JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSITUITE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND
COMPUTER ENGINERING (POWER STREAM)
HOSTING COMPANY: ADDIS CENTER MOBILE SUBSTATION
INTERNSHIP DURATION: FROM OCTOBER TO JANUARY

STUDENTS NAME ID NUMBER

1. MOHAMMED CHEKN......................................RU 1821/12
2. KHALID AREBO................................................RU 0278/12
3. ABDUREOUF NUREDIN..................................RU 0016/12

Academic Advisor: - M.r Kifle G. (MSC)

February 15, 2024

JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION

We declare the following report paper of internship period and the work presented
here is our own work and has not been presented before completion of our internship.
We confirm that, when we have quoted from the work of others, the source is always
given and we credited with citing it. With the exception of such quotations, this
project is entirely our own work. We have acknowledged all main sources of help.
NAME ID NUMBER Signature
1. MOHAMMED CHEKN RU 1821/12 ……..................
2. KHALID AREBO RU 0278/12 ……...................
3. ABDUREOUF NUREDIN RU 0076/12 ……..................

As the student academic advisor, we clarify that the internship report was prepared by
the student‟s original work and complied according to the guideline provided by the
department as far as our knowledge is concerned. I agree with all written above with
my signature.

Name of the academic advisor Signature

Kifle Godana ………………..

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and for most, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to Jimma
University in an appreciable manner, for its comfortable and successful manner of
teaching its students. In addition to the theoretical knowledge it provides admirable
practical knowledge such as industrial practices we have now perform on internship.
Secondly, we want to appreciate the faculty of the Jimma institute of technology and
department of electrical and computer engineering for providing opportunity to us to
pursue the internship as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
bachelor of engineering. This has been the greatest opportunity for us to gain
experiences, knowledge and expertise while pursuing on internship being very willing
to equip its students by providing with such practical knowledge and especially
throughout our work we are very fortunate to be blessed with the guidance and
encouragement from our advisor Kifle G. for giving his personal guidance and
supervision.at last, we want to appreciate almost all employers of Addis center mobile
substation for their assistance; especially we want to thanks our supervisor Mr.Ahmed
for their personal guidance and supervision.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLE.........................................................................................................vii
ACRONYMS..............................................................................................................viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of hosting company.......................................................................1
1.2 Back ground of Addis Center Mobile substation..............................................2
1.3 Mission and vision of the company...................................................................2
1.3.1 Mission of the Company..........................................................................2
1.3.2 Vision of company...................................................................................2
1.4 Core Values of the Company............................................................................3
1.5 Main products or services of company..............................................................3
1.6 Main Costumer or End User..............................................................................3
1.7 OVER ALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW.....................................4
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................5
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE...................................................................5
2.1 How we got into the company?.........................................................................5
2.2 The section of the company we have been working in.....................................5
2.3 Major components and their own explanations of the substation.....................6
2.4 Switchyard and Basic electrical equipment‟s in substations............................7
2.4.1 Lightning arrestor....................................................................................8
2.4.2 Voltage transformer (VT)........................................................................9
2.4.3 Current transformer (CT).......................................................................10
2.4.4 Isolator (Disconnecting Switch)............................................................11
2.4.5 Circuit Breakers.....................................................................................12
2.5 Transformer.....................................................................................................13
2.6 Power Transformer..........................................................................................14
2.7 Cooling systems of transformer.......................................................................16
2.8 Protection and Control Room..........................................................................17

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 2.8.1 Protection...............................................................................................17
2.8.1.1 Relays..................................................................................................18
2.8.2 Control Room........................................................................................19
2.9 Method of controlling the substation equipment.............................................20
2.10 Auxiliary Supplies and Battery System.........................................................21
2.10.1 D.C. Auxiliary System.........................................................................21
2.10.2 Batteries...............................................................................................22
2.11 Major Duties of the Interns............................................................................22
2.12 Challenges face and Measures.......................................................................23
2.12.1 Challenges............................................................................................23
2.12.2 Measures..............................................................................................23
2.13 How does the work flow in section looks like?.............................................24
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................25
OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP...................................25
3.1 The Overall benefit we gained from the internship.........................................25
3.1.1 Improving our Practical Skills Internship..............................................25
3.1.2 Upgrading our theoretical knowledge....................................................26
3.1.3 Improving our interpersonal communication skills...............................26
3.1.4 Improving our team playing skill...........................................................27
3.1.5 Improving our leadership skill...............................................................28
3.2 work ethics related issues................................................................................28
3.2.1 Personal ethics.......................................................................................28
3.2.2 Professional ethics.................................................................................29
3.3 To increase Personal development..................................................................29
3.4 To have Real world experience.......................................................................29
3.5 Entrepreneurship skill......................................................................................29
PART 2:- Project..........................................................................................................30
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................31
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................31
1.1 Background......................................................................................................31
1.2 Problem identified...........................................................................................31
1.3 Proposed solution............................................................................................32
1.4 Literature review.............................................................................................32

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 1.5 Objective..........................................................................................................33
1.5.1 General objectives..................................................................................33
1.5.2 Specific objectives.................................................................................33
1.6 Scope of the project.........................................................................................34
1.7 Significance of the project...............................................................................34
1.8 Outline of the study.........................................................................................34
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................35
Design and System Prototype Procedure.....................................................................35
2.1 Methodology....................................................................................................35
2.2 System block diagram.....................................................................................36
2.3 Working Principle...................................................................................37
2.5 Software requirement......................................................................................38
2.6 Specification of the material............................................................................38
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................44
Simulation Result and Discussion................................................................................44
3.1 Simulation Result............................................................................................44
3.2 Discussion........................................................................................................45
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................46
Limitations and Future works......................................................................................46
4.1 Limitation........................................................................................................46
4.2 Future works....................................................................................................46
CONCLUISION...........................................................................................................47
Recommendation..........................................................................................................48
References....................................................................................................................49
Appendix......................................................................................................................50

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 LIST OF FIGURES

PART1
FIGURE1. 1: THE PROGRESSING STAGE OF ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER............................. 1
FIGURE1. 2: OVER ALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW OF THE COMPANY........................4
FIGURE2. 1: LIGHTING ARRESTOR........................................................................................................ 9
FIGURE2. 2: VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER............................................................................................. 10
FIGURE2. 3: CURRENT TRANSFORMER.............................................................................................. 11
FIGURE2. 4: LINE DISCONNECTOR.................................................................................................... 12
FIGURE2. 5: SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER................................................................................................ 13
FIGURE2. 6: TRANSFORMER................................................................................................................ 14
FIGURE2. 7: TAP CHANGER................................................................................................................. 15
FIGURE2. 8: EARTHING TRANSFORMER........................................................................................... 16
FIGURE2. 9: RELAY................................................................................................................................ 18
FIGURE2. 10: AMMETER....................................................................................................................... 20
FIGURE2. 11: VOLTMETER................................................................................................................... 20

FIGURE2. 12: WATT-METER................................................................................................................. 20

FIGURE2. 13: BATTERY......................................................................................................................... 22

Part2
FIGURE 2. 1: FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 35
FIGURE 2. 2: TRANSFORMER PROTECTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM USING USB
CAMERA............................................................................................................................................. 36
FIGURE 2. 3: ARDUINO UNO................................................................................................................ 39
FIGURE 2. 4: LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS......................................................................................... 39
FIGURE 2. 5: SERVO MOTOR................................................................................................................. 41
FIGURE 2. 6: PIR SENSOR..................................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 2. 7: HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC SENSOR.............................................................................. 42
FIGURE 2. 8: FLAME SENSOR................................................................................................................ 42
FIGURE 2. 9: BUZZER.............................................................................................................................. 43
FIGURE 2. 10: USB CAMERA............................................................................................................... 43
FIGURE 3. 1: SIMULATION RESULT ONE............................................................................................ 44
FIGURE 3. 2: SIMULATION RESULT TWO........................................................................................... 45

