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Web Lab Notes - Upto Form Handling

The document provides an overview of server-side scripting with a focus on PHP, detailing its role in web development, the LAMP stack, and various PHP features such as variables, operators, conditional statements, loops, arrays, and functions. It also covers PHP superglobals for handling form data and validation. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate PHP syntax and functionality.

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Renju Hhygfdo K
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© © All Rights Reserved
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6 views

Web Lab Notes - Upto Form Handling

The document provides an overview of server-side scripting with a focus on PHP, detailing its role in web development, the LAMP stack, and various PHP features such as variables, operators, conditional statements, loops, arrays, and functions. It also covers PHP superglobals for handling form data and validation. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate PHP syntax and functionality.

Uploaded by

Renju Hhygfdo K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Server Side Scripting –

PHP
Web Server
• A web server is a computer that runs websites.

• The basic objective of the web server is to store,


process and deliver web pages to the users.

• When users enter a URL address, such as


www.google.com, into a web browser, they’re
requesting a specific document from the web server.
Web Server ……

• Eg: Apache Tomcat , IIS


Lamp stack
• LAMP stack in Linux is used for creating a powerful web
server environment.
• LAMP stands for Linux, Apache web server, MySQL, and
PHP, and together they provide a robust platform for
developing and deploying web applications.
Server Side Scripting
• Server-side scripts provide an interface
to the user and limit access to
proprietary data.
•
• Examples of scripting languages are :
– PHP
– ASP.NET (C# OR Visual Basic)
– C++
– Java and JSP
– Python
– Ruby on Rails and so on.
PHP
• PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor
• PHP is a server-side scripting language.
• Scripts are embedded into static HTML files
• PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix,
Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.)
• PHP is an open source software
• PHP is free to download and use
How a PHP script is embedded in a
webpage and executed
• A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with
?>

• A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the


document.

• A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML


file, and some PHP scripting code.

• The file must have a .php extension to execute


sample.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>

</body>
</html>
Comments in PHP

• In PHP,
– Use // to make a single-line comment.
– /* and */ to make a large comment block
Variables in PHP

• All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.


• The correct way of declaring a variable in PHP as
$var_name = value;

Eg:
$color = "red";
PHP Operators

• Operators are used to perform operations on variables and


values.
• PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
– Arithmetic operators
– Assignment operators
– Comparison operators
– Increment/Decrement operators
– Logical operators
– String operators
– Array operators
– Conditional assignment operators
a) Arithmetic Operators
Program: Sum of two variables
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>
</body>
</html>
b)Assignment Operators
• The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=".
Example

<html>
<body>
<?php
$x = 15;
$x% = 4;
echo $x;
?>
</body>
</html>
(c)Comparison operators
(d) Increment / Decrement Operators
e) Logical Operators
• The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional
statements.
Example
(f) String Operators

Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 . $txt2;
?>
(g) Array Operators
PHP Conditional Statements

• In PHP we have the following conditional statements:


• if statement - executes some code if one condition is
true
• if...else statement - executes some code if a
condition is true and another code if that condition is
false
• if...elseif....else statement - executes different codes
for more than two conditions.
• switch statement - select one of many blocks of code
to be executed
The if Statement

• Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified


condition is true.
• Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
Eg:
<?php
$num = 14;

if ($num < 20) {


echo "Small No!";
}?>
The if...else Statement
• Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is true and
another code if a condition is false.
• Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

Example

<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
The if...else if....else Statement

• It executes different codes for more than two conditions.


Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if first condition is false and this condition
is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}
Example
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
elseif ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
The PHP Switch Statement
• Used to perform different actions based on different
conditions.
• Select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
…..
default:
code to be executed if n is different from both label1 and label2;
}
PHP Loops
• In PHP, supports the following looping
statements:
• while - loops through a block of code while a
specified condition is true
• do...while - loops through a block of code once,
and then repeats the loop as long as a specified
condition is true
• for - loops through a block of code a specified
number of times
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each
element in an array
The while Loop
• The while loop executes a block of code while a condition is
true.
Syntax
while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}
Example
<?php
$i=1;
while($i<=5)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
$i++;
}
?>
The do - while Statement
• The do...while statement will always execute the block of code once, it
will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the condition is
true.
Syntax
do
{
code to be executed;
}
while (condition);
Example
<?php
$i = 1;
do
{
$i++;
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
while ($i<=5);
?>
The for Loop

• The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the
script should run.
Syntax
for (init counter; test condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}

Example
<?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
?>
PHP Arrays

• An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one


value at a time.
• In PHP, array() function is used to create an array.
• Types of arrays:

– Numeric array/Indexed array - An array with a numeric


index
– Associative array - An array where each ID key is
associated with a value
Numeric Arrays/Indexed Arrays

• A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric


index.
• There are two ways to create indexed arrays.
– The index can be assigned automatically (the index
starts at 0)
Eg: $car = array(“Honda", "Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota");
– The index can be assigned manually:
Eg: $car[0]=“Honda";
$car[1]="Volvo";
$car[2]="BMW";
$car[3]="Toyota";
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>

</body>
</html>
Associative Arrays

• Use keys to access array values.


