INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 2

REVISION

MAIN CONCEPTS

Part 1: Semantics
Part 4: Sociolinguistics
- Semantic roles - Accent vs. Dialect
- Lexical relations (Sense relations) - Regional vs. Social Dialect
- Pidgin vs. Creole
Part 2: Pragmatics
Part 5: CDA
- Context - CDA (definition)
- Presupposition - Main tenets of CDA (language, power,
ideology)
- Deixis
- Method of doing CDA
- Direct and Indirect speech acts
- Adjacency pair/ insertion sequence
Part 3: Discourse analysis
- Coherence vs. Cohesion
- Cohesive devices

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 PART 1: SEMANTICS

1. SEMANTIC ROLES

1. Identify the semantic roles of the underlined word/ phrase. (Agent, Theme, Instrument, Experiencer,
Location, Source, Goal)
a. His first record greatly expanded his audience. ………………………………………..
b. Serge heard his father whispering. ………………………………………..
c. The janitor opened the door. ………………………………………..
d. I was soothed by the herbal tea. ………………………………………..
e. The tree was felled by the logger. ………………………………………..
f. The child took the book off the shelf. ………………………………………..
g. I sent my grandmother a card. ………………………………………..

h. People filled the room. ………………………………………..

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 2. LEXIC AL RELATIONS (SENSE RELATIONS)

2. Identify the types of sense relations between/ among words. (Synonymy, Hyponymy, Homonymy,
Polysemy, Antonymy)

a. She used one hand to remove the clock hands. ` ………………………………………..

b. The sun is very bright today. & She is a very bright student. ………………………………………..
c. A present & to present ………………………………………..
d. She went to the market to buy some flour and a flower. ……………………………………….
e. A tool & a hammer. ………………………………………..
f. Astound (v) & Astonish (v) ………………………………………..
g. Life is the fusion of happiness and sorrow. ………………………………………..

Note: Prototype (the characteristic instance of a category), word play (Lexical relations are the basis
for a lot of word play. E.g. Mary had a little lamb, some rice, and vegestables)

3. ANTONYMY: B I N A RY A N TO N Y M S , G R A DA B L E A N TO N Y M S , R E V E R S I V E
( D I R E C T I O N A L ) A N TO N Y M S , C O N V E R S I V E ( R E L AT I O N A L ) A N TO N Y M S

3. Identify the types of antonyms between the words.

a. awake & asleep ……………………

b. smart & stupid ……………………

c. inhale & exhale ……………………

d. host & guest ……………………

e. conceal & reveal ……………………

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 PART 2: PRAGMATICS

4. TYPES OF CONTEXT

• Physical Context (location)

• Epistemic Context (shared knowledge)
• Linguistic Context (co-text + tone of
voice)
• Social Context (relationship of the
speakers)

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 DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF CONTEXT IN
THE CONVERSATION BELOW

A: How much would I pay for the delivery?

B: It costs 30,000 VND for one product COD
bill and 40,000 VND for more than one item.

4 TYPES OF CONTEXT IN THE

CONVERSATION

1. Physical context: on the phone

2. Epistemic context: customers often have to pay for a fee of
delivery when buying goods online.
3. Linguistic context: “it” refers to “the delivery”
4. Social context: the relationship between a customer and a
shop assistant (or seller)

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 5. TYPES OF PRESUPPOSITION

1. Factive Everyone knew that she was hard-working.

2. Non-factive She pretended to be hard-working.
3. Existential: She was sad because her cat disappeared.
4. Counter-factual: I wish I were 22.
5. Lexical: I have been reading another chapter of the book.
6. Structural: Why did you give her my book?

INDIC ATE
A PRESUPPOSITION FOR
EACH UTTERANCE

1. Factive Everyone knew that she was hard-working.

>> She was hard-working.
2. Non-factive She pretended to be hard-working.
>> She was not hard-working.
3. Existential: She was sad because her cat disappeared.
>> She had a cat.
4. Counter-factual: I wish I were 21.
>> I am not 21.
5. Lexical: I have been reading another chapter of the book.
>> I read at least a chapter of the book.
6. Structural: Why did you give her the book?
>> You gave her the book.

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 FIND OUT THE PRESUPPOSITION OF THE
FOLLOWING UTTERANCE.

When did you know that Sarah’s brother was a liar?

>> Sarah’s brother was a liar. (Factive)
>> You knew that Sarah’s brother was a liar.
(Structural)
>> Sarah has a brother. (Existential)

DEIXIS: PERSON, TEMPORAL, SPATIAL

(MATCHING)

1. Person Deixis A. demonstrated by some proximal forms some

verbs of motion and some location from
speaker’s perspective
2. Spatial Deixis B. Demonstrated by proximal form, temporal
deictic expressions verb tense and distal form
3.Temporal C. Demonstrated by the pronouns for first
Deixis person ‘I’, second person ‘you’, and third person
‘he, she, it, they’

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 5 Types of
Deixis

Spatial deixis
Person deixis
( place )
(people , things )

Social deixis (+) Discoursal

deixis (+)
Temporal deixis

( time )

DIRECT SPEECH ACTS INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

direct relationship between a indirect relationship

structure and a function between a structure and a
function

It's cold outside. It's cold outside.

→ declarative → declarative
→ a statement → a command

→ I hereby tell you about the → I hereby request that you

weather. close the door.

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 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

6. COHESIVE DEVICES

• 1. Reference : anaphora, cataphora, exophora

• 2. Substitution
• 3. Ellipsis
• 4. Conjunctions
• 5. Lexical cohesion: synonymy, antonymy,
reiteration, association

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The purposes of watching films have been a topic of concern in modern
society. While some people consider movies as a source of
entertainment with no other additional values, others believe in the
educational benefits of them. As far as this is concerned, one cannot
neglect the educational aspect of these products.
Films, regardless of genre, are a means of entertainment for people.
Seeing a movie means people can temporarily escape from their daily
life, which may help them relieve their stress and be mentally healthier.
There are, in addition to this, some specific genres of movies such as
comedy, which can make people laugh and become elated. In brief, films
are true of great entertainment benefit.
Source: https://ippeducation.vn/tong-hop-05-bai-mau-writing-task-2-moi-nhat-2019-band-80-chu-de-hot-nd59207.html

MIXED FIELDS

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 7. GAP-FILLING

1. Hyponymy is the relationship between 2 or more words where the meaning

of one form ………..the meaning of another.
2. 2 homonyms may have the same spelling and/ or pronunciation but are
different in …………
3. A word is ………. if it has multiple meanings that are related to one another.
4. The standard language is the ideal variety which has no specific ………
5. The relation between discourse and the society is a ………..one.

8. TRUE/ FALSE
STATEMENT

Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) by writing the appropriate letter at the beginning of
each statement.

a. Semantics focuses on what a speaker means by what he says on a certain circumstance.

b. Associative meanings of a word are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

c. The relationship that holds between a word and the object it refers to is called reference.

d. The choices of words made by a language user reflect his/ her ideology.

e. Creoles have no native speakers since it is created for some practical purposes.

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 9. WRITE THE TERM FOR
EACH DEFINITION

1. The extent to which a linguistic construction is typical of the class to

which it belongs.
2. The property of words to refer to other words within or outside a
text.
3. Statements of speaker intentions
4. A usage of language (e.g. ain’t) that associates an individual with a
specific social class.
5. The place in a speaker turn (e.g. a pause or the end of a grammatical
unit) where a new speaker could begin speaking.
6. A text that is meaningful and that makes “sense.”

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