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 LIST OF TABLE

PART1
TABLE2. 1: FUNCTION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT...................................................................... 7
TABLE2. 2: FUNCTION OF ASSOCIATED SYSTEM IN SUBSTATION............................................... 8
TABLE2. 3: NAMEPLATE OF POWER TRANSFORMER.................................................................... 14
TABLE2. 4: AUXILIARY D.C. VOLTAGE LEVELS.......................................................................... 21

Part2
TABLE 2. 1: MATERIAL REQUIREMENT........................................................................................... 38
TABLE 2. 2: DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................................... 40

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 ACRONYMS

AA Addis Ababa
AC Alternate Current
ADC Analog to digital converter
CB Circuit Breaker
CT Current Transformer
DC Direct Current
EEP Ethiopian electric power
EEPCO Ethiopian electric power corporation
GND Ground
GSM Global system for mobile communication
HV High Voltage
IDE Integrated Development Environment
ICSP In-Circuit Serial Programming
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
LV Low Voltage
N/E/S/T/O/M North/east/substation/transmission/operation/maintenance
N/R/S/T/O/M North/region/substation/transmission/operation/maintenance
N/S North/south
N/W North/west
OC Overcurrent
ONAN oil natural air natural
PIC Peripheral interface Controller
PIR Passive Infra-Red
PWM Pulse width modulation
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition
SF6 Sulfur hexa floride
USB Universal Serial Bus

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A student can transition from academic study to practical application through an

internship, which is a brief, supervised work experience linked to their field of study.
Those wishing to learn about or acquire the necessary information and abilities to
pursue a particular career field can get real-world experience through internships.
Internships are often of a short duration, with the main goals being to gain some
practical experience, apply what is learned to real-world issues, and receive some on-
the-job training. It is an undeniable reality that without actual experience in each field
of the subject, the understanding of electrical power engineering cannot be improved.
This report details the internship program that was intended to assist electrical
engineers.
Generally this report has five main portions. The first chapter discusses the
company‟s brief history, its main products and services, main customers and end
users. The second chapter contains which section and what types of work we were
performing, the flow of work and the procedure we follow while we do our job. The
third chapter focuses overall benefit we gained in terms of improving our practical
skills; theoretical knowledge; communication and leadership skills etc. The fourth
chapter includes recommendation from the experience we have get and conclusion.
While we have been in the hosting company we have enumerated many problems that
are found there and proposed a solution to one of the most common problem of
distribution transformer. We proposed a solution and designed a system to control and
protect transformer using camera. We used MATLAB software to connect with
Arduino to design the system.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of hosting company

During the reign of Minilik in the late 19th century, electricity was first introduced to
Ethiopia. In the year 1912, Emperor Minilik built the first hydroelectric power plant
in Ethiopia, Aba Samuel, on the Akaki River. It changed in 1948 to become Shewa
Electric Power (SEP), which provides Shewa with limitless power. In 1955, the name
of the company was changed to "Ethiopian Electric light and Power" to better reflect
its purpose. The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power became the "Ethiopian Electric
Light and Power Authority" (EELPA) eight months after it was founded. The
Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority was renamed the Ethiopian Electric
Power Corporation (EEPCO) as public electric utility in 1997.
In 2013, EEPCO was again split in to two companies, namely Ethiopian Electric
Power (EEP) and Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) under council of ministers. EEP is
responsible for design and development of electric power generation, transmission,
and substations and all operational and maintenance tasks. The EEU held at different
regions to distribute and sell electric power to the consumers according to the need of
consumers depending up on the load. Ethiopian electric utility (EEU) has great
contribution to the development of the country and for the realization of development
plan by providing electric power to customer and collect appropriate revenue

Figure1. 1: The Progressing Stage of Ethiopian Electric power

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1.2 Back ground of Addis Center Mobile substation
Addis Center Mobile substation was established in 2008 E.C. This substation is one
of the network systems in the Addis Ababa Region national interconnected system
grid.
Addis center Mobile substations are designed for easy transportation and deployment.
They are housed in containers or enclosures that can be moved using trucks, trailers,
or other transport vehicles.
The ability to quickly move and install these substations makes them ideal for
temporary power requirements, emergency response, and situations where traditional
substations are not feasible.
Mobile substations are essential during natural disasters or accidents that cause power
outages. They can quickly replace damaged substations and restore power to affected
areas.
The substation obtained its power from kality 1 substation incoming tower feeds
132kv to this Addis center substation, 132kv to15kv and 66kv currently they do not
use 66kv only 15 kv for six feeders given to local society. Feeder line in this
substation is: -

➢ Feeder/line four for Denbel, Bole

➢ Feeder/line five for Around Genet Hotel, Temama Building
➢ Feeder/line seven for Federal police, Lideta
➢ Feeder/line eight for Ethiopia Hotel, Kasanchis, Betemengest
➢ Feeder/line eleven for Africa Union, Michael Church
➢ Feeder/line fifteen for Debrewerk Tower, Stadium, Estifanos

1.3 Mission and vision of the company

1.3.1 Mission of the Company

Our mission is to provide quality, reliable and sustainable electric power, through
innovation and continuous learning, to support the economic development of Ethiopia.

1.3.2 Vision of company

To be a center of excellence in delivering quality home electrical service to everyone

EEPCO's vision is not only to be a center of excellence in delivering quality home

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electrical service to everyone. People, but also become a competitive export industry
and earn valuable foreign currency for the country. And the following also vision of
the company:
✓ To be a first-class utility
✓ To provide quality service
✓ To provide electrification of the entire country
✓ To compete in the electricity export market with regional parent

1.4 Core Values of the Company

The main values of the company are customer/stake holder satisfaction, team work,
continuous learning, environmental protection and the following
➢ Self-correcting solution
➢ Professional ethics
➢ Customer-centric service
➢ Collaborate
➢ Work intensity
➢ Social responsibility
➢ Transparency and accountability
➢ Accessibility
➢ Electricity for all
➢ Security at work

1.5 Main products or services of company

Substations are an integral part of the transition plan to support economic growth and
increase energy supplies faster than expected. The main product of the Addis center
mobile substation has been recognized as direct. When we say it direct supplies
electricity directly for lighting purposes, the Addis Central substation efficiently
supplies power to its customers, it provides services to Legehar, Bole, Betmengest
etc.

1.6 Main Costumer or End User

As we stated earlier Addis Center Mobile substation has one input and 6 output lines.
Those lines have many customers in Addis Ababa.

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 Power Transformer 132/15kv which has capacity 50MVA is distributed to Stadium,
Legehar, Bole, Betmengest etc.

1.7 OVER ALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW

Addis Ababa head office

Sub/tran/opre/maint Distribution Generation Selling Universal

Central
N/R/S/T/O/M N/E/S/T/O/M N/S N/W

Transmission Sub/main Sub/operation Substation

Figure1. 2: over all organization and work flow of the company

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 CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 The way we got into the company.

By following its curriculum Jimma University sends its senior class students, to
different organization for internship program for summer in order to maintain the
stability of quality education. Internship program on different organization is used to
associate the theoretical knowledge learned in the class room when we were in the
campus with real working environment on practical works and office under takings.
The internship program will be a great chance for host organizations to invest in our
practical experience. Internship program is a means of achieving professional
relevance to industrial needs to the community at large. It is a very crucial component.
It is a very crucial component in the undergraduate engineering program where
students are sent to work in a real-life setting. During started second semester of our
fourth-year program department of Electrical and Computer engineering gave us a
letter to find suitable, popular and electrical related company for summer. After
searching different company related to Electrical organization, we have not got the
opportunity to work in other suitable company. As that time Ethiopian electric power
(EEP) sent the paper list to our electrical and computer engineering department in
order to student fill their name with the place they want to intern their program and
other necessary information on that paper. Then our names have been gone to
Ethiopian electric power. After our name reach to Ethiopian electric power, with a
one-month EEP gave us a placement of our internship place as we want. Thus, we got
the chance to join Ethiopian electric power in Addis center mobile Substation in AA.

