ Hot water tank control system.
➢ As a specific example, let us consider a hot water heater for a home ( Fig. 1–2 ) and examine its
control system, using the same type of diagram ( Fig. 1–3 ).
➢ The desired hot water temperature is selected by the homeowner, and typically it is in the
neighborhood of 120 to 140 F. Let us assume that the set point is 130 F.
➢ The thermocouple measures the temperature of the water in the tank and sends a signal to the
thermostat indicating the temperature.
➢ The thermostat (controller) determines the error as
Error =Tset point -Tmeasured
➢ If the error is positive ( > 0), the measured temperature is lower than desired and the thermostat
opens the fuel valve to the burner which adds heat to the tank.
➢ If the error is zero or negative ( ≤ 0), the thermostat closes the fuel valve and no heat is added to
the tank.
➢ Disturbances to the system, which decrease the temperature of the water in the tank, include
ambient heat losses and hot water demand by the household which is replaced with a cold water
feed.
❑ Types of Controllers
➢ The thermostat on the hot water heater is called an “on/off ” type of
controller.
➢ Depending on the value of the error signal, the output from the controller is
either “full on” or “full off ” and the fuel valve is full open or full closed;
there are no intermediate values of the output.
➢ Many other types of controllers that we will study can modulate their output
based on the magnitude of the error signal, how long the error signal has
persisted, and even how rapidly the error appears to be changing.
P q
E
To

TR

TM To

24 February 2022 CH 422 Chemical Process Control 13


CONTROL TERMINOLOGY

• Controlled variable: The process variable that we want to maintain at a particular value

• Set point: The desired value of the controlled variable.

• Error: The difference between the values of the set point and the measured variable.
Error = Set ( point value) - (Measurement signal of controlled variable)

• Manipulated variable: Process variable that is adjusted to bring the controlled Variable back to the set point.
• Controller ( measuring element): The device that makes the comparison
between the set point and the measured value, then sends a signal to the final
control element( F.C.E).
• Input: The variable that makes a disturbance and cause a deviation of the set
point value.
• Output: System response for the change in the input value.
❑ home thermostat
o This control system is designed to maintain the temperature in the home at a comfortable
value by manipulating the fuel flow or electrical input to the furnace.
o The furnace control system must deal with a variety of disturbances to maintain
temperature in the house, such as heat losses, doors being opened and hopefully closed,
and leaky inefficient windows.
o The furnace must also be able to respond to a request to raise the desired temperature if
necessary.
o For example, we might desire to raise the temperature by 5 , and we’d like the system to
respond smoothly and efficiently.
o From these examples, we can deduce that there are several common attributes of control
systems:
• The ability to maintain the process variable at its desired value in spite of disturbances that
might be experienced (this is termed disturbance rejection )
• The ability to move the process variable from one setting to a new desired setting (this is
termed set point tracking )
TYPE OF SIGNAL OF CONTROL SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL PNEUMATIC
SIGNALS SIGNALS
• using electrical current • using air pressure
(4-20A) (3-15 psig)
Main Constituent Of The Control System

1. Process it self

2. Measuring element (sensor)

3. Controller

4. Final controlling element (F.C.E)


❑ Note

➢ (T.C) (Temperature controller)


➢ (P.C) (pressure controller)
➢ (C.C) (Concentration controller)
➢ (F.C) (Flow controller)
Representation Of Control System:
➢ Physical control system
(1) Feed back
(2) Feed forward
(3) Cascade system

➢ Block diagram
❑ Feedback Controlling system
Feedback controlling system for blending process
❑ Feedforward Controlling system
❑ Cascade Controlling system

Two controllers are used


(T.C 1) Primary Controller (Master)
(T.C 2) Secondary Controller (Slave)
❑ Laplace Transform
❑ Definition of the Laplace Transform
• Laplace transform provides an efficient way to solve linear, ordinary and
differential equations with constant coefficients
• Laplace transform used to solve differential equations describing the process
and convert it to algebraic form we can deal with it.

The Laplace transform of a function f ( t ) is defined to be F ( s ) according to this equation

We often abbreviate this to F(s) = L{f (t)}

where the operator L is defined by Eq above


❑ The Inverse of Laplace Transform
Partial Fractions
Sketching Functions
Before we discuss a complete control system, it is necessary to become familiar with the
responses of some of the simple, basic systems that often are the building blocks of a
control system.

❑ Forcing Functions

STEP FUNCTION.
PULSE FUNCTION.
IMPULSE FUNCTION.
RAMP FUNCTION.
RAMP FUNCTION
Examine Yourself
➢Is the objective of the process control the same of the objective of the
overall process? Explain?

➢Changing in flow rate to control the temperature of the process. Which is


the manipulated variable and which is the controlled variable?
Examine Yourself
THANK YOU

You might also like