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Metals Notes PDF

The document discusses the classification and properties of metals used in building materials, specifically focusing on ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It details the production processes and characteristics of pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and various types of steel, highlighting their uses and properties. Additionally, it outlines the manufacturing process of steel, including the raw materials and types of furnaces used in production.

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37 views4 pages

Metals Notes PDF

The document discusses the classification and properties of metals used in building materials, specifically focusing on ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It details the production processes and characteristics of pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and various types of steel, highlighting their uses and properties. Additionally, it outlines the manufacturing process of steel, including the raw materials and types of furnaces used in production.

Uploaded by

mukuhapaul7263
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Building materials Metals 2016

Metals as Building Materials

All metals used for engineering works are classified into

1. Ferrous metals : iron is the main material


2. Non-Ferrous metals: iron is not the main constituent (Copper, Aluminum, Zinc
and lead etc)

Ferrous metals:

 iron is the main constituent eg (Cast iron, wrought iron and different forms
of steels)
 Ferrous metals is not directly obtained from iron ores

PIG IRON:

 Is produced From iron ore


 It’s an impure form of metal
 It is the pig iron which further yields “Ferrous metals”
 Pig iron is not suitable for any mechanical use unless it is converted into cast
iron, wrought iron or steel

CAST IRON:

 Is produced when Pig iron is re- melted with limestone and coke and poured
into moulds of desired shapes and sizes to get purer product.
 Carbon content in cast iron varies from 2 to 5%
 During re melting of pig iron scrap iron may also be added for economic
reasons

Properties of Cast Iron

 It is brittle, non ductile, non malleable and cracks when subjected to shocks
 It cannot be magnetized
 It does not rust
 It is strong in compression but weak in tension and shear
 Its melting point is 12000C
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Building materials Metals 2016

 Its specific gravity is 7.5

USES Weak in tension therefore cannot be used in construction but Can be used
for parts of pumps, motors, engines etc Because of corrosion resistance it can be
used for pipes to some extent

WROUGHT IRON

 When pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove all of the carbon and
other impurities, the result is wrought iron
 Good quality wrought iron contains 99.5 % iron, less than 0.1 % of Silicon,
0.01 % of Sulfur, 0.07 % of phosphorus and 0.03 % of manganese

Properties of Wrought Iron

 Wrought iron is very malleable and ductile


 Its tensile strength is 20-26 tons /in2
 It is strong in compression but not so strong as steel
 It can be easily worked, welded and is tough
 Its melting point is 28000F
 Wrought iron became pasty and very plastic at red heat and could be easily
forged at about 16500F

USES: Since mild steel has replaced the wrought iron, therefore it is no longer
produced in large extent. Still in use for roof sheets, wires and metal ornaments
etc

STEEL

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Pure iron’s strength remarkably increases when
alloyed with carbon. The tensile strength increases with increasing carbon content
but the ductility reduces. Steel having its properties enhanced by presence of
carbon alone is called “Plain carbon steel”

PLAIN CARBON STEEL can further be classified as

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Building materials Metals 2016

1. Low carbon steel or mild steel: where the carbon content does not exceed
0.25%
 Its Soft and ductile hence mostly used for construction purpose ie
Sheets, rods, wires, pipes, hammers, chains, shafts etc
2. Medium-carbon steel : The carbon content is between 0.25 to 0.5 %
 It is Stronger than the mild steel and slightly less ductile
 It is Used in Shafts, connecting rods and rails etc
3. High- carbon steel : Carbon content is above 0.5%
 It is Harder and stronger than mild steel and medium carbon steel
 It is Used in manufacture of Keys, knifes, drills etc

Properties of Mild Steel

 Ductile and malleable


 It corrodes quickly
 It can be permanently magnetized
 It is tough and more elastic than cast iron and wrought iron and withstands
shocks and impacts well
 It is equally strong in tension, compression and shear
 Its specific gravity is 7.8
 It is not much affected by Saline water

Properties of High-carbon Steel

 Its structure is granular


 It is more tough and elastic than mild steel
 It is easier to harden and then to weld
 It is more difficult to forge and then to weld
 It can be permanently magnetized
 Comparatively it is stronger in compression than in tension or in shear
 It withstands vibration and shocks better

MANUFACTURE OF STEEL

Three basic raw materials are needed in large quantities for the production of
steel
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Building materials Metals 2016

1. Iron Ore
2. Coal
3. Lime stone

The first step in the steel manufacture begins at the blast furnace. To separate
iron from iron ore ► coke (substance when gas is taken out of coal), limestone and
dolomite are charged into the blast furnace

Temperature raised to 1600oF. This high temp causes the coke to burn and melt
the iron. This red hot iron drained at an opening at the base of the furnace.
Natural gas is often injected to reduce the amount of coke consumed. The
dolomite and limestone combine with the non-ferrous elements of the ore to form
a slag, which floats on the top of the molten iron and is removed separately. The
product of the blast furnace is known as “Pig Iron” the basic ingredient of steel

It takes 2 tons of iron ore, 2/3 ton of coke, ½ ton of limestone, 4 tons of air to
make 1 ton of Pig iron. Some of the pig iron goes to the foundries to make iron
castings, but the vast majority is re melted and used in the production of steel in
steel furnace. Several types of furnaces are used for the production of steel
including

 Open Hearth Furnace


 Bessemer Furnace
 Electric Furnace
 New Oxygen Furnace

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