2.2 The section of the company we have been working in

The substation has two sections which are: -
1) Indoor switch:- is one section of the substation which include control, different
type of protection panel, RTU panel and optical communication panel, and dc
source/storage battery room those are enclosed at home and operates electrically.
2) Outdoor switch:- is the other section of the substation, constructed outside part of
substation .We have been working on indoor switch collecting data.

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2.3 Major components and their own explanations of the substation
Substation is integral part of a power system and from important links between the
generating station, transmission systems, distribution system and the load points.
Basically, an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and
outgoing circuits connected to the common bus bar systems. The electricity substation
is a network of electrical equipment which is connected in a structured way in order to
supply electricity to end consumers. There are numerous electrical substation
components like outgoing and incoming circuits each of which having its circuit
breakers, isolators, transformers etc. for the smooth functioning of the system. The
power system is having numerous ingredients such as distribution, transmission, and
generation systems and Substations act as a necessary ingredient for operations of the
power system. The substations are entities from which consumers are getting their
electrical supply to run their loads while required power quality can be delivered to
the customers by changing frequency and voltage levels etc.
The electricity substation designs are purely dependent on the need, for instance, a
single bus or complex bus system etc. Moreover, the design is also dependent on the
application as well, for instance, indoor substations, generation substations,
transmission substations, pole substations, outdoor substation, converter substation,
and switching substation etc. There is a need of collector substation as well in cases of
large power generating systems e.g., multiple thermal and hydropower plants
connected together for transfer of power to a single transmission unit from numerous
co-located turbines.
Substations are designed to accomplish the following functions, these are: -
➢ Make interconnections between the electric systems more than one utility
➢ Control reactive power in kilo-voltage-amperes supplied to and the flow of
reactive power in kilo-voltage-amperes in the circuits
➢ Supply the electric energy to the costumers at lowest cost
➢ Supply electric power with specified voltage limit
➢ Supply the electric power within specified frequency limits (50 Hz or 60 Hz) etc.
➢ To change voltage from one level to other
➢ To regulate voltage, compensate for system voltage changes
➢ Switch transmission and distribution into and out off the grid system
➢ Connect communication signal to the circuits

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2.4 Switchyard and Basic electrical equipment’s in substations
Switchyard: Electrical switchyards are usually part of a substation where electricity is
transformed from one voltage to another. Some of the equipment‟s we have observed
can be listed as:
➢ Incoming and outgoing lines
➢ Lightning arresters
➢ Line Disconnect /Center Disconnect
➢ Circuit breaker
➢ Transformer (Power Transformer)
➢ Instrument transformer
➢ Earthing transformer
➢ Insulators
➢ Supporters
➢ Communication equipment
Table2. 1: Function of substation equipment

function
Equipment
Circuit-breakers Automatic switching at abnormal and
normal condition

Isolators (disconnect) Under no load condition for safe, isolation

and maintenance

Earthling switch To discharge the voltage on dead line to

earth

Current transformer To step-down current for measurement,

control and protection

Voltage transformer To step-down voltage for measurement,

control and protection

Lighting arrester (surge arrester) To discharge the lightning over voltage

and switches to the earth

Power transformer Step-down the voltage and transfer power

from one ac voltage level to another ac
Voltage level with the same frequency.

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 Table2. 2: Function of associated system in substation

System Function

Protection system To provide alarm or automatic tripping of fault part and also to
minimize
damage for faulty equipment and also associated system

Control cable For protective circuits, control circuits, metering circuits in

under

Power cable To provide supply path to various auxiliary equipment and

machines

2.4.1 Lightning arrestor

The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation.
These are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages
and are also limiting the amplitude and duration of the current‟s flow. A lightening
arrestor has two terminals high voltage terminal and one ground terminal. The high
voltage terminal is typically connected to the overhead line or to the equipment to be
protected. The ground terminal is connected through path of low resistance to ground.
Between the high voltage and ground terminal there is either air or a material of high
resistance. This material prevents the normal electrical power from being redirected to
the ground. However, when a lightning strikes it has very high current, and only this
high current can cross the region of high resistance, thus diverting the strike away. In
Addis Center substation lightning arrester found at one place these are only at high
voltage incoming lines.

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 Figure2. 1: lighting arrestor

2.4.2 Voltage transformer (VT)

Voltage transformer is an instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in

normal condition of use is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs
in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction
of connections. The Voltage Transformer is used with its primary winding connected
across the line carrying the voltage to be measured.

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 Figure2. 2: voltage transformer

2.4.3 Current transformer (CT)

Current transformers are used for reducing or stepping down AC current from higher
value to lower value for measuring, protecting and controlling systems. Protective
relays in AC power system are connected in the secondary circuit of current
transformers and potential transformers. The design and uses of these transformers is
quite different, from that of well-known power transformers. In current transformers,
primary current is not controlled by condition of the secondary circuit. Hence primary
current is a dominant factor in the operation of current transformers. Current
transformers could be further classified into two groups. These are protective current
transformers and measuring current transformers.

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 Figure2. 3: current transformer

2.4.4 Isolator (Disconnecting Switch)

Isolator is a switching device which can be opened or closed only under no current
condition. It provides isolation of a circuit for the purpose of maintenance. It is used
to disconnect the line to safety maintenance. One of the cardinal measures for insuring
fully safety in carrying out work on pieces of equipment in electrical installations is to
disconnect reliably the unit or the section on which the work must be done from all
other live parts of the installation.

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 Figure2. 4: Line disconnector

2.4.5 Circuit Breakers

The circuit breakers are type of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits at the
time when a fault occurs within the system. It has two mobile contacts which are
made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive materials.
Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing
while interrupting the current. At the time when any fault occurs in the system, a relay
is sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker which moves the contacts apart,
hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry. All circuit breaker systems have common
features in their operation, but details vary substantially depending on the voltage
class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker. The two mobile contacts of the
circuit breaker are in off condition in normal situations. It must first detect a fault
condition. Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt
the circuit; this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within
the breaker, such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. Circuit
breakers may also use the higher current caused by the fault to separate the contacts,
such as thermal expansion or a magnetic field. When a high current or voltage is

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interrupted, an arc is generated. The length of the arc is generally proportional to the
voltage.While the intensity (heat) is proportional to the current. This arc must be
contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the
contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use
vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium .the arc forms in. Finally, once the
fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore power to
the interrupted circuit.

Figure2. 5: SF6 circuit breaker

2.5 Transformer
Transformer is magnetic fie a static device that transfer electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another electrical circuit through the medium of led without a
change in the frequency. The electric circuit which receives energy from the supply is
called primary winding and the other circuit which delivers electrical energy to the
load is called secondary winding. Actually, the transformer is an electric energy
conversion device, since the energy received by the primary is converted to useful
electrical energy in the secondary winding circuit. Transformers are used extensively
in power systems. Electrical power can be generated at one central location, its
voltage stepped up for transmission over long distances at very low losses and its
voltage stepped down.

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 Table2. 3: Nameplate of power transformer

TYPE VALUE
Rated Voltage 245 KV
Rated current 3150 A
Rated short Circuit Breaker 40 KA
Rated frequency 50 HZ
Rated Lighting impulse withstand voltage 1200 KV
Rated during of Short Circuit 3 sec
Rated short circuit braking current 40 KA
Rated line charging Breaking current 160 A
Mass of the Circuit Breaker 3482kg

Figure2. 6: Transformer

2.6 Power Transformer

Power transformers are necessary b/n consecutive voltage levels for stepping up or
stepping down the AC voltage and for transforming power from one AC voltage level
to the other. The KVA ratings of power transformers cover a wide range b/n say 5
KVA to 650 MVA. Very large transformers (250 MVA to 650 MVA) are installed in
generating stations. Very small transformer (a few VA) is used in low voltage circuits.

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Many devices are applicable in substation to protect transformers these are:-
A. Non electrical:-it not uses electrical power to protect. These are
 Bucholze relay
 Pressure Relief Device:
 Oil level indicator
 Oil & winding temperature
 Fan
 Silica gel

B. Tap changer: - a tap changer is provided with two transformers for maintaining
specified outgoing voltage where the incoming voltage is subjected to voltage
variations. The tap changer is mounted in/on the transformer tank. There are two
types of tap changer.
Off load tap changer: - off load tap changer is operated without any load when the
transformer at idle, manually by substation operator.
On Load tap changer: - the daily Voltage variation due to changing load and short
period voltage variations are controlled by on load tap-changers automatically.