• There are two ways to create an associative array:

Method 1
• In this example we use an array to assign ages to
the different persons:
$ages = array("Peter"=>32, “Ben"=>30,
"Joe"=>34);
Method 2

$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages[‘Ben'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";
The foreach Loop
• The foreach loop is used to loop through arrays.
• Works only on arrays, and is used to loop through
each key/value pair in an array.
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}
• For every loop iteration, the value of the current
array element is assigned to $value (and the array
pointer is moved by one) - so on the next loop
iteration, you'll be looking at the next array value.
Display array values

<?php
$size=array("Big","Medium","Short");
foreach( $size as $s )
{
echo "Size is: $s<br />";
}
?>
print_r()

<?php
$a = array("red", "green", "blue");
print_r($a);

echo "<br>";

$b = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");


print_r($b);
?>

Output:

Array ( [0] => red [1] => green [2] => blue )
Array ( [Peter] => 35 [Ben] => 37 [Joe] => 43 )
count() or sizeof() function : which returns length of an array

<?php
$size=array("Big","Medium","Short");
echo count($size);
?>
Program to reverse an array

<?php
$array = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
$size = sizeof($array);

for($i=$size-1; $i>=0; $i--){


echo $array[$i];
}
?>
PHP Functions
• In PHP, there are more than 700 built-in functions.
• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a
program.
• A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.
• A user-defined function start with the word function.
Syntax
function functionName()
{
code to be executed;
}
Example
<?php
function writeName()
{
echo “joan";
}
echo "My name is : ";
writeName();
?>
PHP Function Arguments
• Information can be passed to functions through arguments.
• An argument is just like a variable.
• Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
parentheses.
Example
<?php
function Name($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname born in $year <br>";
}

Name(“Arun", "1975");
Name(“Varun", "1978");
?>
Example

<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it
will return 10
?>

By adding the strict declaration, it will throw ‘Fatal Error’ , if the


data type mismatches
declare (strict_types=1);
Example

<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it
will return 10
?>

By adding the strict declaration, it will throw ‘Fatal Error’ , if the


data type mismatches
declare (strict_types=1);
PHP Global Variables - Superglobals
• They are predefined variables in PHP.
• They are always accessible, regardless of scope.
• They can access from any function, class or file without
having to do anything special.
• The PHP superglobal variables are:
$GLOBALS
$_SERVER
$_REQUEST
$_POST
$_GET
$_FILES
$_ENV
$_COOKIE
$_SESSION
PHP $GLOBALS
• They are used to access global variables from anywhere in the
PHP script (also from within functions or methods).
• PHP stores all global variables in an array called
$GLOBALS[index].
• The index holds the name of the variable.
Example
<?php
$x = 75;
$y = 25;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z;
?>
PHP $_SERVER
• It holds information about headers, paths, and script
locations.
Example
<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
?>
PHP $_POST
• It collect form data after submitting an HTML form with
method="post".
• $_POST is also used to pass variables.
Example
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") { // collect value of input field
$name = $_POST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else { echo $name; }
}
?>
</body> </html>
PHP $_GET
• It collect form data after submitting an HTML form with
method="get".
• $_GET can also collect data sent in the URL.
Example - An HTML page that contains a hyperlink with parameters:
<html>
<body>
<a href="test.php?subject=PHP&web=nptel.com">Test $GET</a>
</body>
</html>

When a user clicks on the link "Test $GET", the parameters "subject" and
"web" are sent to "test_get.php", and we can then access their values in
"test_get.php" with $_GET.
test_get.php
<html>
<body>

<?php
echo "Study " . $_GET['subject'] . " at " . $_GET['web'];
?>

</body>
</html>
PHP $_REQUEST
• It is used to collect data after submitting an HTML form.
Example
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_REQUEST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else { echo $name; }
}
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Form Handling
• $_GET and $_POST are used to collect form-data or retrieve
information from forms, like user input.
PHP Form Handling
Example - HTML form with two input fields and a submit
button:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
When a user fills out the form and click on the submit button,
the form data is sent to a PHP file, called "welcome.php":

"welcome.php"

<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["fname"]; ?>!<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.
</body>
</html>

Output
Welcome John!
You are 28 years old.
PHP Form Validation
• PHP superglobals $_GET and $_POST are used to collect
form-data.
• An HTML form contains various input fields: (required and
optional) text fields, radio buttons, and a submit button:
The validation rules for the form above are:

Fields Validation Rules


Name Required. Must only contain letters and
whitespace
E-mail Required. Must contain a valid email address (with
@ and .)
Website Optional. If present, it must contain a valid URL

Comment Optional. Multi-line input field (textarea)

Gender Required. Must select one


• The HTML code of the form element is :
• <form method="post" action="">
• The $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] sends the submitted
form data to the page itself.
• The htmlspecialchars() function converts special
characters to HTML entities.

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