Figure2. 7: Tap Changer

C. Earthing transformer: - Earthing transformer is twisted between the power

transformer and breaker. It is used to protect the power transformer from reverse
current which burns the power transformer occurs during any accidental fault or
frailer. How does it protect by earthing the revers current flowing to the earth or by
scarfing itself? The Earthling transformer is one of the musts to have equipment‟s for
those distribution stations, which deals with delta connected transmission lines. Delta
connected transmission lines, have no neutral point. Here we use the earthling

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transformer or grounding transformer to create an artificial neutral point for the three-
phase system. We all know that, the resistance of the earthling path should be kept as
small as possible, because fault current will always follow the lowest resistance path.
Therefore, the impedance of an earthling transformer is made small intentionally.
When any single phase to ground fault is occurred, zero sequence component of earth
fault current starts flowing through the neutral wire. In earth fault, the current flowing
in the faulty phase goes to the source via the grounding terminal. And, this fault
current is divided equally in each phase of the earthling transformer.

Figure2. 8: Earthing transformer

2.7 Cooling systems of transformer

The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss or I²R loss.
Although there are other factors contribute heat in transformer such as hysteresis &
eddy current losses but contributions of I²R loss dominate them. If this heat is not
dissipated properly, the temperature of the transformer will rise continually which
may cause damages in paper insulation and liquid insulation medium of transformer.
So, it is essential to control the temperature with in permissible limit to ensure the
long life of transformer by reducing thermal degradation of its insulation system.
In Electrical Power transformer we use external transformer cooling system to
accelerate the dissipation rate of heat of transformer. Addis Center substation
transformer use O.N.A.N cooling method.
ONAN transformer (or ONAN cooling) is the simplest transformer cooling method
in which the natural oil and natural air flow are used in cooling oil immersed

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transformers. It‟s clear from the name, ONAN, that the natural flow of the air around
the transformer and the oil inside it is the main principle of ONAN cooling. The
heated oil and the heated air flow upward direction naturally.

2.8 Protection and Control Room

2.8.1 Protection

The Purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy
to consumers. But during this time the safety should be concerned. This safety
concerning is known as protection. The purpose of Protection is to minimize the
adverse effects of faults on a power system. Protection does this by detecting faults
and causing appropriate power switch devices to isolate the faulted system elements
from the healthy system as quickly as possible. The detection of a fault and
disconnection of a faulty section or apparatus can be achieved by using relays in
conjunction with circuit breakers. Protective devices are to fulfill the following four
conditions (“Four S criteria”)
➢ Selectivity: protective devices shall switch-off only that equipment that affected by
the system fault and non-faulted equipment shall remain in operation.
➢ Sensitivity: Protective devices must be able to distinguish clearly between normal
and impermissible operating conditions or faults.
➢ Speed: protective devices to switch-off the faulted equipment from the power
supply as soon as possible in order to possible limit the impermissible loading.
➢ Security: Protective devices with all their associated components such as
transducers, cable connections and trip circuits must operate safely and reliably.
There are different types of protection from those:
a) Differential Protection: -This is a way of protection based on the principle that
under normal conditions and neglecting internal losses, the power entering a
protection zone must be equal to the power leaving that protected zone. Any
difference in these quantities indicates a fault within the protected zone. Because of its
simplicity and selectivity, differential protection is the most common form of
equipment protection.
b) Over current Protection: - This is a protection which mainly used as a back-up
protection for transmission lines and transformers and main protection for distribution

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lines. It mainly analyzes the current on the system and act when the current is above
the setting value.

2.8.1.1 Relays

Relays are a dedicated component of electrical substation equipment for the

protection of system against abnormal situations e.g., faults. Relays are basically
sensing gadgets which are devoted for sensing faults and are determining its location
as well as sending interruption message of tripped command to the specific point of
the circuit. A circuit breaker is falling apart its contacts after getting the command
from relays. These are protecting equipment from other damages as well such
as fire, the risk to human life, and removal of fault from a particular section of the
substation.
The function of relays is to discriminate between normal operation and fault
conditions. The OC relay has an operating coil, which is connected to the CT
secondary winding, and a set of contacts. When exceeds a specified “pick up” value,
the operating coil causes the normally open contacts to close. When the relay contacts
close, the trip coil of the circuit breaker is energized, which then
Causes the circuit breaker to open? Note that the circuit breaker doesn‟t open until its
operating coil is energized, either manually or by relay operation.

Figure2. 9: Relay

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Relay which is available in this substation as follows: -
➢ Differential relay
➢ Over current relay
➢ Restrict earth fault relay
Over Current Relay
Providing protection mainly against phase-to-phase faults and overloading.
Differential Relay
A Differential relay is one that operates when the phasor difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a per-determined value. Thus, a current
differential relay is one that compares the current entering a section of the system with
the current leaving the section. Under normal operating conditions, the two currents
are equal but as soon as a fault occurs, this condition no longer applies. The difference
between the incoming and outgoing currents is arranged to flow through the operating
coil of the relay. If this differential current is equal to or greater than the pickup value,
the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section Restrict
earth fault relay providing protection against earth-faults only. The circuit breaker
found in control panel is both SF6 and Vacuum CB.

2.8.2 Control Room

A control room is a room serving as an operations center where a facility or service

can be monitored and controlled. The equipment in the control room of the sub-station
provides control and supervision of the complete sub-station at one point. Besides,
technical performers, the design must also take into account ease access, proper
lighting, climate and comfort.
With key board, mouse, Substations control room has following functions.
➢ Metering
➢ Communication with the neighbor substation and generation
➢ Protection
➢ For indication
➢ Monitoring and operating
➢ Tap-Changer control
➢ Control of shunt reactor for voltage control in control panel

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1. Metering Panel
The panel that contains voltmeters, ammeters, KW meters, KVAR meters and KVA
meters.
a) Ammeter: It is used to measure the amount of current in the sub-station

Figure2. 10: Ammeter

b) Voltmeter: It is used to measure the amount of voltage in the sub-station.

Figure2. 11: voltmeter

c) watt-mater: It is used to measure the amount of power in the sub-station.

Figure2. 12: watt-meter

2.9 Method of controlling the substation equipment

There are two types of control methods in Addis Center substation.
Manual and local control: Manual control controls the substation equipment by
using our hand using some instrument. For instance, to isolate the line isolator we use
a rod shape metal structure to open or close the isolator. However, when we do this
the control point (control push button) must be at local point. This used to no one can
operate at remote control. After finishing the operation, the push button must be at
remote point. If we miss it, we cannot operate at remote point.

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Remote control: It controls the substation equipment at the main control room or
from a switchboard panels.

2.10 Auxiliary Supplies and Battery System

2.10.1 D.C. Auxiliary System

Low voltage D.C. auxiliary source is essential in a substation for the following
purposes
➢ The protective relaying,
➢ Signaling
➢ Indication
➢ Operation of some of the operating mechanism of circuit breakers
➢ Emergency lighting system
➢ Power Source The power of D.C. supply system is generally obtained from storage
batteries or from a.c to d.c rectifier sets.
➢ A separate battery charge is provided for control (125V, 110V) and
communication (48V) battery sets.
Table2. 4: Auxiliary D.C. Voltage Levels

voltage circuit
220v DC and 110v DC  Protection systems,
 Control circuits,
 Emergency lighting,
 Operating mechanisms,
 Trip coils and closing coils.
48v DC  PLC communication
 Tele-protection, telemetering
24v DC  Control circuits
 D.C measuring instruments
 signaling

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2.10.2 Batteries

Some of the important substation parts such as emergency lighting, relay system, and
automated control circuitry are operated through batteries. The size of the battery
bank is depending on the voltage required for operation of the DC circuit. There are
two basic types of batteries. These are acid-alkaline batteries and lead-acid batteries.
The lead acid batteries are of the most common type and used in substations in
abundance as these provide high voltages and are cheaper in cost.
Here the battery is combination of multiple cells connected ion series to get the
nominal DC tripping/control voltage required for the operation of relays and breakers
and could be from 24V to 220V depending on loads and capacity requirements

Figure2. 13: Battery

Rectifiers: is an electrical device that converts AC, which periodically reverses

direction, to pulsating DC, which flows in only one direction. The process is known
as rectification. After converting AC to DC, it charges the battery

2.11 Major Duties of the Interns

During my internship period to accomplish our task and to get the benefits, something
is expected from me. These are responsibilities. Although duties are not limited some
of them are listed below.
✓ we have to adhere to the company policies, procedures, and rules as a professional
behavior.

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✓ we should be punctual, and work required hours per a day based on the agreement
with our supervisor.
✓ we have to behave and dress appropriately in a particular working place.
✓ we should be respecting the confidentiality of the workplace and the employees of
the company.
✓ we have to set our personal goals.
✓ we should be notifying to our supervisor, if they are unplanned.
✓ If things are slow or go in unexpected way, we should try to initiate our supervisor
and the employees of the company in politely manner to accomplish the task in the
given period of time.

2.12 Challenges face and Measures

2.12.1 Challenges

We faced challenges during our internship program which negatively affect our
courage and training such as:
✓ There was no helmet in the company which enables us to protect ourselves from
ionized magnetic field when we work in switchyard area.
✓ Some technicians in the company have not detailed knowledge about how the
equipment work and why it found in the substation. Only they can operate through
experience.
✓ Lack of manuals for some equipment.
✓ There is no SCADA they work manually
✓ Lack of service for transportation, because the substation was far from home.

2.12.2 Measures

The measures we have taken to solve the challenges include:

✓ we have tried to understand by refer some references book, Google and by asking
other coordinator which has better experience and knowledge.
✓ we have tried to cover the program by using taxi and by traveling on bar foot.
✓ By using equipment‟s nameplate, we have tried to look for their construction,
operation and other related information.

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2.13 How does the work flow in section looks like?
Even every department in the EEP has their own responsibility their work has been
dependent on each other. As the network design plan department responsible for
putting designing network on paper, the construction department is responsible to put
the installation work on ground correctly and while any problem happens to the
network the maintenance department repairs the problem depending on the rating
given before. If one of them makes a mistake the customer doesn‟t satisfy also danger
might have happened.

2.14 Work piece or work tasks

During our 4 month internship, we had the valuable opportunity to work within the
mobile power substation division. As a part of the team, our responsibilities
encompassed a range of critical tasks that contributed to the efficient and reliable
operation of the mobile power substation units. These tasks included:
1. Data Collection and Analysis
One of the core aspects of my role was collecting and analyzing data related to
various aspects of the mobile power substation. We were responsible for gathering
data on feeder performance, which involved monitoring voltage levels for both high
and low voltage feeders. This task required meticulous attention to detail and the
ability to work with various monitoring equipment.
2. Voltage and Frequency Checking
A significant portion of my tasks involved performing routine checks on the voltage
and frequency levels within the mobile power substation. This required utilizing
specialized testing equipment to ensure that the power output met the required
standards. By consistently monitoring voltage and frequency, we contributed to
maintaining a stable power supply and preventing potential disruptions.
3. Transformer Health Monitoring
Monitoring the health of power transformers was another integral aspect of my
internship. We were responsible for regularly checking the oil temperature of power
transformers and recording the measurements. This task played a crucial role in
identifying any potential issues early on and preventing overheating or other
transformer-related problems.

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 CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM
INTERNSHIP

3.1 The Overall benefit we gained from the internship

During internship period we gained knowledge, skills and apply what we have learned
in the class room to the real world. From the Internship we gained practical
knowledge form theoretical knowledge practice learning describes the real world and
that must give the chance to improve the theoretical knowledge to the real word. . The
internship program contributes significantly and positively towards enhancing the
knowledge base and motivational level of students. Such arrangements can provide us
with valuable work experience and an opportunity to line up a job before graduation,
In addition to securing good work experience. The rational in offering the internship
attachment as part of the academic program is that students benefit from these
internship experiences and exposure. Benefits include improvements in carrier related
direction, improved marketability of graduates, job expectations, interpersonal skills,
leadership and understanding of the business applications.

The most commonly agreed benefits of internship attachments for students is in

providing a valuable learning experience that complements their course work.
Internship programs are also potentially valuable to company. . When we participate
in this program we expect that only practical and theoretical knowledge will be gained
in the internship but after completing of the internship we were able to realize that we
get so many benefit some of them are describe above from intern perspective view
and company perspective view. The major benefits that we got from the internship
program are classified and stated as below briefly.

3.1.1 Improving our Practical Skills Internship

During internship period we improve our practical skill in distribution and substation.
During this time however, the skills and qualities have a hope by studying Electrical
engineering suit many other professional settings equally well we can offer:
 Creativity and an innovative approach to solving problems;
 The ability to analyze and interpret diverse, complex data;

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  Critical thinking and the ability to evaluate designs maintain and projects;
 Effective assessment and management of risk, resources and time;
 Highly developed numeracy and computer literacy;
 Interpersonal sensitivity, persuasiveness and the ability to work as part of a
team;
 Clear written and oral communication skills;

We started learning from the first days of our internship to the day we finished our
work and also always add new practical skills on our previous background. Some
of works we did and also work got practical skills are:-
 We know different equipment available in distribution and substation
and how they operate.
 We have learned how to design and rehabilitate distribution networks.
 We have also understood the processes and the system flow from the
transmission to distribution.
 We have learned the overall transformation of power system from HV to LV

3.1.2 Upgrading our theoretical knowledge

Internship program gives us the opportunity to apply our theoretical knowledge in real
world environments. When we do practical, the theoretical knowledge also develop so
practical is the way of to apply theoretical knowledge. Theoretical knowledge is
developed by reading the text book and manual. Internship is helping to upgrading our
theoretical knowledge. Substations are well taken information about the manual of
every equipment and helps to upgrading our theoretical knowledge. Generally
speaking, our theoretical knowledge got strengthen more by those practical techniques
invested on Internship Company. they assists us in moving toward our career goals by
combining what we had learned from school, practical and supervised work
experience; it thus explained the necessity of every student to undergo this process.

3.1.3 Improving our interpersonal communication skills

In the company, we were working with all the staff members and any individual
peacefully, by the experience we have gained from our internship program.
Individuals often learn different things from colleagues through communication. For
any individual, communication is an important way of learning, which can be defined

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formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills. Good
communication is the life blood of the Electrical engineering profession. And it takes
many forms, such as speaking, writing and listening, it has the following advantages.
 To handle information
 To persuade people
 To improve relationships with others

We learnt that one full system should work efficiently with union of so many
professional by collaborating with each other in order to make good and fantastic
work. We were able to improve how to communicate colleagues and we greatly
understand that interpersonal skill is the most valuable quality in Electrical
engineering department. Finally, what we have observed was to communicate
effectively, it is essential that you choose the suitable medium.

3.1.4 Improving our team playing skill

The most important point in team playing skill is just reaching an agreement from
different point of view Even if tasks are done individuals by the respective person at
different section of the company, there are times at which different individuals come
together to work for common goals of the company for increasing productivity. The
most important point in team playing skill is just reaching an agreement from
different points on the work to be done. Furthermore, to have a common
understanding on the task that is to be accomplished, we always try to listen carefully
with individuals with whom we are working. After listening others idea, we provide
an idea which we think it is very constructive for the task being done.
In internship program we developed following things as a team.
 Respect each other
 Helping each other
 Shares openly and willingly
 Listing each other to get more knowledge

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3.1.5 Improving our leadership skill

Leadership skill is very essential for ultimate goals of company. Leadership is a

process of leading the careers of the company. Problems in the company come in all
size, shape and color in different period time. Thus, a person who is in the position of
leadership seeks optimal solution to problems and should be smart enough to manage
those individuals whom he/she is leading. What we gain from the internship regarding
improving leadership is that to inspire workers into higher levels of teamwork, there
are certain things must be known to do that, these are;
 Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for actions
 Make sound and timely decisions
 Know peoples and look out for their well-being
 Keep workers informed

3.2 work ethics related issues

Ethical conduct of workers is very important for developing healthy working
environment and increasing productivity. Ethical work conduct enables us in order to
posses‟ appropriate behaviors in the work and so we develop proper relationships
with co-workers and it helps us to create good working environment. There are two
common types of ethics. These are
A, Personal ethics and
B, Professional ethics

3.2.1 Personal ethics

These principles of personal ethics are values which are expected to be possessed by
all individuals in their life, and contribute a lot for a smooth interaction among
individuals and peaceful coexistence of a society. What we gained in the company
principles of personal ethics include:
 Concern for the well-being of others
 Honesty
 Compliant to the law

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3.2.2 Professional ethics

Professional ethics refers to the standards or a set of moral principles for regulating
behaviors of a certain defined profession. In order to consider that an activity to be a
profession, it should be carried out by one who has advanced education, knowledge,
and skills. Professionals are capable of making judgments, applying their skills and
reaching informed decisions in situations that the general public cannot, because they
have not received the relevant training. The following are some of the common
professional ethical principles what we gained in the internship period.
 Punctuality
 Office disciplines
 Reliability
 Honesty

3.3 To increase Personal development

Personal development includes building up of soft-skills such as personal work ethic,
inter-personal skills, and also the technical hard skill like execution, and refining of
analytical capabilities. Both the categories have been shown to play an important part
in the building up of human capital. Internship programs facilitate the build-up of
such capital to some extent.

3.4 To have Real world experience

Participating in an internship in Ethiopian Electrical power allows us getting a
perspective on potential employment once they are done studying. It helps us by
applying the concepts that we have learned in the classrooms. Such an exposure
creates a smoother transition for Interns from the classroom to the work-station.

3.5 Entrepreneurship skill

Participating in an internship allows us to gain a better perspective of post-graduation
employment by applying the principles and theories we have developed in the
classroom. This practical application creates an easier transition for us from the
classroom to the working world. While participating in this internship we realize that
creativity and problem solving is one of the starting points of entrepreneurs. This
internship motivates us not to be employee because it enables us to know more about
our career, the real challenges, and way of business establishment in this profession.

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 PART 2:- Project

TITLE: Transformer Protecting and Monitoring

System Using USB Camera

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The main purpose of transformer maintenance is to keep the insulation in good
condition. Moisture, dust and excessive heat are the main reasons of insulation
deterioration and so avoidance of these will keep insulation in good condition.
Contamination and heat are two biggest enemies to the transformer‟s operation. Heat
will destroy the solid insulation and accelerate the chemical reactions that take place
when the oil is contaminated. Transformers require a cooling method so it is
important to ensure that the transformer has proper cooling. Proper cooling usually
involves cleaning the cooling surfaces, maximizing ventilation, and monitoring loads
to ensure that the transformer is not producing excess heat.

The science of computers opens up the chances of using images and video frames as
an input signal for controlling methods. The best platform on which many image
processing algorithms that have been developed and worked so far is
MATLAB. Major important of using MATLAB as an image processing algorithm
development environment is it‟s built in image processing functions and its
compatibility with hardware such as USB cameras, Arduino and many more. The aim
of this project is to propose a prototype model which is used to control and monitor
distribution transformers in more advanced ways .This proposed prototype system
contains both software and hardware tools. Software includes MATLAB and Arduino
IDE software whereas hardware includes USB Camera.

1.2 Problem identified

While we are in the company during our internship program we have tried to list out
the main problems in Addis center mobile substation. First and foremost mobile
substations aren't meant to be used permanently. They are temporary fixes used when
there is a large problem in the substation which will stop distribution of power. But
because of our economical and bureaucratic problems, we are using it permanently.
Other problems include the lack of alarm system for the breaker, SCADA system and
underground fault detector. SCADA needs detailed coding knowledge which is not

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our expertise and underground fault detector is a very complicated and time
consuming problem. The alarm system is not as urgent because the substation is small
and it is unlikely it will cause a larger problem. The main problem we have identified
is the lack of protection and continuous damage on distribution transformer across the
city. Due to this problem transformers got burn, company technicians are being
injured and time is lost while trying to maintain. Additionally, sometimes
transformers are stolen. Generally in Addis Ababa the protection and monitoring
system of transformers is traditional and dangers. So we have tried to solve the last
problem because it seems the most urgent and achievable.

1.3 Proposed solution

After looking the problem, we have a proposed a solution that make the protection
and monitoring way computerized and keep transformer to operate smoothly and
identify problems. Using different sensors like PIR sensor, FLAME sensor and
ultrasonic sensor with Arduino micro controller and MATLAB software we have
designed a system that indicate oil level and flame sensing for protecting transformers
from burning and camera dependent computerized monitoring system.

1.4 Literature review

The application of transformer protection and monitoring system has gained
significant attention in recent years, with a particular focus on developing camera-
based systems for transformer protection. This literature review aims to provide an
overview of the existing research and developments in this field, highlighting the key
approaches, methodologies, and potential impact of using different sensor and
cameras to protect transformer. Several studies have explored on transformer
protection and monitoring for example,
Poonam, Prof. (Dr.), Yusuf Mulge the application server which analyzes the
temperature data, then informs a registered user for taking proper action in case of
fire. This work aims at monitoring remote room temperature. Thus, provides an
opportunity to quickly respond to fire emergencies. Limitation: internet connectivity
is required.
A checking framework for the most part alludes to a robotized framework that at the
same time and persistently records at least one physical parameters, for example,
temperature, relative moistness, wind stream, light power, soil dampness and so forth
at least one predefined place. The application server which analyzes the temperature

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data, then inform a registered user for taking proper action in case of fire. This work
aims at monitoring of remote room temperature. Thus, provides opportunity to
quickly respond to fire emergencies [1].
Abdurrahman Shu’ Aibu Hassan proposed and implemented a mobile embedded
system to record and monitor key parameters of distribution transformers like oil level,
load current and ambient temperature. This system integrates on line monitoring
system with a global service mobile modem with different sensor. It is installed at the
distribution transformer site and above parameters are recorded using the analog to
digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The obtained parameter are
processed and then recorded in the system memory, if any abnormality or an
emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS messages to the mobile phone
containing information about the abnormality according to some predefined
instruction programmed in the microcontroller [2].
W. H. Bartley, during normal operation, a distribution transformer is likely to
experience several electric, thermal, chemical and mechanical stresses that severely
compromise the health and lifetime of the transformer. These stresses gradually
deteriorate the strength of insulation and result in winding faults [3] .
From what we have seen above they all have their own limitation. We have tried to
solve these problems as much as we can in context to our potential in Ethiopia. We
have added camera to help with different monitoring issues and to avoid thieves.

1.5 Objective

1.5.1 General objectives

The general objective of this project is to design and develop distribution transformer
controlling and monitoring system.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

 Develop a camera based transformer protection and monitoring system using

arduino,and MATLAB softwares.
 To integrate image processing algorithms in MATLAB and analyses the
captured images identify potential transformer faults, such as overheating or
insulation.
 To implement Arduino based hardware to collect data from sensors.

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1.6 Scope of the project
In this design distribution transformer controlling and monitoring using camera is
going to be discussed. In this project the simulation part is worked. Distribution
transformer controlling and monitoring system is applicable in any place where
distribution transformer is used as power transformer.

1.7 Significance of the project

This project has much significance one of this is to increase distribution transformer
working life. Others are
 Cost Saving
 Time saving
 Emergency reducing

1.8 Outline of the study

This project consists of four chapters.
 In the first chapter, it already discussed about objective, scope of the project,
statement of the problem, literature review and significance of the project.
 In the second chapter, the discussion will be mainly on the methodology of
the system, system design and component description.
 In chapter three the discussion is on simulation results and discussion.
 The last chapter discussion will be in limitations and future work of the
project.

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 CHAPTER TWO
Design and System Prototype Procedure

2.1 Methodology
The idea of this project is conducted through a study of the literature with a focus on
the single units of the systems and their integration. This project is aimed at solving
societal problem by taking into consideration Technology appropriateness, cost,
impact on environment, and etc. The generalized used in this project is shown below.

Problem identification

Concept
generation

Design

Analyze

Develop

Evaluation

Figure 2. 1: flow chart of methodology

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 2.2 System block diagram

Servo Motor Alarm

LCD display

Video Acquisition using camera

Serial communicatio n Arduino Uno

MATLAB

PIR
Sensor

Ultrasonic Sensor Flame Sensor

Oil Tanker

Figure 2. 2: Transformer Protecting and Monitoring System Using USB Camera

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2.3 Working Principle
The techniques of all process of Transformer Protecting and Monitoring System can
be separately divided into two parts. Software based protecting or monitoring and
hardware-based protecting and monitoring system. Video acquisition is a crucial part
for detection of Transformer problem‟s camera is used as video acquisition material
and to feed to MATLAB software. Using different Commands from this software the
angle or movement of USB camera is controlled. The Arduino micro controller is
produces a command based on the input received from the sensor to activate and
deactivate the buzzer.
The general working principle of our project is as follow:
 The PIR motion sensor is detected a motion or sense the movement of hand
in their sensor range or whatever an object passes through the sensor range,
it produces some infrared such that the some amount voltage is produces and
this output is directly connected to the PIC micro controller as input device
because of the motion sensor produces +5V when the motion is detected and
produces 0 v when the motion is not detected the output will be input to
micro controller as digital input rather than analog input in this case the
ADC module is not used by the PIC micro controller .
 Ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the current level of oil in the oil tanker.
The transmitter sends an ultrasonic wave and this wave strikes to any
hindrance present in front of it and then bounces back. This bounced
ultrasonic sensor is then captured by the receiver and on the basis of the time
taken by this wave to return, the sensor calculates the distance of that
obstacle from that sensor in the liquid medium.
 If there is any flam, detection can be done from 100cm distance and angle
will be 600.This sensor can be built with an electronic circuit using a
receiver like electromagnetic radiation. This sensor uses the infrared flam
flash method, which allows the sensor to work through a coating of oil, dust,
water vapor. Arduino micro controller receives a digital signal if a flame
detected, so a signal will be sent to activate buzzer.

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 Table 2. 1: Material Requirement

Number Name Device type Quantity

1 Arduino Arduino Uno 1
2 Servo motor Dc motor 1
3 LCD(liquid LM016L(16x2) 1
crystal display)
4 Jumper wires Two switch 11
5 USB Camera USB 1
6 PIR Sensor 1
7 Ultrasonic 1
Sensor
8 Flame Sensor 1
9 Buzzer 1

2.5 Software requirement

The project is designed assisted by those of the software requirements are typically by
using Proteus 7. The software required for the programming of the Ardunio Uno R3 is
Arduino 1.0.6 IDLE programming software and other software used is MATLAB
2013a. Virtual Serial Port Emulator (VSPE) is used to connect MATLAB and
Arduino serially. In addition, the following software‟s are needed:
 Proteus 8
 Arduino 2.0 IDE
 MATLAB 2013a
 Virtual serial port emulator (VSPE)

2.6 Specification of the material

Arduino unoR3

Arduino IDE based software is used to program the Arduino on the board. Arduino
Uno is a microcontroller board based on microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14 digital
input/output pins out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, 6 analog input pins, a
USB connection, A Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. The
Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is
your first experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board
you can start playing with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the
whole Arduino family [4].

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 Figure 2. 3: Arduino Uno

Liquid crystal display/LCD/

LCD is a display hardware mostly used along microcontrollers. LCD is an electronic

display system. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic system and commonly used in
various devices and circuits. It has 16 columns and 2 rows lot of combination
occurred like 8*1, 8*2, 10*2, 16*1 etc. But the most used one is16*2 LCD so we use
it here LCD‟s are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer
monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage.
Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices [5].

Figure 2. 4: liquid crystal displays

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 Table 2. 2: Description

Name Function
VSS Ground
VDD Positive Supply
VEE Contrast
RS Register Select
R\W Read\Write
E Enable
D0 Data BIT 0
D1 Data BIT 1
D2 Data BIT 2
D3 Data BIT 3
D4 Data BIT 4
D5 Data BIT 5
D6 Data BIT 6
D7 Data BIT 7

Servo Motor

Servo motor rotate based on the angle given to determine the position of the shaft,
anyone can control that position very precisely. As a result, using servo motors
different application can made. This is control position of objects, rotate objects,
move legs, arms or hands of robots, move sensors etc. with high precision. Servo
motors are small in size, and because they have built-in circuitry to control their
movement, they can be connected directly to an Arduino. A servomotor is a closed-
loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final
position. The input to its control is a signal (either analog or digital) representing the
position commanded for the output shaft. The motor is paired with some type
of position encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only
the position is measured [6]. Servo motor can used for the function of change the
direction of robot and used to rotate the fire sensor in the direction of fire. Servos are
controlled by sending an electrical pulse of variable width, or pulse width modulation
(PWM), through the control wire. There is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse, and a
repetition rate. A servo motor rotates 90 degree for the total of 180-degree rotation.

Most servo motors have the following three connections

 Black/Brown ground wire.

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  Red power wire (around 5V).
 Yellow or White PWM wire.

In this project, we will connect the power and ground pins of servo motor directly to
the bread board 5V and GND pins respectively.

Figure 2. 5: servo motor

PIR Sensor

A passive infrared sensor is an electronic sensor that measures infrared light radiating
from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR based motion
detectors. PIR (passive infrared) sensors utilize the detection of infrared that is
radiated from all objects that emit heat. This type of emission is not visible to the
human eye, but sensors that operate using infrared wavelengths can detect such
activity. They are sometimes referred to as „motion-based detectors‟, as they sense
the presence of people, animals and objects through the movement of their infrared
wavelengths [7].

Figure 2. 6: PIR sensor

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HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using
sound waves. An HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor actually consists of
two transducers. One acts as a transmitter that converts the electrical signal into 40
MHz ultrasonic sound pulses. The other acts as a receiver and listens for the
transmitted pulses [8]

Figure 2. 7: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Flame Sensor

Flame sensor is most sensitive to a normal light. That is why this sensor module is
used in flame alarms. This flame detection can be done from 100cm distance and the
detection angle will be 600.The flame detection response can depend on its fitting. It
includes an alarm system, a natural gas line, propane and a fire suppression system.
This sensor is used in industrial boilers. The response of these sensors is faster as well
as more accurate compare with smoke detector because of its mechanism while
detecting the flame [9].

Figure 2. 8: flame sensor

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Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
While technology advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and
undesirable, there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used.
Present day application includes novelty uses, educational purposes, electronics
metronomes and others.

Figure 2. 9: buzzer
USB Camera
USB webcam is a camera that connects to a computer. It connects by plugging it in to
a USB port on the machine. The video from USB camera is fed to the computer where
a software application lets you view the pictures and also transfer them to the internet.

Figure 2. 10: USB camera

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 CHAPTER THREE
Simulation Result and Discussion

3.1 Simulation Result

The simulation software we have used is MATLAB 2013a and Proteus professional 8.
We have used virtual serial port emulator (VSPE) software to connect these
software‟s. For every certain moment of camera in any angle a character is sent to the
Arduino board using MATLAB function. Arduino board is programmed such that
when a board receives a character from the MATLAB via digital output pin or a board
sets HIGH or LOW accordingly. Motor is connected on this digital output ports and
by receiving the signals from the MATLAB, it changes its states from ON to OFF and
OFF to ON. The video from this camera is seen in MATLAB window. The following
image show when camera is move by using command of MATLAB.

Figure 3. 1: simulation result one

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Simulation result one shows the movement of camera or when camera is on while
command to move camera is given from MATLAB others sensors-based detecting is
controlled by Ardunio and display on LCD.

Figure 3. 2: simulation result two

The above image shows the simulation result when ultrasonic sensor measures the
level of oil in the tanker and the value displays in LCD.

3.2 Discussion
Distribution transformer protecting and monitoring can be done by many ways one of
this is using computer. In this project the real time controlling method is done using
hardware devices USB camera as input device and Arduino microcontroller as output
device. Based on command given from MATLAB Arduino will take action to move
the camera. To control the oil level, flame, and for protection different sensors are
also used.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
Limitations and Future works

4.1 Limitation
This project will not solve all the problem of distribution transformers. There have to
be many more sensors and cameras to control internal parts of distribution
transformers. This project is not implanted practically so it is necessary to implement.

4.2 Future works

Discussing about the future extension of this system, there are chances of
improvisation with this system. Addition with the system is also possible. There are
others factors that affect distribution transformers for example moisture, dust and
excessive heat are the main reasons of insulation deterioration, so in future works
there have to be more sensors or control methods to control these factors. There is
another way to control distribution transformer by using mobile embedded system. To
monitor and recorded key parameters of a distribution transformer like load current,
oil level and ambient temperature GSM based system also can applicable. The
obtained parameter are processed and recorded in the system memory. If any
abnormality or an emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS messages to the
mobile phone containing information about the abnormality.

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 CONCLUISION

We conclude, the intern program is very important for students to realize their
theoretical knowledge, to develop confidence, to develop communication skill, to
create job opportunity, develop managerial skill, to develop project management and
to give elastic experience performing. We enjoyed this internship more than we
expected. Our stay in this company made us to appreciate and know closely our
profession and the construction industry as a whole. We also gained vast knowledge,
skills and experience from different sections of the company. Besides of Technical,
practical and theoretical knowledge, we gained vast managerial experiences. In
general, in the four months industrial internship program gives us a great knowledge
about our working area very well. We developed good confidence that will make us
familiar to the work place after graduation.
Truly, it prepared us to pay special attention in all practical activities that will be
carried out in the Addis center substation. The simple error or mistake can lead to
large failure in the distribution system if it is not carried in the correct way and also if
it is not controlled and maintained properly. Also, this program allowed us to make
and develop professional contacts for our future time and it helped us to know
maintenance terms and working standards. Finally, the benefits we offered from this
program are work ethics and team playing skills, upgrading control and power
concepts. Internship training should be given for every student perusing professional
degree because the ultimate goal of every student is to get training and develop our
practical ability.
While working in this company we have seen many different problems that risk the
life of workers. But solving those problems at the same is not possible and also
requires recent automated technology that replace in places of human being to solve
them. So we have decided to solve the problem related to distribution transformer
protecting and maintain ways by using MATLAB and Arduino together.
Generally, the knowledge we have grabbed and the experiences we have developed
are so immense and the improvement in personal skills like team playing ability,
communication skill and ethics that we have learned during our time as an intern
student is so priceless.

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 Recommendation

We like to recommend the company to provide necessary materials and services for
intern students like car services and safety materials. The other thing that we got to
recommend is on the resource management of the company, the company does not
have the required maintenance for the devices. When a given device faces a fault it is
completely thrown away and replaced by a new one. What we would like to
recommend is that the company should have its own workshop for proper
maintenance of this devices mainly transformer maintenance. In doing so the
company would save the cost that is incurred for buying new devices. The project we
provide is best solution for one of the company problems, this system will reduce
damaging of distribution transformers .so we would advise the company to apply the
design we provide.
Even though internship program is very good for the student to have better practical
knowledge it is better to give some trip program for the students as another
department do in the university to help students have some knowledge before entering
the company. Nowadays also many host companies are found in capital cities and life
around those areas are difficult. So, it‟s better if the pocket moneys for internship
programs is somehow increased by taking into consideration the recent life cost.

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 References

[1 Poonam, Prof. (Dr.) Yusuf Mulge, "REMOTE TEMPERATURE MONITORING

] AND CONTROL USING IoT," Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open
Access International Journal, pp. 133-134, 13 july 2016.
[2 A. H. Shuaibu, "An Analytical Study of Power System under the Fault Conditions
] using different Methods of Fault Analysis," vol. 2, pp. 113-115, 2015/06/01.
[3 W. H. Bartley, Analysis of transformer failures, london, 2003.
]
[4 [Online]. Available: https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3/. [Accessed 8
] february 2024 at 8:02 PM].
[5 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor. [Accessed 8 february
] 2024 at 9:06].
[6 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomotor. [Accessed 8
] february 2024 at 9:00 PM].
[7 [Online]. Available: https://www.aaisecurity.co.uk/news/pir- sensor/#:~:text=PIR
] %20(passive%20infrared)%20sensors%20utilise,wavelengths
%20can%20detect%20such%20activity.. [Accessed 7 february 2024 at 6:06 PM].
[8 [Online]. Available: https://lastminuteengineers.com/arduino-sr04-ultrasonic-
] sensor-tutorial/. [Accessed 7 february 2024 at 6:08 PM].
[9 [Online]. Available: https://www.elprocus.com/flame-sensor-working-and-its-
] applications/. [Accessed 5 february 2024 at 6:12 PM].
[1 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomotor. [Accessed 8
0] february 2024 at 7:14 AM].

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 Appendix

A. Arduino

#include<Servo.h>
#include
<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(9,8,13,12,11,10);
Servo myservo;
int recValue;
int buzer=3;
int flame=2;
int height=50;
int pir=4;
int trigpin=5;
int echopin=6;
long time;
int targetdistance;
int levelCm;
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(flame,INPUT);
pinMode(buzer,OUTPUT);
pinMode(pir,INPUT);
myservo.attach(7);
pinMode(trigpin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echopin,INPUT);
}
void loop(){
int pir=digitalRead(4);
lcd.begin(16,2);
if(pir==HIGH){
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
delay(100);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Hazard");
delay(100);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);

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 lcd.print("check please");
delay(100);
}
if(pir==LOW){
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
}
int flame=digitalRead(2);
lcd.begin(16,2);
if(flame==HIGH){
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
delay(100);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("flame");
delay(100);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("check");
delay(100);
}
if(flame==LOW){
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
}
{
digitalWrite(trigpin,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigpin,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigpin,LOW);
time=pulseIn(echopin,HIGH);
time=time/2;
time=time*34;
time=time/1000;
targetdistance=time;
levelCm=height-targetdistance;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("level in Cm");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(levelCm);
delay(100);
if(levelCm<=25){
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
}

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 }
if(Serial.available()>0){
recValue=Serial.read()
; if(recValue==1){
for(int i=0;i<45;i++){
myservo.write(i);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("camera on");
delay(100);
}
}if(recValue==2){
for(int i=45;i<90;i++){
myservo.write(i);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("camera on");
delay(100);
}
}
if(recValue==3){
for(int i=90;i<180;i++){
myservo.write(i);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("camera on");
delay(100);
}
}if (recValue==4){
for(int i=180;i>=0;i--){
myservo.write(i);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("camera on");
delay(100);
}
}}}

B.MATLAB
s=serial('COM3','BAUDRATE',9600);
%open serial port

fopen(s);
%out=fscanf(s);
%if(out=='m')
%Initialise video capturing object

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vid = videoinput('winvideo',1, 'YUY2_640x480');

%SERIAL COMUNICATION%
%Declaring the serial comunication object , to initialise serial
%comunication
%preview(vid);
%pause(5.0);
%VIDEO PROPERTIES SETTNG UP%
% Set the properties of the video object
set(vid, 'FramesPerTrigger', Inf);
set(vid, 'ReturnedColorspace', 'rgb')
vid.FrameGrabInterval = 5;%interms of ms

%start the video aquisition here

start(vid)
% Set a loop that stop after 100 frames of aquisition

for i=1:1000000;
preview(vid)
servalue=input('Enter the value :');
fwrite(s,servalue);
end
%end
% Both the loops end her.
% Stop the video aquisition.

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